Country fact sheet. Land cover Norway. September Photo: Toni García, My City/EEA

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1 Country fact sheet Land cover 2012 Norway September 2017 Photo: Toni García, My City/EEA

2 Land cover 2012 Overview of land cover & change The Norwegian landscape is characterized by very low intensity of development, which is documented by one of the lowest annual land cover change rates (0.09% of total area), compared to other countries in Europe. This slow pace of land cover exchange was observed already during the previous period and also the internal structure of the land cover development shows similar pattern, compared to the period. The land cover change in the country is driven by, almost exclusively, the internal forest conversions and by artificial land take. While the mean annual rate of internal forest changes is a bit lower, compared to the previous period, the intensity of the artificial sprawl is identical as in the period. With 0.65% of the initial area, the annual land take rate is one of the highest, considering the situation in other European countries. The sprawl is driven mainly by the development of sport and leisure facilities and by residential development. Considering the structure of the landscape, it is not surprising, that this artificial development is concentrated in the southern part of the country and it consumes mostly forested land. Note: The results presented here are based on a change analysis of 44 land cover types mapped consistently on a 1: scale across Europe over more than decade between see Corine land cover (CLC) programme for details. Number of years between CLC2006-CLC2012 data for Norway: Land cover 2012 [% of total] 1.2. Net change in land cover [ha] 1.3. Net change in land cover [% of initial year 2006] 4% 2% 3% % % 35% % A rtificial areas A rable land & permanent crops Pastures & mosaics Forested land Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies Summary balance table Artificial areas Arable land & permanent crops Pastures & mosaics Forested land Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies TOTAL [hundreds ha] Land cover Consumption of initial LC Formation of new LC Net Formation of LC Net formation as % of initial year Total turnover of LC Total turnover as % of initial year Land cover

3 Land cover trends comparison vs Annual land cover change [ha/year, % of total area] % 0.10% Artificial areas Arable land & permanent crops Pastures & mosaics Forested land 2.5. Annual turnover of LC types [ha/year] Net annual change of LC types [ha/year] Artificial areas Arable land & permanent crops Pastures & mosaics Forested land Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces / bare soils Wetlands Water bodies Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces / bare soils Wetlands Water bodies Summary trend figures Annual land cover change [ha/year] Annual land cover change as % of initial year 0.10% 0.09% Land uptake by artificial development as mean annual change [ha/year] Agricultural land uptake by urban and infrastructures development as mean annual change [ha/year] Net uptake of forests and semi-natural land by agriculture as mean annual change [ha/year] Net conversion from pasture to arable land and permanent crops as mean annual change [ha/year] 0 1 Forest & other woodland net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] Dry semi-natural land cover net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] Wetlands & water bodies net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] Intensity of main change drivers (LC FLOWS) [ha/year] lcf1 Urban land management lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf4 Agriculture internal conversions lcf5 Conversion from forested & natural land to agriculture lcf6 Withdrawal of farming lcf7 Forests creation and management lcf8 Water bodies creation and management lcf9 Changes due to natural and multiple causes 2

4 Artificial surfaces sprawl () 3.8. Artificial land take [ha/year, % of initial year] % Sprawl of sport and leisure facilities continues The Norwegian artificial land take rate belongs to the highest among European countries. The intensity of the sprawl as well as its structure is comparable with the previous period. The main drivers of the artificial development are almost identical in both periods the most intensive sprawl is the extension of the sport and leisure facilities, followed by the diffuse residential sprawl. The intensity of the first one is a bit higher and of the second one a bit lower than in the period. The other significant sprawl types in the country are the sprawl of mines and quarrying areas, industrial and commercial sites, construction and also the extension of transport network, which was insignificant during the previous period. Geographically, the artificial development is scattered over the southern part of the country, which is a similar pattern as in the period. Former forested land is the main surface type consumed by artificial land take Artificial surfaces 2012 [% of total area] Artificial land take [ha/year] 4% 8% 3% 0.4% const % Mean annual artificial change by class [ha/year] -200 Continuous urban fabric Discontinuous urban fabric Industrial or commercial units Road and rail networks and associated land Port areas Airports Mineral extraction sites Dump sites Construction sites Green urban areas Sport and leisure facilities 3

5 Agriculture () Low intensity of agricultural development With a very low share of agricultural land (only 5% of total area), Norway is a country with only limited agricultural development. The intensity of the internal development of agricultural land in Norway is negligible and the exchange of agricultural land is realized almost exclusively via external conversions between agriculture and other land cover types. The intensive conversion from forested land to agriculture is the main source of agricultural land formation. This flow, which was insignificant in the previous period, is represented mostly by the transition from coniferous forest to arable land. In the opposite flow, agricultural land is consumed by the extension of residential fabric, transportation network and also commercial or industrial areas. The structure of this consumption shows that mainly arable land (50%) and agriculture with natural vegetation (34%) are consumed by artificial land take Agricultural areas 2012 [% of total area] Development of agricultural areas detailed balance [ha] Consumption of initial land cover % Formation of new land cover 0.02% 0.00% % % -0.15% -0.09% -0.04% % 242 9% 231 2% -800 Non-irrigated arable land Permanently irrigated land Rice fields Vineyards Fruit trees and berry plantations Olive groves Pastures Annual/ permanent crops Complex cult. patterns Agriculture with nat. veg. Agro-forestry areas 211 Non-irrigated arable land 212 Permanently irrigated land Mean annual agricultural change by class [ha/year] 213 Rice fields 221 Vineyards 222 Fruit trees and berry plantations 223 Olive groves 231 Pastures 241 Annual crops associated with permanent crops 242 Complex cultivation patterns 243 Agriculture land with significant areas of natural vegetation 244 Agro-forestry areas Non-irrigated arable land Permanently irrigated land Rice fields Vineyards Fruit trees and berry plantations Olive groves Pastures Annual/ permanent crops Complex cult. patterns Agriculture with nat. veg. Agro-forestry areas 4

6 Forest & nature () Forest & nature areas 2012 [% of total area] 4% 38% 7% 35% 16% Forest Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies Slight slowdown of forest conversions The forest creation and management is the main driver of the landscape development in Norway. The recent felling and transition is much more frequent than the opposite conversion from the transitional woodland to forest, which is the same situation as in the previous period. However, the intensity of recent felling decreased, in contrast to the conversion from transitional woodland to forest, which intensity is higher than in the period. Beside these internal flows, which occur with slightly lower intensity, compared to the period, the forested and natural land is also consumed by artificial land take, mostly by the creation of new sport and leisure sites. Mainly coniferous forest (52%) is consumed by the sprawl. The result of these flows is the negative net change balance of coniferous forest and positive balance of the transitional woodland and shrub, with prevailing formation (by circa 16% of the initial area, which is significantly lower compared to the previous period with circa 27% formation) Development of forest & nature areas detailed balance [ha] % 0.03% 19.60% Consumption of initial land cover Formation of new land cover % -2.24% -0.25% -0.02% -5.17% % % Broad-leaved forest Coniferous forest Mixed forest Natural grassland Moors and heathland Sclerophyllous vegetation Transitional woodland shrub Beaches, dunes, sand Bare rock Sparsely vegetated areas Burnt areas Glaciers/perp. snow Inland marshes Peatbogs Salt marshes Salines Intertidal flats Water courses Water bodies Coastal lagoons Estuaries Sea and ocean Mean annual forest & nature change by class [ha/year] Broad-leaved forest Coniferous forest Mixed forest Natural grassland Moors and heathland Sclerophyllous vegetation Transitional woodland shrub Beaches, dunes, sand Bare rock Sparsely vegetated areas Burnt areas Glaciers and perpetual snow Inland marshes Peatbogs Salt marshes Salines Intertidal flats Water courses Water bodies Coastal lagoons Estuaries Sea and ocean 5

7 Annex: Land cover flows and trends Land cover flows Consumption of land cover [% of total change area] Open sp. 0,3% Seminat. 0,5% Wet. 0,4% Artif. a. 0,3% Arable land 0,3% Pastures 0,3% Formation of land cover [% of total change area] 6% Arable land 98% 93% A rtificial areas A rable land & permanent crops Pastures & mosaics Forested land Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies Drivers of change (LC FLOWS) [% of total change area] lcf1 lcf9 0.3% 0.0 lcf2 lcf3 5% lcf % lcf5 lcf6 0.03% lcf1 Urban land management lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf4 A griculture internal conversions lcf5 C onversion from forested & natural land to agriculture lcf6 Withdrawal of farming lcf7 Forests creation and management lcf7 93% lcf8 Water bodies creation and management lcf9 C hanges due to natural and multiple causes 6

8 Artificial areas Consumption by artificial land take [% of total] Formation by artificial land take [% of total] Open spaces / bare soils 5% Seminatural vegetation 8% Wetlands 6% Water bodies 0. Arable land 5% Pastures & mosaics 5% Sport/ leisure 45% Disc. urban fabric 18% Industrial commer. 9% Road/rail network 8% Forested land 7 Construct. 7% Dump sites Mineral extraction 10% Port areas 0.4% Airports Net formation of artificial area [ha/year, % of initial year] Artificial development by change drivers (LC FLOWS) [ha/year] % lcf11urban development/ infilling (cons.) lcf11urban development/ infilling (form.) lcf12 Recycling of developed urban land (cons.) lcf12 Recycling of developed urban land (form.) lcf13 Development of green urban areas (cons.) lcf13 Development of green urban areas (form.) lcf21 Urban dense residential sprawl lcf22 Urban diffuse residential sprawl lcf31 Sprawl of industrial & commercial sites lcf32 Sprawl of transport networks lcf33 Sprawl of harbours lcf34 Sprawl of airports lcf35 Sprawl of mines and quarrying areas lcf36 Sprawl of dumpsites lcf37 Construction lcf38 Sprawl of sport and leisure facilities (cons.) lcf38 Sprawl of sport and leisure facilities (form.) lcf54 Conversion from developed areas to agriculture lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation lcf81 Water bodies creation lcf911 Semi-natural creation lcf913 Extension of water courses lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires lcf93 Coastal erosion lcf99 Other changes and unknown (cons.) lcf99 Other changes and unknown (form.)

9 Agriculture LC consumed by agriculture [% of total] Formation of agricultural land from non-agriculture [% of total] Transition. woodland shrub 9% Peatbogs 6% Broadleaved forest 7% Complex cultivation patterns 4% Agriculture with natural veg. 2% Coniferous forest 77% Nonirrigated arable 94% Consumption of agricultural land by non-agriculture [% of total] Formation of non-agricultural land from agriculture [% of total] Agriculture with natural veg. 33% Complex cultivation patterns 13% Pastures 4% Nonirrigated arable 50% Mineral extraction 8% Road/rail network 23% Sport/ leisure Construct. 7% Transition. woodland shrub 5% Industrial commer. 17% Disc. urban fabric 39% Main annual conversions between agriculture and forests & semi-natural land [ha/year] Mean annual conversion between arable land and pasture [ha/year] Conversion from forest to agriculture Conversion from dry semi-natural & natural land to agriculture Extension of pasture, set aside and fallow land Conversion from wetlands to agriculture Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation Conversion from pasture to arable and permanent crops Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation 8

10 9.31. Mean annual agriculture internal conversions [ha/year] Mean annual conversions between agriculture and other LC types [ha/year] lcf411 Uniform extension of set aside fallow land and pasture lcf13 Development of green urban areas lcf412 Diffuse extension of set aside fallow land and pasture lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf421 Conversion from arable land to permanent irrigation perimeters lcf422 Other internal conversions of arable land lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf511 Intensive conversion from forest to agriculture lcf431 Conversion from olives groves to vineyards and orchards lcf512 Diffuse conversion from forest to agriculture lcf432 Conversion from vineyards and orchards to olive groves lcf433 Other conversions between vineyards and orchards lcf441 Conversion from permanent crops to permanent irrigation perimeters lcf442 Conversion from vineyards and orchards to non-irrigated arable land lcf443 Conversion from olive groves to non-irrigated arable land lcf444 Diffuse conversion from permanent crops to arable land lcf451 Conversion from arable land to vineyards and orchards lcf452 Conversion from arable land to olive groves lcf453 Diffuse conversion from arable land to permanent crops lcf521 Intensive conversion from seminatural land to agriculture lcf522 Diffuse conversion from seminatural land to agriculture lcf523 Conversions from agriculturenature mosaics to continuous agriculture (cont. agri. cons.) lcf523 Conversions from agriculturenature mosaics to continuous agriculture (cont. agri. form.) lcf53 Conversion from wetlands to agriculture lcf54 Conversion from developed areas to agriculture lcf61 Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation lcf81 Water bodies creation lcf913 Extension of water courses lcf461 Conversion from pasture to permanent irrigation perimeters lcf462 Intensive conversion from pasture to non-irrigated arable land and permanent crops lcf463 Diffuse conversion from pasture to arable and permanent crops lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires lcf93 Coastal erosion lcf99 Other changes and unknown (agri. cons.) lcf47 Extension of agroforestry lcf99 Other changes and unknown (agri. form.)

11 Forest & nature LC consumed by forest & nature [% of total] Formation of forest & nature land from non-forest /nature [% of total] Agriculture with natural veg. 47% Mineral extraction 34% Water courses Nonirrigated arable 12% Green urban Construct. 8% Transit. woodland/s hrub 99% Moors and heathland 8% Consumption of forest & nature land by non-forest/nature [% of total] Sparsely vegetated areas 5% Transition. woodland shrub 7% Mixed forest 4% Peatbogs 7% Sea and ocean 0. Broadleaved forest 18% Coniferous forest Formation of non-forest/nature land from forest & nature [% of total] Nonirrigated arable 6% Sport/ leisure 47% Complex cultivation patterns 0.2% Construct. 7% Agriculture with natural veg. 0,2% Disc. urban fabric 15% Dump sites Industrial/ commer. 7% Road/rail network 6% Port areas 0.4% Airports Mineral extraction 9% Forested land 2012 [% of total area] Mixed forest 4% Transit. woodland shrub 6% Broadleaved forest 38% Main trends in woodland & forests consumption/formation [ha/year] Consumption of forest land by urban sprawl Conversion from forest to agriculture Recent fellings and transitions Conifer. forest 5 Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation Forest creation, afforestation Conversion from transitional woodland to forests Forest creation over wetlands 10

12 Dry semi-natural areas 2012 [% of total area] Burnt areas 0.0 Glaciers and perpetual snow 2% Natural grassland 0.0 Moors and heath Main trends in dry semi-natural land consumption/formation [ha/year] Consumption of dry semi-natural land cover by urban sprawl Conversion of semi-natural land cover to agriculture Sparsely veget. areas 53% Bare rock 14% Beaches, dunes and sand plains 0.0 Forest creation, afforestation over dry semi-natural land Withdrawal of farming without woodland creation Decrease of permanent snow and glaciers Water bodies 38% Wetlands & water 2012 [% of total area] Estuaries 0.002% Inland marshes 0.0 Peatbogs 60% Main trends in wetlands & water consumption/formation [ha/year] Consumption of wetlands by urban sprawl Conversion of wetlands to agriculture Forest creation and afforestation over wetlands Withdrawal of farming without woodland creation Water courses Intertidal flats Net water bodies creation Net wetlands creation Mean annual conversions of forest & other woodland [ha/year] lcf13 Development of green urban areas lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf511 Intensive conversion from forest to agriculture lcf512 Diffuse conversion from forest to agriculture lcf61 Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation lcf71 Conversion from transitional woodland to forest (cons.) lcf71 Conversion from transitional woodland to forest (form.) lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation lcf73 Forests internal conversions (cons.) lcf73 Forests internal conversions (form.) lcf74 Recent felling and transition (cons.) lcf74 Recent felling and transition (form.) lcf8 Water bodies creation and management lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (cons.) lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (form.)

13 Mean annual conversions of dry semi-natural LC [ha/year] lcf13 Development of green urban areas lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf521 Intensive conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture lcf522 Diffuse conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture lcf523 Conversions from agriculture-nature mosaics to continuous lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation lcf74 Recent felling and transition lcf8 Water bodies creation and management lcf82 Water bodies management lcf911 Semi-natural creation (form.) lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (cons.) lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (form.) lcf913 Extension of water courses (cons.) lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires (cons.) lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires (form.) lcf93 Coastal erosion (cons.) lcf94 Decrease in permanent snow and glaciers cover (cons.) lcf94 Decrease in permanent snow and glaciers cover (form.) lcf99 Other changes and unknown (cons.) lcf99 Other changes and unknown (form.) Mean annual conversions of wetlands and water LC [ha/year] lcf13 Development of green urban areas lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf53 Conversion from wetlands to agriculture lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation lcf8 Water bodies creation and management (cons.) lcf81 Water bodies creation lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (other than LCF91) lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (other than LCF912) lcf911 Semi-natural creation (form.) lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (cons.) lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (form.) lcf913 Extension of water courses (form.)

14 CLC Changes CLC Changes 13

15 Drivers of change Drivers of change 14

16 Artificial sprawl Artificial sprawl 15

17 Agriculture Agriculture 16

18 Forest and nature Forest and nature 17

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