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1 Sixth Edition 2010 This booklet has been published by Friends of the Elms Inc. (Registered No A W) with the assistance of the Department of Primary Industries Frankston.
2 P.O. Box 385 Mt Waverley 3149 SOIL INJECTION, TRUCK INJECTION, CANOPY SPRAY & OTHER OPTIONS FREE ASSESSMENT VICTORIA WIDE, NSW & TASMANIA PROMPT, EFFICIENT & FRIENDLY SERVICE BY FULLY QUALIFIED STAFF MOBILE: Major Credit Cards Accepted Master Card Visa Page 2
3 THREATS TO ELMS IN AUSTRALIA Estimated to number 70,000 trees in Victoria alone, elms have been an important feature in our parks, gardens and streets since their introduction in the 19 th century. The oldest elms are over 150 years old, but could survive many more years. Elms were one of the first street trees to be planted in our towns and cities, where they have provided glorious foliage in spring, welcome shade in summer, golden leaves in autumn and a complex tracery of branches in winter. We do not have Dutch Elm Disease in Australia Dutch Elm Disease (DED) has killed millions of trees in the northern hemisphere and, more recently, New Zealand. In southern England alone, the loss has been put at 17 million elm trees. A few elms still survive in affected parts of the world, mostly through the efforts of dedicated tree lovers. The avenues of elms and specimen trees which we have are therefore of world significance. Elms in Australia flourished without any significant pests until February 1989, when the Elm Leaf Beetle (ELB) was found near Melbourne. Elm Leaf Beetles are capable of defoliating a large elm tree in the course of a summer. ELB is a threat that must be minimised if we are to protect our valuable heritage, and continue to grow elms. Because DED and ELB are associated with two different species of beetles, there is considerable confusion about these two different problems, how they affect elms, and what can be done about them. Elm Leaf Beetle is present in south east Australia, but we do not have Dutch Elm Disease in Australia. Elm Leaf Beetle The Elm Leaf Beetle (Pyrrhalta luteola) is thought to have been accidentally introduced to Australia from the northern hemisphere, possibly in someone s suitcase. The insect became well established before it was discovered and measures were introduced to restrict its spread. In the early 1990s entomologists from the USA were asked to assist staff at the Frankston Centre, Department Primary Industries (DPI). Two biological control insects (parasites) have been imported and tested prior to release. Work is continuing in an attempt to establish these parasites in Australia. ELB is now well established throughout Victoria. To the east through Gippsland, to the west as far as Colac (2009), and north beyond the NSW border, to Holbrook. Tasmania is also experiencing infestations around Launceston and Hobart. ELB s spread along major traffic routes is inevitable, due to its tendency to hitch-hike in car boots, picnic baskets, luggage etc. ELM LEAF BEETLE IS THE PRESENT THREAT Page 3
4 Life Stages of Elm Leaf Beetle The beetle hibernates in sheltered places during winter. In spring the beetles emerge and feed on the young leaves of most elm species grown in Australia. Their presence is made known by small shot-holes appearing in elm leaves. The beetle is the size of a small pea, and is yellow or olive with black stripes. As the season advances, the beetle lays tiny eggs on the underside of elm leaves and that generation dies. The eggs are described as a double row of miniature lemons. They hatch in 7 to 10 days. At first the larvae are very small and almost black. They feed on the leaves by eating the green matter, leaving a skeleton of leaf veins. The larvae increase in size in two more stages (called instars), reaching a length of 12 mm, when they are described as almost black or black and yellow and caterpillar-like. At this stage, depending on the regional climate may be about December in Melbourne, the larvae migrate down the trunk of the tree and turn into pupae, either on the ground around the trunk, or in crevices in the lower part of the trunk. After 1-2 weeks, new beetles emerge from the pupae and in warm summers or in warm climates the new generation carries on breeding. In southern Victoria, 1 to 2 cycles occur per year, depending on the weather. The new generation of beetles continues to feed on the leaves of elms for several weeks, but with the onset of cooler autumn weather seek shelter for winter in various places, including wood-heaps, sheds, houses and cars. Adult beetle and shot-hole damage Lemon shaped eggs Beetle larvae Typical leaf damage Page 4
5 A Healthy Elm is More Likely to Survive Although most elms planted in Australia are susceptible to ELB, a healthy tree is more likely to recover from feeding damage. Keep the tree watered in dry periods. Fertilise in late winter with slow release fertiliser. Avoid compaction of the soil over the root zone. Encourage good soil conditions by covering the root zone with mulch. LIFE CYCLE STAGES OF ELM LEAF BEETLE INDICATING SUITABLE TIMES TO TARGET CONTROL MEASURES MONTH EVENT ACTION Aug / Sept October Hibernation Soil injection ELB Control Measures For The Private Gardener Important considerations when controlling elm leaf beetle infestations are the environmental, and public health concerns associated with applying broad-spectrum insecticides to the canopies of large trees. These concerns have led to the development of a safer, more sustainable approach, based on the principles of integrated pest management (IPM). The move towards IPM recognises that there is no simple solution to the elm leaf beetle problem. To rely too heavily on any single method is undesirable and may cause further problems such as a build up of resistance in the pest population. Although any single control method may not be adequate, a variety of complementary control measures, used with a good understanding of the pest and its ecology, can often produce the desired results with minimal environmental and human health impact. November December January February Beetle emerges Eggs laid Larvae Pupae Foliage sprays Foliage sprays Foliage sprays Foliage sprays Trunk banding Trunk banding Trunk banding Implementation of an IPM program for elm leaf beetle requires decisions on (a) the level of damage that will be tolerated before treatment is warranted, (b) the control measures March/April New adults Hibernation Page 5
6 most appropriate for the particular situation, and (c) the best times to apply the chosen measures. (a) Repeated defoliation can reduce the aesthetic value of your elm and damage tree health. However only those elms at risk of unacceptable levels of damage may require treatment. It is important therefore to monitor the health of your elm and decide what level of damage is acceptable to you. Noting the level of damage the previous year is one way to determine whether treatment is warranted, or ask an arborist to assess elm leaf beetle damage for you. (b) Control measures for elm leaf beetle generally fall into one of three groups; chemical, biological and physical. To choose the most suitable control measures a variety of factors including the severity of the infestation, the tree size and location, and the resources available, must be taken into account. (c) The development of elm leaf beetle populations varies each year, and from one region to another. Although generalisations are made about the timing of certain controls, it is important to gain an accurate picture of the development of populations in each local area during a particular season in order to correctly time control measures. Simple methods to enable appropriate scheduling of treatments include the use of calender dates or casual observations of the lifestages present on trees. Professional tree managers can obtain greater accuracy by monitoring ELB populations. Whether an infestation occurs on an historic avenue, or a single golden elm in a private garden, there are options available which will minimise the damage. It is important that all the infested elms are treated if elm leaf beetle numbers in an area are to be managed effectively. This may necessitate a high level of cooperation between managers of publicly owned elms and private elm owners. However, even if some elms in your neighbourhood are not treated, controls such as soil-injection can still protect your tree from serious damage. Trunk Banding Trunk banding is the simplest way of breaking the life cycle of the ELB. It needs to be applied during the descent of the larvae down the trunk, at the stage of pupating. This usually occurs in December, in the Melbourne climate. Trunk banding does not prevent re-infestation from untreated elms, therefore it is most effective in situations where other elms in the neighbourhood are treated. Sticky substances for Trunk Banding Non-poisonous sticky substances marketed for insect control, may be available from Horticultural suppliers. This can be applied in a band around the tree trunk to trap the descending larvae. Sticky Tape for Trunk Banding Sticky packaging tape can be applied around the trunk, with the sticky side facing outwards, in a band about 200mm wide. The larvae adhere to the tape as they descend the trunk. The tape must be renewed if it gets covered with larvae, or affected by weather. This method, while environmentally safe, is only suitable for smooth barked elms, and may not be effective against heavy infestations. Page 6
7 Chemicals for Trunk Banding Tr u n k s c a n b e b a n d e d w i t h Carbaryl insecticide applied at the recommended strength for elm tree banding (as given on the label). Apply directly to the bark in a band a half-metre deep before the descent of the larvae begins. The band should be high enough to avoid contact with children or pets, as Carbaryl is poisonous. Make sure you use a registered Carbaryl product where the directions for use on elm trees are on the label, and adhere to the instructions. Registered products include: Nufarm Flowable Carbaryl 500 Insecticide, Bugmaster Flowable Insecticide, Kendon Carbaryl Wettable Powder Insecticide, David Grays Carbaryl Garden Insecticide. In the event of heavy rain it may be necessary to renew the Carbaryl banding. Please read our disclaimer on page 13. Professionally Applied Treatments Important: Only an arborist or pest control operator who is licensed to apply pesticides and has obtained the required permits should apply the following methods. Systemic insecticides have been applied as foliar sprays, or by trunk, root or soil injection (drench). Several systemic insecticides are now registered for use against elm leaf beetle in Australia by soil-injection. For a discussion on tree injection see the article by Dr Greg Moore of the University of Melbourne on pages 8 and Soil injection An option that is effective in reducing ELB damage is soil injected systemic insecticide ( various products containing imidacloprid as the active constituent). The soil beneath the elm tree is injected with the insecticide. The tree absorbs the chemical into its vascular system and it ends up in the leaves, where it controls ELB adults and larvae. This technique is applied in late winter or early spring when systemic insecticides are more readily transported throughout the tree. Effective soil injection requires the surrounding soil to be moist, to maximize absorption of the insecticide. This is not always possible due to the ongoing drought and local water restrictions. It is important not to use soil injection near waterways. For best results, ensure the root zone is well-watered prior to application and keep the treated area moist for 7 to 10 days after treatment. 2. Trunk Injection With the ongoing drought, trunk injecting is becoming more necessary. However it is still not registered for ELB treatment, and the user needs to be aware of the risks to the tree. ( see Greg Moore s discussion on the following pages.) 3. Foliage spray Spraying elm foliage when eggs, larvae or beetles are present on the leaves may provide more immediate control of elm leaf beetle populations. As good coverage of foliage is required when using foliar sprays, it will be necessary to use a contractor with special equipment, for advanced trees. Entrust Naturalyte (spinosad), an insecticidal compound developed by Dow Agro Sciences, is now registered as a foliar spray in all States and is effective against the eggs and the larvae, but not adult beetles. Information from Dow Agro Sciences states excellent Page 7
8 control of ELB with little or no effect on other insects, including important natural predators such as ladybirds and lacewings. Certain carbaryl products are registered as a foliar spray to control adult beetles or larvae, and may protect elms from the immediate threat of defoliation. In Victoria, Carbaryl insecticide is currently registered for control of ELB by foliar application. (Carbaryl is not registered for this use in all States) For information on off-label use of insecticides contact the Department of Primary Industries in Victoria or interstate equivalent. Biological control To ensure that natural enemies introduced to Australia only attack the Elm Leaf Beetle (ELB) and pose no threat to any other insects or animals in Australia, scientists at DPI Frankston - Frankston Centre must follow extensive and exhaustive procedures of testing and study. There have been two parasites released in Victoria during the past twelve years. The first Oomyzus (formerly Tetrastichus) gallerucae, a type of wasp, was approved for release in Releases of O. gallerucae commenced in southern Victoria in the same year. Although elm leaf beetle eggs were attacked during the season of release, O. gallerucae failed to reappear after its first winter. The second parasite, Erynniopsis antennata, (a small fly) was approved for release in The first releases of E. antennata in Victoria took place in January 2002, at three different sites. Monitoring of release sites will be necessary to determine the establishment and impact of E. antennata. If E. antennata establishes in Victoria it will be important to integrate this biological control agent with existing control measures, as part of an integrated pest management (IPM) program for ELB. Help From Councils Many local councils offer valuable information and help with ELB infested elms. If your council does not yet provide these services for the elms in your municipality, please keep asking them until they do. It is important that everybody joins the fight against ELB. Will ELB Kill the Elms? Although heavy infestations of ELB can completely defoliate an elm, this does not occur until late in the season. The elm will send out new leaves in the next season. However, the growth of the tree will be affected and ultimately ELB may lead to its demise. By taking steps to control ELB populations, the damage can be greatly reduced. Discussion Paper on tree injection Tree injection is a technique that involves directly injecting a chemical solution into the trunk or exposed roots near the base of a tree. Usually the chemical solution contains either a fertilizer or pesticide, or perhaps a combination of both, that is intended to improve the health or vigour of the tree. However, herbicides can also be injected that can kill a specimen. Depending on the purpose of the injection and the chemical used, the solution is directed into the phloem (bark) or the active xylem (sapwood) tissues. It takes considerable knowledge, experience and skill to properly locate the injection needle or delivery device. Furthermore, the injection pattern must be done in such a way as to minimize the risk of columns of decay developing, or the tree being ringbarked or girdled. Page 8
9 Proper urban tree management is based on a sound understanding of tree biology that informs arboricultural practice (Moore 2004). There are basic principles of tree biology that are the foundations of modern arboricultural practice, and these are of greater significance when the trees concerned are either stressed or aged. These principles must be considered when putting tree injection processes in context. Under these principles tree injection must be seen as an invasive process that inevitably wounds the specimen involved. Accordingly, the injections should only be used when other techniques have failed and should be seen as a measure of last resort for pest control or the improvement of tree health. With old or stressed trees there is a real risk that tree injection may actually make things worse for the specimen that you are hoping to treat, which is contrary to the principles of modern arboriculture. Consequently, tree injections must be seen as a part of a comprehensive pest control or tree management program. It should only be used when other measures have failed and when the benefits of injection can be shown to outweigh the risks to tree structure, vigour and health. Reference: Moore G M (2004) Managing Aging Trees: Implications for Tree Health. in Smith K (Ed) Proceedings of the Amenity Tree Health Workshop. Friends of the Elms, Melbourne. Trunk Measurement For Quotes: Quotes can be obtained by phone or if you know the diameter of the elm trunk, which will determine the amount of insecticide required. By convention, the trunk diameter is measured at 1.5 meters from the ground and is referred to as the Diameter at Breast Height, or simply the DBH. You then divide the measurement by 3.14 to get the average DBH. If your elm is multi -stemmed simply measure each stem.. Most contractors prefer to apply trunk or soil treatments during winter and spring (although treatments can be effectively placed at other times). If your tree has been treated in spring you will probably notice some minor feeding damage in early summer. This is normal, as the beetle has to consume some foliage to be controlled. Both trunk and soil treatments should give effective control for two or three seasons and most contractors offer a treatment warranty. Canopy spraying is a further option, particularly for new or unexpected outbreaks, one spray in early summer will normally give effective control for that season. Watering your elm may help to improve the efficacy of the treatment. This is particularly important after treatment as additional soil moisture assists with the translocation of the insecticide from the roots to the canopy. Friends of the Elms encourages responsible water usage and recommends that additional watering be compliant with current water restrictions and the use of recycled water is recommended. The removal of suckers associated with your elm is also important. Please consult a suitably qualified contractor for further advice. Page 9
10 Dutch Elm Disease is not in Australia. Let s keep it that way. Dutch Elm Disease was given this name because it was a Dutch scientist who first identified the causal fungus in The disease was noticed in France in 1918 and at first thought to be due to wartime activities. The 1920s and 1930s saw it spread to the Netherlands (20-30% of elms lost) and Britain (10% of elms lost). By export of bark-covered elm logs from France to eastern USA, the disease spread throughout the USA, reaching the west coast about No one knows how or why, but in the USA the fungus underwent a change, and it was exported back to Britain in elm logs in a much more virulent form in the early 1970s. The new pandemic swept Europe and was much more devastating than the first pandemic. How Does the Disease Kill the Tree? The fungus causes the disease when its spores enter the tree, where they grow and block the tree s vascular system. The tree branches wilt, the leaves turn yellow (when they should be green) and die. A susceptible elm may die in one season. How is the Disease Spread? Elm bark beetles can spread the fungus. Two important bark beetle vectors are the larger European elm bark beetle, Scolytus scolytus, and the smaller European elm bark beetle, S. multistriatus. The latter species is present in Australia and colonises in elms that are stressed or dying. Although we have the smaller European elm bark beetle, WE DO NOT HAVE the Dutch Elm Disease fungus. The New Zealand Experience with DED In 1989, DED reached Auckland, but through good management the disease is still being contained. The lesson to be learnt from Auckland is that we must be prepared to respond to a DED outbreak as soon as it is identified in Australia. The preparation of a contingency plan for DED will give us the best possible chance to achieve this. What is being done to protect Australia s elms from pests and disease? The introduction and spread of the elm leaf beetle, and the increasing threat of Dutch elm disease, has led to a unique collaboration between all levels of government, the arboricultural industry, and the broader community. In Victoria, the Friends of the Elms Inc. is represented on the Committee for Amenity Tree Health (formerly the Elm Pests and Diseases Task Force). This committee was formed in 1996, and comprises organisations concerned for the welfare of elms and other amenity trees. The committee, and organisations such as the Friends of the Elms Inc., has actively supported initiatives in Victoria and other States to: (a) Raise awareness of elm pests and diseases at forums such as the biennial Amenity Tree Health workshops, (b) Research and develop an Integrated Pest Management program for elm leaf beetle, (c) Prepare a Dutch elm disease contingency plan for Australia to protect our elms from this devastating disease. Page 10
11 How you can help The public can play a part in monitoring the health of our elms. The signs to watch for are wilting and yellowing of leaves on one or more branches of elms when the trees should be green. Brown streaking under the bark of affected branches, or a dark ring in the growth ring, are also typical DED symptoms. DED can only be confirmed by laboratory analysis. If you observe symptoms such as these: 1. Consult your local municipal arborist (tree surgeon) or an experienced commercial arborist (listed in the yellow pages). 2. If you still suspect DED, contact the Exotic Plant Pest and Disease Hotline on Please register your elm, if you have one! Knowing the location of all elms was a key factor in the New Zealand fight against DED. Register your elm by completing and returning the form below, or contact the Friends on phone to have extra forms sent to you. If you are unsure if any tree you have is an elm, check the photo on (page 13). Elms leaves are distinctive; in that they have a toothed edge and a lopsided joint at the base of the leaf. We suggest you join the Friends of the Elms Inc., so that you receive the quarterly newsletter Elm Watch, which will keep you informed of ELB and DED developments and help you to look after trees you value, either in your garden or in your neighbourhood. Tree Location / Address: ELM TREE REGISTER Postcode: Melway Reference: Please tick appropriate box: Private Garden q Rural Property q Other: Name of Registrant: Address (if different from above): Telephone: AH BH Species (if known): Number of Elms: Please mail to: Friends of the Elms Inc. Reply Paid RICHMOND VIC 3121 Page 11
12 The Friends of the Elms Inc. The Friends of the Elms Inc., is a voluntary not-for-profit organisation which was founded in 1990 for the purpose of raising awareness of the importance of Elms and assisting to fund research into the potential threats of pests and disease. As part of the DED Contingency Plan drawn up by the Elm Pests and Diseases Task Force, the Friends of the Elms Inc are responsible for compiling the Australian Register of Elms growing on public and private land. In addition, the organisation exists to enable local government and government bodies to liaise with the public and keep people informed on the threats to elm trees and how they can assist in various ways. This booklet is one such method. The Friends of the Elms Inc is closely associated with other institutions in the fight to save the elms, the City of Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Commitee for Amenity Tree Health and the Department of Primary Industries - Frankston. Postal Address: C/- Burnley Gardens, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, Victoria, For more information : address : foteinc@hotmail.com internet address: Joining form Mr / Mrs / Miss / Ms Annual Membership Single $15 (full name, block letters, please) Address Household $20 (2 adults plus children under 18) Student/Pension No. Postcode Single Concession $10 (Students, Pensioners) School Group $20 Total $ enclosed (cheques payable to Friends of the Elms Inc.) Corporate/Commercial $100 Additional Donation All donations over $ 2.00 payable to the Friends of the Elms Public Fund, are tax deductible. Mail to: Friends of the Elms Inc. C /- Burnley Gardens, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond VIC Page 12
13 Disclaimer : Whilst all care has been taken in preparation of this booklet, it is intended as a source of information only. The Friends of the Elms Inc does not accept responsibility for its contents. It urges that only pesticides with labels which refer to their use in connection with Elm Leaf Beetle should be used. Such pesticides must be used as directed on the label for each State. As the season progresses leaves can display both shot-hole damage from adult beetles and skeletonisation caused by elm leaf beetle larvae. Shot-hole damage caused by elm leaf beetle adults. The arrows indicate the lop-sided joint at the base of the leaf that is typical of elms. Page 13 Serious damage from elm leaf beetle adults and larvae can cause leaves to brown and drop prematurely, leading to defoliation of heavily infested trees.
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15 Protecting your trees from unwanted nasties Heavy infestations of elm leaf beetle can completely defoliate an elm tree, impact its growth and ultimately lead to the tree dying. Citywide is an industry leader in the application of modern scienti c techniques to eradicate and control harmful tree pests and diseases. We provide a wide range of Elm Leaf Beetle treatments including: Canopy Spraying Trunk Injection Soil Injection and Generalist tree services including formative pruning and root barrier installations To nd out how Citywide can help your trees call (03) Page 15
16 ElmSavers The All Year Round Specialists in Elm Leaf Beetle Control. Micro Tree Injection: All Year Round. Environmentally Safe, Persistent Fast Acting Control in All Conditions. Guaranteed for Two Years. Soil Injection: Seasonal. Requires Irrigation in Dry conditions. Guaranteed for Two Years. Canopy Spraying: Seasonal. Immediate and Systemic Control. Guaranteed for One Growth Season. Innovative Horticultural Treatments: All Year Round. Insect & Disease Control in a Wide Range of Plant, Tree & Palm Species. Phone: Mobile: Servicing All Areas in Victoria, New South Wales and Tasmania. Elmsavers is A Division of Environmental Tree Technologies Pty Ltd.
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