OPEN-AIR DRYING OF SCOTS PINE TRANSMISSION POLES PRIOR TO CREOSOTE TREATMENT

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1 OPEN-AIR DRYING OF SCOTS PINE TRANSMISSION POLES PRIOR TO CREOSOTE TREATMENT Peder GJERDRUM - Jarl-Gunnar SALIN ABSTRACT: The Scots pine is widely used for pressure-treated transmission poles. Prior to preservation treatment, all capillary water must be dried off. Natural seasoning in open-air predominates, which implies that most drying takes place during the dry spring and warm summer seasons. The inventory of drying poles represents considerable value in a company s balance sheet and risk of downgrading. There is risk both for keeping higher inventory than optimal and for treating poles that would not be dried sufficiently. Knowledge of drying times during the annual seasons has been insufficient. The objective of this study has been to work out a model for pole drying, based on a description of the pole itself and climatic observations during drying. The model has then been used to predict optimal drying times for various pole types and climatic conditions, for roofed or sheltered pole inventories, for assisted drying, etc. Key words: Drying model, wood drying, moisture content, natural seasoning 1. INTRODUCTION Trunks of Scots pine (Pinus silvestris) are widely used for poles in power transmission and telecommunication lines. Such poles are straight, strong and - after preservation treatment - durable. Two different preservatives are applicable: creosote and chromated copper arsenate (CCA). For either, to allow complete impregnation, all sapwood must be dried to moisture content (MC) below fibre saturation point (FSP) prior to treatment. Any remaining free water would directly prevent full penetration as well as evaporate and expand in the inner part of the pole due to the heat being raised to ca. 120 ºC during the creosote preservation process. Normal pole dimensions are cm diameter and 8-20 m length. Fig. 1. Pole inventory stacked for open-air drying Drying is typically done in large open-air stacks (Fig. 1) after debarking. Drying time, depending on climate and pole dimension, is typically one drying season. In central Scandinavia, the most efficient drying period is from early spring through the summer. Contrarily, the drying rate is low in the autumn due to chill air and high humidity, and during the winter when the temperature is below zero. Until now, kiln drying, which can be done far 95

2 faster, has not been applied in large scale, probably due to high cost for the technical equipment and problems with moisture gradients and checking for such big wood dimension. Pole production is done in these steps: Assessment and choice of individual trees while still standing; harvest and transport to pole factory; debarking and stacking to allow drying; peeling of the dry trunk; heating and impregnation; acclimatisation; shipping. Correspondingly, the inventory consists of four parts: 1. Unbarked logs 2. Green stock - not yet dry 3. White stock - dry, ready for treatment 4. Black stock - creosote treated, ready for shipping The value of the inventory is a substantial part of the factory s balance sheet, and poles in stock are always at risk of deterioration. Consequently, the inventory should be kept as small as possible, i.e. the impregnation should be completed and poles shipped as soon as the poles are sufficiently dry. As the climate varies considerably, there is however a problem to determine when the drying target has been reached. Samples can be taken only close to the pole ends, but these do not represent the overall situation and shorten the pole length. The highest moisture content is expected in the inner part of the sapwood, close to the heartwood. The heartwood content is however seen only in the pole ends and measurement of the highest MC along the pole with an electrical resistance meter is thus difficult and in addition not very reliable for MC values above FSP. More advanced methods like X-ray, CT-scanning and similar, are not justified for this relatively small-scale operation. One possibility to improve the prediction of the drying end point would be to use computer based drying simulation models for the air-drying process. The objective of this work was to establish a model for estimating the moistest part of pole sapwood based on this input values: Pole dimension and characteristics, and the drying period and the climate in the same period. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Modelling air-drying of poles can be divided into several tasks. Firstly, the internal moisture migration in the pole has to be modelled and secondly, the interaction with the surrounding climate (temperature, RH, wind speed and rain) must be established. The model thus obtained must then be empirically verified, or calibrated, by observations. 2.1 Modelling In modelling the internal moisture migration it is natural to assume that the pole cross section is circular with a constant taper. The drying behaviour of the whole pole is thus expressed as the weighed average for a limited number (in this case normally five) of equidistant cross sections. It is further assumed that the MC profile along the radius of the cross section is the same in all directions during the process, yielding a one-dimensional. This is certainly not completely true, but air flow is expected to be rather homogeneous around the poles in the stack (cp. Fig. 1) and there is in practice no way to distinguish different radial directions. Consequently, the internal moisture migration is modelled as a diffusion process according to Fick's equation in a cylindrical coordinate system: u 1 u = Dr t r r r where u is MC, r is radial coordinate, t is time and D is the diffusion coefficient in the radial direction. (1) 96

3 An important question is how the heartwood/sapwood should be handled in the model. The initial MC in heartwood (~35%) is considerably lower than in sapwood (~130%) and the diffusion coefficient is lower as well. In a living tree the relatively dry heartwood is for years surrounded by wet sapwood without an equalisation, which contradicts Eq. 1. This fact shows that heartwood and sapwood have to be considered as different materials and another potential than MC has to be introduced to model the flow across the border between them. This new potential requires knowledge of heartwood-sapwood MC pairs that are in equilibrium - one pair is obviously the initial 35%-130%. It is further reasonable to assume that the EMC is the same in both materials below the FSP, so the range FSP...35/130% remains to be defined. Measurements available (Absetz 1991, Salin 1992) indicate that a linear relationship is an acceptable approximation. The new potential for moisture migration can thus in the sapwood be MC (as normally) and in heartwood the corresponding MC in sapwood that is in equilibrium with the actual heartwood MC. In this way the heartwood diffusion coefficient is easily transformed also. As the heartwood diameter is available for the ends of the pole only, a linear change of the diameter along the pole is assumed. This assumption is supported by the finding that heartwood diameter fraction is more or less the same in the top and butt ends of pine sawlogs (Gjerdrum and Høibø 2004). The heartwood part is further assumed to have a concentric circular shape in the cross section. This model is based on a work by Salin (1994) and presented in Salin and Gjerdrum (2009). Next the interaction with the surrounding climate has to be discussed. As in kiln drying the main parameters are air temperature, RH and air velocity in the stack, but in this case even the influence of rain and solar energy input have to be considered. It was decided appropriate to use climate data from a nearby national weather station (10 km from the factory site in a smooth landscape) to define the drying climate. This station provides average daily values for temperature, RH, wind speed, amount of rain and some other data of less interest in this context. These data should be valid for the pole factory site, except for the wind speed. The meteorological wind speed is certainly much higher than the speed within the stack of poles. However, the wind speed as such is not the important variable but its influence on the external heat transfer coefficient (and on the corresponding mass transfer coefficient). Although the geometrical configuration of a stack of poles is different from a kiln timber stack, one can expect that the heat transfer coefficient, h, can be calculated from Eq. 2, which is frequently used in kiln drying. h = a w m (2) Here w is the meteorological wind speed, m is a constant (0.67 often used in kiln drying models) and a is a factor that has to be determined experimentally. Both models including and neglecting rain as an influencing factor were tested. As rain counteracts drying this can be seen as a decrease of the experimentally determined a-value in Eq. 2. The effect of sunshine and rain was indirectly accounted for by allowing different a-values for the uppermost pole layer in the stack (where the effect should be pronounced) and for the lower layers. In this way the model is ready, except that the a-value in Eq. 2 has to be determined experimentally - the calibration. 2.1 Measurements For the determination of the a-value, a small stack with 31 poles from different size classes was built. Each pole was individually weighed nine times during the season with the most pronounced drying, from the end of March till end of August. Pole logs arrive in the factory shortly after felling and with bark. The initial weighing was then done immediately 97

4 after debarking. Weighing accuracy was estimated to < 0.4% of dry matter weight. Some discrepancies in weight loss between poles indicated individual differences in drying progress, even between neighbour poles in the stack and/or weighing inaccuracy. After each weighing the stack was rebuilt with each pole in the same position. In connection to the two final weighings, when MC was approximately at FSP, the MC was also directly observed near the top and butt ends of each pole using a resistance MC metre at ca. 2 cm depth. The volume of each pole was measured and the heartwood content was estimated based on the heartwood content seen in each end of the pole, see Tab. 1 for a summary. As the poles in the first weighing could be considered green, the sapwood and heartwood MC were assumed 130% and 35%, respectively. From these data available the dry weight (and basic density) of each pole can be calculated. In this way the average MC of each pole as a function of time is obtained from the weight development. It has to be said that this average MC determination is not very accurate on an individual basis, as direct sampling is not accepted and the initial condition just roughly estimated. The accuracy for a class of poles or the whole stack should however be reasonable, as was further confirmed by the resistance MC observations. The weighing and stack rebuilding procedure is a rather time and labour consuming task and it was thus unfortunately not repeated very often (Fig. 2). Fig. 2. Weighing the poles Summary of pole characteristics, average values for each class Table 1. Pole Colour Stack No. of Diameter, mm Heartwood Volume, Green length, m Diam class code layer poles Butt Top diam. fraction dm3 weight, kg 12 medium yellow top % stout green under % medium red under % light blue under %

5 3. RESULTS 3.1 Calibration and the software model Applying the model, MC profiles for five equidistant cross sections along each test pole were calculated, using climate data from the weather station. The weighed average for these cross sections gives the average MC development for the pole. This calculated MC was compared to the MC obtained from each weighing and the a-value in Eq. 2 was adjusted and the calculation repeated until a good fit was achieved. The sum of squared MC deviations was used as criterion. In this way an individual a-value was calculated for all 31 poles. A considerable spread in a-values was seen, which partly certainly is due to inaccuracy in pole dry weight calculation. Despite this, a rather clear difference between the uppermost pole layer and the other three layers was noted. This difference is assumed to be due to the influence of sunshine and a higher wind speed above the uppermost pole layer. The average a-value for the uppermost layer was 2.03 W/m 2 C and 1.60 W/m 2 C for the rest (with m = 0.67 in Eq. 2). With these a-values, a generally good fit could be achieved, as illustrated for one of the pole classes in Fig. 3. A simulation software, called PoleDry, was made (Fig. 4) for daily use at the pole factory. Moisture content, % Green class Fig. 3. Average measured and calculated MC development for the green pole classes (classes are defined in Table 1.) 3.2 Model calculation The software model was then used for MC estimation, either for a historical period with given climate, or - applying normal weather input - to predict future MC development. The highest sapwood MC is found in the innermost part close to the heartwood (Fig. 5). Once the drying has started, the max MC in the butt, the thicker, end is always higher than max MC in the rest of the log, even after several months. Thus, max sapwood MC in the butt end is considered the characteristic MC ; the time when this value falls below FSP is an indicator when the pole is ready for preservation treatment. 99

6 Fig. 4. The user interface of the PoleDry software Moisture content, % Sapwood max MC butt Sapwood max MC Halfway Sapwood max MC top Pole average MC Fig. 5. Model results for highest MC in the sapwood, and pole average MC; example for a given dimension The model can be used to simulate drying time for various dimensions, location in the stack, heartwood fraction. In Fig. 6 the effect of various weather during one year, is illustrated. Fastest drying can be expected in May and June; little or no drying takes place in the period December through March. Under normal weather conditions, light (small) poles must be put in stack no later than May 1 st to be dry (characteristic MC < 30%) by September. Light poles put in stock in July will not be dry until May the following year, and stout poles typically need one full year, from July to July the next year. Shortest drying time for medium poles is six months. However, these drying times will be modified by the actual weather. 100

7 Fig. 6. Drying dynamics for three pole dimensions (stout, medium, light). The poles are put in stack at various time of year, and kept for days Light poles dry faster, medium intermediate and stout slow 4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION A model for the simulation of air-drying of Scots pine poles has been developed and tuned based on measurements of pole average MC development during one summer period. The physical significance and the statistics applied in the modelling have been described more in detail in a separate paper (Salin and Gjerdrum 2009). The model predicts the change in average MC with a reasonable accuracy and provides sensible effects when varying the input parameters. The moistest part of the sapwood, i.e. the innermost sapwood on the border to the heartwood in the butt end, is considered as characteristic MC, indicating when the pole is sufficiently dry for preservation treatment. Thus, the model is used for recalculating average MC into characteristic MC. At present, the model is considered the most efficient means to determine characteristic MC in a stack of poles. The model will be used for the prediction of the end point of drying, i.e. when there is no free water left in the pole that would prevent penetration of creosote preservation liquid. The model can even be used to estimate the effects of semi-technical drying, e.g. marginally lowering RH and/or marginally increasing RH or air speed in a roofed stack. Taking into account that there are very limited possibilities for a direct measurement of this point, it is believed that the model will turn out to be a valuable additional tool for this task. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Supports of the EU-project Indisputable Key and of the company ScanPole are gratefully acknowledged. 101

8 LITERATURE ABSETZ, I.: Moisture equilibrium of softwoods above fibre saturation point at heartwood-sapwood boundary. (In Finnish) Helsinki University of Technology, Laboratory of structural engineering and building physics. Report 22. GJERDRUM, P.; HØIBØ, O.: Heartwood detection in Scots pine by means of heatsensitive infrared images. Holz Roh Werkst 62: SALIN, J-G.: Investigation of heartwood/sapwood and wood anisotropy influence on timber drying by a two-dimensional simulation model. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Drying Symposium (IDS 92). Montreal, Quebec, Canada, August 2-5. pp SALIN, J-G.: Calculation of moisture profiles and stress development during drying of round wood for log-houses. In: Proceedings of the 4th International IUFRO Wood Drying Conference, Rotorua, New Zealand, August SALIN, J-G.; GJERDRUM, P.: 2009 (in press). Modelling air-drying of wooden poles. To be presented at the COST E53 WG Meetings in Bled April 2009, Contact address: Dr. Peder Gjerdrum, Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute, Box 115, N-1431 Ås, Norway, peder.gjerdrum@skogoglandskap.no Dr. Jarl-Gunnar Salin, Romensvägen 12 A, Esbo, Finland, jarlgunnar.salin@welho.com 102

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