1.2. Net change in land cover [ha] 8000

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1 Land cover 2006 Overview of land cover & change Landscape in Bosnia and Herzegovina is covered mostly by forests (54%), pastures (34%) and semi-natural vegetation (7%). The overall development of land cover during the observed period is driven mainly by artificial land take (with prevailing share of residential sprawl) consuming agricultural areas and by (mostly internal) flows in forested land. Besides artificial areas, also open spaces / bare soils and water bodies land cover types has positive net change balance. In contrast, agricultural areas, forested land and semi-natural vegetation, together with wetlands, have been consumed during the period. Spatial distribution of artificial sprawl is concentrated mostly in close proximity to the capital Sarajevo as well as to the other major cities like Tuzla, Mostar and Banja Luka. The urban expansion occurs also in lowland areas in the north-eastern part of the country. Changes in forested land and agricultural areas are scattered mainly in the north-western part of the country. There is also significant decrease of inland marshes occurring in the southern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina due to water bodies creation and uptake. Note The results presented here are based on a change analysis of 44 land cover types mapped consistently on a 1: scale across Europe over almost two decades see Corine land cover (CLC) programme for details. Number of years between CLC2000-CLC2006 data for Bosnia and Herzegovina: Land cover 2006 [% of total] Wetl. Open 0, sp. Artif. 7% 1.2. Net change in land cover [ha] Net change in land cover [% of init ial year 2000] % 34% Artificial areas A rable land & permanent & mosaics Forested land Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces/ bare soils Wetlands bodies Summary balance table Artificial areas Arable land & permanent & mosaics Forested land Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces/ bare soils Wetlands bodies TOTAL [hundreds ha] Land cover Consumption of initial LC Formation of new LC Net Formation of LC Net formation as % of initial year Total turnover of LC Total turnover as % of initial year Land cover

2 Land cover trends 2.4. Annual land cover change [ha/year, % of total area] A nnual turnover of LC t ypes [ha/year] Net annual change of LC types [ha/year] A rtificial areas A rable land & permanent & mosaics Forested land A rtificial areas A rable land & permanent & mosaics Forested land Semi-natural vegetation O pen spaces / bare s oils Wetlands bodies Semi-natural vegetation O pen spaces / bare s oils Wetlands bodies Summary trend figures Annual land cover change [ha/year] 5963 Annual land cover change as % of initial year 0.1 Land uptake by artificial development as mean annual change [ha/year] 1021 Agricultural land uptake by urban and infrastructures development as mean annual change [ha/year] 906 Net uptake of forests and semi-natural land by as mean annual change [ha/year] -138 Net conversion from pasture to arable land and permanent as mean annual change [ha/year] 449 Forest & other woodland net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] -80 Dry semi-natural land cover net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] 128 Wetlands & water bodies net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] Intensity of main change drivers (LC FLOWS) [ha/year] lcf1 Urban land management lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic and infrastructures lcf4 internal conversions lcf5 Conversion from forested & natural land to lcf6 Withdrawal of farming lcf7 Forests creation and management lcf8 bodies creation and management lcf9 Changes due to natural and multiple causes 2

3 Artificial areas 3.8. A rt if icial land take [ha/year, % of initial year] % High diffuse residential sprawl Artificial land in Bosnia and Herzegovina is formed from ¾ by residential areas with quite significant share of mines, quarries and dump (14%). The development of artificial land in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the period is characterized by relatively high percentage of artificial formation (1.48%) with respect to the total initial artificial area, compared to other European countries. Artificial land take, which is concentrated mostly around major cities, is driven predominantly by urban diffuse residential sprawl (about 75%). Besides the sprawl of diffuse residential areas, also sprawl of mines and quarrying areas has significant share (1) on total up-taken area. Land consumed by artificial sprawl during this period is mostly composed by agricultural areas, with predominant share of pastures and mosaics (70%), followed by arable land (18%), but also forested land () turned to artificial one A rtif icial surf aces 2006 [% of total area] 14% A rt if icial land t ake [ha/year] % Mean annual artificial change by class [ha/year] Continuous urban fabric Discontinuous urban fabric Industrial or commercial units Road and rail networks and associated land Port areas Airports Mineral extraction Dump Construction Green urban areas Sport and leisure facilities 3

4 Pasture/mosaics consumption by artificial sprawl and arable/crop land Agricultural land in Bosnia an Herzegovina is composed mainly of complex cultivation patterns (4), areas with significant share of natural vegetation (3) and pastures (2), followed by arable land to a lesser extent (6%). Both pastures/mosaics and arable/crop land are characterized by negative balance of net change and prevailing consumption of land by mostly artificial surfaces during the period. Formation and consumption area is close to balanced for complex cultivation patterns and arable land. In contrast, both pastures and agricultural land with natural vegetation contribute only by low percentage to area formation. Mostly, there are prevailing consumption processes within the period (see 4.13 below). Negative net change balance of arable/crop land is caused also by high percentage consumption of vineyards (more than 20% of initial vineyards area) and fruit/berry plantations. The development of agricultural land cover is influenced mostly by consumption of pasture/mosaics land by urban residential sprawl and also by internal agricultural conversion from pasture to arable/crop land. Beside it, there is also significant amount withdrawal of farming with transitional woodland creation A gricult ural areas 2006 [% of total area] % % 1.07% Development of agricultural areas detailed balance [ha] 1.56% 0.07% % -0.58% 0.05% -0.3 C onsumption of initial land cover Formation of new land cover Non-irrigated arable land Permanently irrigated land Rice fields Vineyards Fruit trees and berry plantations Olive groves Annual/ permanent Complex cult. patterns with nat. Agro-forestry areas 211 Non-irrigated arable land 212 Permanently irrigated land 213 Rice fields Mean annual agricultural change by class [ha/year] 221 Vineyards 222 Fruit trees and berry plantations 223 Olive groves Annual associated with permanent 242 Complex cultivation patterns 243 land with significant areas of natural vegetation 244 Agro-forestry areas -600 Nonirrigated arable land Permanently irrigated land Rice fields Vineyards Fruit trees and berry plantations Olive groves Annual/ permanent Complex cult. patterns with nat. Agroforestry areas 4

5 Forest & nature Forest & nat ure areas 2006 [% of total area] Wetl. 0, 1 86% Forest Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces/ bare soils Wetlands bodies Semi-natural rotation and creation; forest and shrub fires In Bosnia and Herzegovina, nature areas are the dominant land cover type. More than ½ of the country is covered by forested land (mostly by broadleaved forest), which is also reflected in high amount of internal forest conversions. The rest of nature areas consist mainly of natural grasslands. Within the period, all natural surfaces, with the exception of open spaces/bare soils and water bodies, have negative balance of net change. The most significant drivers of natural land cover exchange are semi-natural rotation (represented by transition from sclerophyllous vegetation areas to sparsely vegetated areas), forest and shrub fires and semi-natural creation (mainly conversion from transitional woodland to sclerophyllous vegetation or sparsely vegetated areas). The interaction with non-natural surfaces is represented by withdrawal of farming (mainly with transitional woodland creation) and by consumption of natural land cover by artificial sprawl (with prevailing share of mineral extraction and diffuse residential sprawl). Significant decrease of inland marshes occurred in the southern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina due to water bodies creation and uptake Development of forest & nature areas detailed balance [ha] -1.05% -0.58% % -1.75% -2.37% % % -0.16% % 0.55% 0.10% % 4.44% 3.07% 2.70% % C onsumption of initial land cover Formation of new land cover Broad-leaved forest Coniferous forest Mixed forest grassland Moors and heathland Sclerophyllous vegetation Transitional woodland Beaches, dunes, sand Bare rock Sparsely vegetated Burnt areas Glaciers/perp. snow Inland marshes Peatbogs Salt marshes Salines Intertidal flats courses bodies Coastal lagoons Estuaries Sea and ocean Mean annual forest & nature change by class [ha/year] Broad-leaved forest Coniferous forest Mixed forest grassland Moors and heathland Sclerophyllous vegetation Transitional woodland Beaches, dunes, sand Bare rock Sparsely vegetated Burnt areas Glaciers and perpetual Inland marshes Peatbogs Salt marshes Salines Intertidal flats courses bodies Coastal lagoons Estuaries Sea and ocean 5

6 Annex: Land cover flows and trends Land cover flows Consumption of land cover [% of total change area] Wetl. Open 0, Artif. sp. 4% 5% Formation of land cover [% of total change area] 6% Wetl. 0, 18% 2 8% 65% 6 Artificial areas A rable land & permanent & mosaics Forested land Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces/ bare soils Wetlands bodies Drivers of change (LC FLOWS) [% of total change area] lcf8 0. lcf9 8% lcf1 lcf2 1 lcf3 4% lcf1 Urban land management lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic and infrastructures lcf4 lcf5 lcf4 internal conversions lcf5 C onversion from forested & natural land to lc f6 Withdrawal of farming lcf7 5 lcf6 4% lcf7 Forests creation and management lcf8 bodies creation and management lcf9 C hanges due to natural and multiple causes 6

7 Artificial areas Consumption by artificial land take [% of total] Formation by artificial land take [% of total] Forested land Seminatural vegetation Arable land & permanent 18% Dump Mineral extraction 1 C onstruct. 5% Sport/ leisure 0, Airports 0. Industrial/ commer. 5% & mosaics 70% Disc. urban fabric 75% Net f ormation of artif icial area [ha/year, % of initial year] Artificial development by change drivers (LC FLOWS) [ha/year] % lcf11urban development/ infilling (cons.) lcf11urban development/ infilling (form.) lcf12 Recycling of developed urban land (cons.) lcf12 Recycling of developed urban land (form.) lcf13 Development of green urban areas (cons.) lcf13 Development of green urban areas (form.) lcf21 Urban dense residential sprawl lcf22 Urban diffuse residential sprawl lcf31 Sprawl of industrial & commercial lcf32 Sprawl of transport networks lcf33 Sprawl of harbours lcf34 Sprawl of airports lcf35 Sprawl of mines and quarrying areas lcf36 Sprawl of dump lcf37 Construction lcf38 Sprawl of sport and leisure facilities (cons.) lcf38 Sprawl of sport and leisure facilities (form.) lcf54 Conversion from developed areas to lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation lcf81 bodies creation lcf911 Semi-natural creation lcf913 Extension of water courses lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires lcf93 Coastal erosion lcf99 Other changes and unknown (cons.) lcf99 Other changes and unknown (form.)

8 8.25. LC consumed by agricult ure [% of total] Formation of agricultural land f rom non- [% of total] Transition. woodland/ shrub 7% grassland 3 Inland marshes 1 Mineral extraction 26% Dump 7% C onstruct. Br.-leaved 15% with natural 2 Complex cultivation patterns Nonirrigated arable 1 Fruit trees/berry plantations 34% Consumption of agricultural land by non- [% of total] Formation of non-agricultural land from [% of total] with natural 18% Complex cultivation patterns 48% Nonirrigated arable 17% Vineyards Fruit trees/berry plantations 1 Beach./ dunes/ grassl. Transition. Mixed sand woodland/ 0, shrub 0.4% 1 Br.-leaved C onstruct. Dump Mineral extraction 7% Industrial/ Airports commer. 0. c. bodies Disc. urban fabric 65% Main annual conversions between and forests & semi-natural land [ha/year] Mean annual conversion bet ween arable land and pasture [ha/year] Conversion from forest to Conversion from dry semi-natural & natural land to Extension of pasture, set aside and fallow land Conversion from wetlands to Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation Conversion from pasture to arable and permanent Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation 8

9 9.31. Mean annual internal conversions [ha/year] Mean annual conversions between and other LC types [ha/year] lcf411 Uniform extension of set aside fallow land and pasture lcf13 Development of green urban areas lcf412 Diffuse extension of set aside fallow land and pasture lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf421 Conversion from arable land to permanent irrigation perimeters lcf422 Other internal conversions of arable land lcf3 Sprawl of economic and infrastructures lcf511 Intensive conversion from forest to lcf431 Conversion from olives groves to vineyards and orchards lcf432 Conversion from vineyards and orchards to olive groves lcf433 Other conversions between vineyards and orchards lcf441 Conversion from permanent to permanent irrigation perimeters lcf442 Conversion from vineyards and orchards to non-irrigated arable land lcf443 Conversion from olive groves to non-irrigated arable land lcf444 Diffuse conversion from permanent to arable land lcf451 Conversion from arable land to vineyards and orchards lcf452 Conversion from arable land to olive groves lcf453 Diffuse conversion from arable land to permanent lcf461 Conversion from pasture to permanent irrigation perimeters lcf462 Intensive conversion from pasture to non-irrigated arable land and permanent lcf463 Diffuse conversion from pasture to arable and permanent lcf512 Diffuse conversion from forest to lcf521 Intensive conversion from seminatural land to lcf522 Diffuse conversion from seminatural land to lcf523 Conversions from nature mosaics to continuous (cont. agri. cons.) lcf523 Conversions from nature mosaics to continuous (cont. agri. form.) lcf53 Conversion from wetlands to lcf54 Conversion from developed areas to lcf61 Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation lcf81 bodies creation lcf913 Extension of water courses lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires lcf93 Coastal erosion lcf99 Other changes and unknown (agri. cons.) lcf47 Extension of agroforestry lcf99 Other changes and unknown (agri. form.)

10 Forest & nature Fruit trees/berry Complex cultivation patterns 30% plantations 6% Transition. woodland/ shrub 67% Formation of non-forest /nature land from forest & nature [% of total] Complex Fruit trees/berry plantations 4% Non-irr. arable 8% cultivation patterns 4% Agri-nat. Disc. urban fabric 1 Industrial/ commer. 6% Sport/ leisure C onstruct. 10% Dump 5% Mineral extraction Forested land 2006 [% of total area] Main trends in woodland & f orest s consumption/formation [ha/year] Transit. woodland shrub 17% Mixed 15% C onif LC consumed by forest & nature [% of total] Mineral Dump extraction 6% Nonirrigated with arable natural 6% 35% Vineyards Format ion of f orest & nat ure land f rom non-f orest /nat ure [% of total] Broadleaved bodies Mixed courses 7% Beaches, 10% dunes, sand plains grassland 0.4% Consumption of forest & nature land by non-forest /nature [% of total] Inland Transition. marshes woodland/ 5% shrub 16% Broadleaved Scleroph. 46% 1 C oniferous grassland 1 Broadleaved 5 Consumption of forest land by urban sprawl Conversion from forest to Recent fellings and transitions Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation Forest creation, afforestation Conversion from transitional woodland to forests Forest creation over wetlands 10

11 Dry semi-nat ural areas 2006 [% of total area] Main trends in dry semi-nat ural land consumption/formation [ha/year] Bare Sparsely roc k areas 15% Beaches, dunes and sand plains 0. Scleroph. 20% Moors/ heathl. 5% grass. 5 Burnt areas 0. Consumption of dry semi-natural land cover by urban sprawl Conversion of semi-natural land cover to Forest creation, afforestation over dry semi-natural land Withdrawal of farming without woodland creation Decrease of permanent snow and glaciers Wetlands & water 2006 [% of total area] Inland marshes Main trends in wetlands & water consumption/formation [ha/year] Consumption of wetlands by urban sprawl bodies 5 courses 36% Conversion of wetlands to Forest creation and afforestation over wetlands Withdrawal of farming without woodland creation Net water bodies creation Net wetlands creation Mean annual conversions of f orest & other woodland [ha/year] lcf13 Development of green urban areas lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic and infrastructures lcf511 Intensive conversion from forest to lcf512 Diffuse conversion from forest to lcf61 Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation lcf71 Conversion from transitional woodland to forest (cons.) lcf71 Conversion from transitional woodland to forest (form.) lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation lcf73 Forests internal conversions (cons.) lcf73 Forests internal conversions (form.) lcf74 Recent felling and transition (cons.) lcf74 Recent felling and transition (form.) lcf8 bodies creation and management lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (cons.) lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (form.)

12 Mean annual conversions of dry semi-natural LC [ha/year] lcf13 Development of green urban areas lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic and infrastructures lcf521 Intensive conversion from semi-natural land to lcf522 Diffuse conversion from semi-natural land to lcf523 Conversions from -nature mosaics to continuous lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation lcf74 Recent felling and transition lcf8 bodies creation and management lcf82 bodies management lcf911 Semi-natural creation (form.) lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (cons.) lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (form.) lcf913 Extension of water courses (cons.) lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires (cons.) lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires (form.) lcf93 Coastal erosion (cons.) lcf94 Decrease in permanent snow and glaciers cover (cons.) lcf94 Decrease in permanent snow and glaciers cover (form.) lcf99 Other changes and unknown (cons.) lcf99 Other changes and unknown (form.) Mean annual conversions of wetlands and water LC [ha/year] lcf13 Development of green urban areas lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic and infrastructures lcf53 Conversion from wetlands to lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation lcf8 bodies creation and management (cons.) lcf81 bodies creation lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (other than LCF91) lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (other than LCF912) lcf911 Semi-natural creation (form.) lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (cons.) lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (form.) lcf913 Extension of water courses (form.)

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