Pathways of invasion by forest pests and pathogens

Transcription

1 Pathways of invasion by forest pests and pathogens Alberto Santini Luisa Ghelardini, Nicola Luchi, Duccio Migliorini, Francesco Pecori, Alessia Pepori Institute of Plant Protection CNR, Firenze, Italy

2 Before 7000 B.C B.C. Historicalmilestones B.C B.C B.C Discovery of America; 1819 First steamboat crossed Atlantic ocean; 1945 End of WWII and rise in trade between North America, Europe, and Asia; 1989 Fall of Berlin wall. modified from Zohary and Hopf, 1993

3 New risks: 1.Liberalization of trade; 2.Boundaries opening; 3.Innovations in transportation increase the speed of spread; 4.Global change.

4 Total established forest pathogens y = 2,0691e 0,4345x R² = 0, Santini et al., New Phytol. in press Hulme et al., 2009 Roques, BioRisk 4: (2010)

5 An increasing problem Roques, 2010

6 Drivers of plant EIDs emergence Change in vector population 7% Recombination 2% Habitat disturbances 1% Farming techniques 9% Introductions 56% Weather 25% (mod. from Anderson et al., Trends Ecol Evol. 19: )

7 Pathogens causing plant EIDs Bacteria 16% Phytoplasma 4% Nematods 1% Unknown 2% Fungi 30% Virus 47% (mod. from Anderson et al., Trends Ecol Evol. 19: )

8 Worldwide reporting trends in fungal EIDs. MC Fisher et al. Nature 484, (2012) doi: /nature10947

9 1938

10 1951

11 Ceratocystis platani (J.M. Walter) Engelbr. & T.C. Harr

12

13 Alien Cryptogenic European Hybrid Status of forest pathogens Santini et al., (in press)

14 New pathogens: the rise of hybrids Genus Order Host and disease Place Date Melampsora Bm Poplar rust New Zealand, South Africa 1994 Heterobasidion Bm Conifers rot USA California 1996 Ophiostoma Am Dutch elm disease Europe, Asia S- West Phytophthora Om Primula e Spathiphyllum Root rot 1998 The Netherlands 1998 Phytophthora Om Alder disease Europe 1999 Melampsora Bm Poplar rust USA N-West 2000 Heterobasidion Bm Conifers rot Italy 2011 (mod. from Brasier, Nature 405: )

15 Ophiostoma novo-ulmi 1970

16 Amount of Invasive P&P per country - + Forest pests (Roques, 2010) Forest pathogens (Santini et al. in press)

17 Origin of established pest and pathogens Australasia 5,5% Unknown 7% Phytophagous species Australasia 1 % Africa 4 % Pathogen species North America 26,7% Unknown 38 % Asia 19 % Asia 30,0% Central America 2 % Africa 13,2% South America 12,3% Tropical 5,3% Hybrid 6 % North America 30 % Forest pests (Roques, 2010) Forest pathogens (Santini et al. in press)

18 Australasia Africa Asia Trop N America Temp N America Hybrid Europe Origin of forest pathogens Santini et al., (in press)

19 Most likely pathways of introduction of forest pathogens in Europe Tools 1% Wood packaging 2% Tourism 4% Host jump 4% Unknown 17 % Air-borne 21 % Hybrid 3% Vectors 2% Trade 46 % Santini et al., in press

20 Most likely pathways of alien pathogens and pest species in Europe Unknown 27 % Hitch hikers 6 % Phytophagous species Other products 13% Leisure 1 % Greenhouse escapes 13 % Crops 4 % Horticultural /Ornamenta l 30 % Forestry 6 % Living plants 53% Pathogen species Seeds 1 % Wood 10 % Soil 9 % Cuttings 4 % Unknown 12 % Bark 7 % Living plants 57 % Forest pests (Roques, 2010) Forest pathogens (Santini et al. in press)

21 Most likely pathways and vectors of insects in Austria and Switzerland. Kenis et al., Bull Entomol Res (2007) 97,

22 Entry pathways of plant pest established in Great Britain 0,90% 1,80% 1,80% 2,80% 3,70% Movement of plants Apiculture Biocontrol Intentional releases Timber imports Transport stowaways 89% mod. from Smith et al., Agric For Entomol (2007), 9,

23 Pathways of invasion for forest insects and pathogens in the US Live plants Hitchhiker 20 % 3 % Wood 29 % Other or unknown 47 % 5 % 72 % 24 % Forest insects Forest pathogens Liebhold et al., Front Ecol Environ 10(3):

24 Invaded environments Pathogens - Europe Pests Great Britain 21 % 2 % 3 % 36 % 15 % 5 % 1 % 1 % 1 % 43 % 34 % 38 % Forests Nursery Ornamental Other plantations Ornamental Under cover Uncultivated habitats Forestry Orchards Agriculture/horticulture Apiculture Unknown Santini et al., New Phytologist, in press Smith et al., 2007 Agric For Entomol 9:

25 Insect Pathogen Host Alien species use ancient fungus insect associations Orsillus maculatus Seiridium cardinale Cupressus sempervirens Leptoglossus occidentalis Diplodia pinea Pinus spp.

26 Insect Pathogen Host Pityophthorus spp. Fusarium circinatum Pinus spp. Scolytus scolytus Ophiostoma ulmi s.l. European elms

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28 A warming climate, risks and opportunities Spread (invasion stage) Climate change enhances the competitive ability of established alien species and extends suitable areas, which might offer new opportunities for introductions. Establishment (naturalization) Climate change enables successful reproduction and establishment of alien species. Colonization (casual stage) Climate change increases the success of survival and enables better growth of alien species in the introduced range. Introduction Climate change facilitates transport through higher intensity and/or frequency of extreme events and opens new areas for setting. (modified from Walther et al., 2009)

29 From Didham et al.,2005. TRENDS in Ecology and Evolution 20 (9)

30 Consequences of climate change for invasive species (Hellmann et al., 2008) 1. Altered transport and introduction mechanisms; 2. Establishment of new invasive species; 3. Altered impact of existing invasive species; 4. Altered distribution of existing invasive species; 5. Altered effectiveness of control strategies.

31 The European network on emerging diseases and invasive species threats to European forest ecosystems. Increasing Sustainability of European Forests: Modelling for security against invasive pests and pathogens under climate change EU COST Action FP1002 PERMIT Pathway evaluation and pest risk management in transport

32 Ophiostoma ulmi

33 Aliens always favoured? Expansion model of pine wood nematode in China with warming up and man activity Potentially favourable areas according to normal temperatures over (dark red), and 3 C of temperature increase (dark + light red): potential expansion area Invasion probability predicted by the dispersal model in 2005 Not many differences! in 2025 under the assumption of a stable climate in 2025 under the assumption of a constant warming (+0.03 C/yr) Robinet et al., PLoS 2009