Wood in carbon efficient construction

Transcription

1 Wood in carbon efficient construction Environmental Committee of the 26 March 2014 Matti Kuittinen Architect, researcher Aalto University Why carbon efficiency? Normative development Carbon efficient buildings Bioenergy and wood construction 1

2 Solar energy CO 2 C 6 H O 2 H 2 O Forests have a vital role in combating climate change H 6% 50% C O 44% Half of wood material is carbon 2

3 WoodWisdom-Net research project Main supporters CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 C C C C C C C CO 2 C CO 2 CO 2 C CO 2 CO 2 C REPAIR REPAIR RAW MATERIAL PRODUCTION CONSTRUCTION USE END-OF-LIFE 3

4 Should we store carbon in forests or wood products? Source: Life cycle impacts of forest management and wood utilization on carbon mitigation. Lippke et.al. Carbon management 2011, Saturation level 1000 kg C / ha The most intensive growth and carbon sequestration period Should we store carbon in forests or wood products? Source: Life cycle impacts of forest management and wood utilization on carbon mitigation. Lippke et.al. Carbon management 2011, kg C / ha Carbon stability Substitution Sawn goods Dead Crown 0 Roots Trunk -100 Production

5 Why carbon efficiency? Normative development Carbon efficient buildings Bioenergy and wood construction 188 tons of CO 2 stored in structures. CO 2 emissions 40% and methane emissions 50% lower than in similar concrete building. Murray Grove, London, UK Metla, Joensuu, Finland 5

6 Comparison of buildings Wälludden, Sweden Mietraching, Germany L Aquila, Italy Tervakukka, Finland Joensuun Elli, Finland Box test buildings, Finland Muehlweg, Austria Schoenkirchen, Austria Steinbrechergasse, Austria Carbon footprint of wooden multi-storey house Source: Linnaeus University and SP Trätek PRODUCT PHASE CONSTRUCTION PHASE USE PHASE END OF LIFE PHASE Carbon footprint (kg CO 2 /m 2 ) standard house passive house 6

7 Wooden volume elements Cross-laminated timber Wooden post-beam frame Concrete sandwich panels Normal energy efficiency and passive house level Carbon footprint in production phase Source: CO2 project / SP Trätek 7

8 Carbon footprint in full life cycle Source: CO2 project / SP Trätek Which parts of a building cause most of its GHG emissions? Rowhouse in Steinbrechergasse Vienna Source: CO2 project / Holzforschung Austria & IBO 8

9 Comparison of buildings Wälludden, Sweden Mietraching, Germany L Aquila, Italy Tervakukka, Finland Joensuun Elli, Finland Box test buildings, Finland Muehlweg, Austria Schoenkirchen, Austria Steinbrechergasse, Austria One passive house two frame options Source: Aalto University Wooden frame + wood fibre insulation Concrete frame + EPS insulation 9

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11 Fossil greenhouse gas emissions and carbon storage (production phase) Comparison of structures 11

12 Wall alternatives same energy performance AIRCRETE TIMBER GYPSUM BOARD EPS INSULATION AIRCRETE EXT. RENDERING INT. WOOD PANEL CELLULOSE INSULATION I-JOIST LDF BOARD TIMBER BATTENS EXT. TIMBER CLADDING U= 0,10 W/m 2 K Wall alternatives same energy performance 12

13 Comparison of buildings Wälludden, Sweden Mietraching, Germany L Aquila, Italy Tervakukka, Finland Joensuun Elli, Finland Box test buildings, Finland Muehlweg, Austria Schoenkirchen, Austria Steinbrechergasse, Austria Carbon balance of building parts Carbon footprint Carbon storage 13

14 Why carbon efficiency? Normative development Carbon efficient buildings Bioenergy and wood construction Sawmills have energy potential 0,5 m 3 SAWN TIMBER 1 m 3 WOOD 0,3 m 3 CHIPS 0,1 m 3 SAW DUST 0,1 m 3 BARK 280 kwh ELECTRICITY 3000 MJ HEAT MORE THAN NEEDED IN THE SAWMILL PROCESS Source: Finnish Forest Industries Federation 14

15 1 DIRECT PRIMARY ENERGY BALANCE OF SAWN TIMBER CONSEQUENTIAL PRIMARY ENERGY BALANCE OF THE WOODEN FRAME OF A BUILDING Source: CO2 project, Aalto University 15

16 Carbon emissions from heating a typical house with alternative fuel types Energy demand: kwh/year Data source: Biomass Energy Centre, UK Why carbon efficiency? Normative development Carbon efficient buildings Bioenergy and wood construction 16

17 European initiatives and directives linked to carbon efficient construction Energy performance of buildings directive Ecodesign directive Roadmap to a resource efficient Europe Roadmap for moving to a competitive low carbon economy EPBD Ecodesign Resource efficiency Low carbon economy ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF BUILDINGS DIRECTIVE 2020 NEAR ZERO ENERGY BUILDINGS...can be built from different materials that have greatly differing emissions at the production phase. 17

18 EPBD Ecodesign Resource efficiency Low carbon economy EPBD Ecodesign Resource efficiency Low carbon efficiency 18

19 EPBD Ecodesign Resource efficiency Low carbon economy - 40% EPBD Ecodesign Resource efficiency Low carbon economy 19

20 Conclusions 20

21 EU average: 10,9 tn CO 2 per capita Sustainable level: 1 tn CO 2 per capita 1. Because of their long service life, buildings seem to be the most suitable sector for storing carbon. Luukku plus energy house by Aalto University Wood Program 21

22 2. Focusing only on energy efficiency is not enough. The carbon footprint of construction materials should also be taken into account. 3. The full spectrum of the environmental benefits of wood construction should be utilised. RAW MATERIAL PRODUCTION USE OF BUILDING BUILDING SITE E3,Berlin. Architect: Kaden + Klingbeil BIO- ENERGY END-OF-LIFE RE- CYCLING 22

23 4. Wood-based construction materials may help to achieve several policy goals of resource efficiency, ecodesign directive and low carbon economy. Thank you for your attention! Further information: Let us build a carbon efficient Europe! 23