Solid biofuel markets in Europe
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1 Solid biofuel markets in Europe Eija Alakangas, VTT Eija Alakangas, VTT tel And 15 partners of EUBIONET II Supported by the European Commission under the Intelligent Energy - Europe Programme
2 EUBIONET II - Trade study Current techno-economic biomass volume in Europe economically and technically viable volume of solid biomass fuels (woody, agrobiomass, some waste fractions) Both raw material and bioenergy needs are taken into account (CEPI & AEBIOM involved). Data of year 2004 mainly Biomass fuel market and prices from Export and import of biomass fuels 2
3 Resources and use in 20 EU-countries 3
4 4 Biomass resources in the 20 EU countries, PJ/a (techno-economical potential) PJ/a Other biomass resources mainly agrobiomass Excluding Lithuania, Slovenia, Malta, Cyprus and Luxemburg Austria Belgium Other biomass resources Refined wood fuels Wood residues Residential firewood Industrial waste liquors Industrial by-products (solid) Forest residues Czech Rep. Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Netherlands Poland Portugal Slovak Rep. Spain Sweden Mtoe/a UK
5 Biomass use in the 20 EU countries in 2004, PJ PJ/a Other biomass resources Refined wood fuels Wood residues Residential firewood Industrial waste liquors Industrial by-products (solid) Forest residues Mtoe/a Other biomass resources mainly agrobiomass Austria Belgium Czech Rep. Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Netherlands Poland Portugal Slovak Rep. Spain Sweden UK 2 0
6 Biomass resources and use in 2004, 20 EU countries Total figure for biomass resources of 20 EU countries is around PJ/a (143 Mtoe/a) Other biomass resources 35 % Annual resources Forest residues 23 % Refined wood fuels 1 % Industrial by-products (solid) 13 % Other biomass resources 10 % Refined wood fuels 2 % Forest residues 12 % Wood residues 6 % Domestic (residential) firewood 15 % Industrial waste liquors 7 % 6 Wood residues 9 % Residential firewood 34 % Use 2004 Industrial by-products (solid) 18 % Industrial waste liquors 15 % Total figure for biomass use in 20 EU countries was around PJ (65.4 Mtoe) According Eurostat data of year 2004 the biomass use in EU25 was PJ (68,7 Mtoe) 50% of the potential is in use. Excluding Luxemburg, Malta, Cypros, Slovenia and Lithuania
7 Comparision of different biomass volume analyses (Mtoe) Resource EUBIONET II EU Biomass action plan EU25 in 2010 and 2020 Thrän et al. IE EU Forest wood Industrial wood residues and byproducts Included in the previous Agrobiomass and fruit biomass Total , Thrän et al. 2006, Biomass Action Plan
8 Largest potential in forest wood Maximum potential of forest fuels in EU25 (METLA): 543 million m 3 (3 960 PJ), of which logging residues 251 million m 3 Harvestable potential (METLA) 75% of final fellings and 45% of thinnings are harvested 20% of stumps from final fellings harvestable 25% of the balance harvestable Total 140 mill. m 3 /a, PJ/a (24 Mtoe/a), METLA PJ/a (32 Mtoe/a), EUBIONET II 1 solidm 3 ~ 2 MWh = 7.2 GJ 1 solidm 3 ~ 890 kg Integration of forest wood And raw wood harvesting Photo: John Deere 8 Source: Karjalainen et al, 2005 METLA, EUBIONET
9 Forest wood potential exists, but About 1/5 of the European potential is used In large scale used mainly in Scandinavia cofiring with peat or coal to avoid hot corrosion, slagging problems caused by alkalis in forest wood Forest chips can be used in small-scale only if quality of fuel is good (particle size, moisture content, EU standards CEN/TS and CEN/TS 15234) This means chips from delimbed wood or stem wood Forest chips are more local/regional fuel short transportation distancies required Development of fuel supply and logistics chains are needed Integration to round wood harvesting Local demand and supply have to meet regional studies needed technology transfer from Nordic countries to Central Europe Environment analysis (e.g. nutrient and carbon balance) Refining forest wood to high quality fuels pellets or liquid biofuels is under research 9
10 SE Pellet trading in Europe NO Canada Trading of pellets in Europe FI EE RU IE DK LT LV UK BY BE NL PL LU DE CZ UA South Africa PT ES FR CH MT IT AT SI HR BA SK MD HU AL RO Production in CS Baltic BG Sea Area is MK about 3 million GR tons TR (4.4 Mtoe) 10
11 Fuel prices 11
12 Pellets retail prices with VAT in June 2005 EUR/GJ Price excluding VAT VAT Austria Belgium Czech Rep. Denmark Finland France Germany Hungary Ireland Latvia Poland Portugal Slovakia Spain Sweden 12
13 Pellet prices are fluctuating Price decrease in 2005 production capacity building High demand in 2006 (emission trading, oil price increase) Lower demand in winter because of warm winter Increase of raw material costs sawdust price, drying of wet sawdust EUR/GJ EUR/GJ = 3.6 EUR/MWh Spain Italy Austria Sweden Germany Finland Denmark 1 ton pellets ~ 4.7 MWh = 16.9 GJ 13
14 Biomass prices in the EU (excluding VAT) Industrial wood residues and forest chips EUR/GJ Industrial wood residues Forest chips Coal Austria Czech Rep. Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Ireland Latvia Poland Portugal Slovakia Sweden 14
15 EUR/GJ 35 Fuel prices in June 2006 (municipal plants) MAX ,8 Forest residues ,5 Ind. byproducts 0,5 4,5 2.8 Wood waste 8.5 3,9 Ref. wood fuels ,9 Other biomass ,6 Heavy fuel oil 5,9 Light fuel oil ,8 Natural gas ,4 Coal AVERAGE MIN 15
16 Conclusions 16
17 Conclusions 1/2 National incentives have promote trade Increase of export of biomass, especially from Baltic Sea area or oversea areas to Central Europe because high feed-in tariffs IEA Task 40 has estimated that international trade of solid and liquid biofuels is 19 Mtoe. Different biomass volumes in different studies Harmonisation of methods used in assessment studies Biggest unutilised potential lies on forest residues More difficult to utilise in current installations Forest industry important wood fuel provider and user Pulp and paper industry accounts on average 23% of total bioenergy use in EU20 countries. Biggest potential lies in forest residues (tops, branches) and their use is connected to use of timber or pulp wood in forest industry 17
18 Conclusions 2/2 International quality standards for solid biofuels CEN/TC 335 has developed 30 different technical specifications upgrading to EN-standards has started Difficult to follow solid biofuel trade and use customers statistics do not have special CN-code for pellets (currently under wood waste) own CN-code is needed EU statistics combine biomass and waste separate biomass and waste streams in statistics Prices of wood fuels have increased Only few countries are publishing price index of solid biofuels international prices index e.g. for wood pellets is needed (fob in Rotterdam harbour?) How to mobilise more agrobiomass to markets? Cofiring with fossil fuels (slagging, fouling problems) Refining to pellets or to liquid biofuels? 18
19 More information Biomass fuel trade Alakangas, E., Heikkinen, A., Lensu, T. & Vesterinen, P. Biomass fuel trade in Europe summary report, March 2007, 58 p. 19 national reports of biomass trade Alakangas, E., Wiik, C. & Lensu, T. Feedback on CEN solid biofuels standards, February 2007 Bioenergy policies in EU25 Summary report: Bio-energy in Europe 2005, SenterNovem 25 national reports 19
Biomass fuel trade in Europe Summary Report VTT-R
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