UMA APROXIMAÇÃO METODOLÓGICA PARA O ESTUDO TEMPORAL E ESPACIAL DA QUALIDADE DO AR RELACIONADA ÀS EMISSÕES DE VEÍCULOS EM MADRI E SÃO PAULO
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1 UMA APROXIMAÇÃO METODOLÓGICA PARA O ESTUDO TEMPORAL E ESPACIAL DA QUALIDADE DO AR RELACIONADA ÀS EMISSÕES DE VEÍCULOS EM MADRI E SÃO PAULO Pedro José Pérez-Martínez lapat-nuance.iag.usp.br Marie Curie COFUND-UNITE Program Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
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3 OBJETIVES High resolution inventory road Green House Gases (GHGs) and Atmospheric Pollutants (ATPs) emissions Transport activity, mobile parameters & atmospheric impact Determination air composition profiles: air concentrations, height & structure boundary layer (HBL) Determination spatial/temporal patterns emissions and related concentrations in Madrid & São Paulo
4 Vehicle fleet by time of the day in the Municipality of Madrid & São Paulo (Origin/destiny in the Metropolitan Region) 4 32,6 mill veh-km/day km roads 120,9 mill. veh-km/day veh/day 23,2 km/h 46,6 km/day/veh 2,59 mill. veh/day Source: Municipality of Madrid (2010), METRO O/D survey (2011)
5 Traffic & speed in the Municipality of Madrid 3, inhab. 605,8 km urb. buses, rail cars, 1, veh, 523 veh./10 3 inhab. Average speed 23,2km/h, emissions (C 6 H 6, CO, NO x, PM 10, SO 2 ) 287 t/day (82%, traffic) Source: Municipality of Madrid (2010)
6 MATERIAL & METHODS Case study, transport and emission model - Road: 91.4, 80.1 & 69.0% total CO, NO x & PM emissions - Gridded & vector vehicle emission data, 1km & 1h resolution - Veh-km (VKT), length (L) & traffic (AADT), by area & roads - Total emissions proportional to VKT & emission factors (EFs) - GHGs & ATPs emissions by vehicle types: LDVs & HDV - EFs change with HBL & vertical gradients (τ) **** Meteorological and chemical models - Relationships high ATPs and decreased rainfall & wind - Chemistry determined by reactions substances emitted by road - Inorganic & organic reactions based on kinetic mechanisms
7 Time variation gas & particulate compounds Madrid, meteorological & traffic parameters Source: Municipality of Madrid (2010)
8 Time variations gas & particulate compounds inside Rodoanel tunnel (TRA) Source: CETESB (2011)
9 Relative risks (RRs) & attributable risks (ARs) of PM 10 in Madrid by weekday for each m/s increase in wind speed (u) Source: Pérez-Martínez & Miranda (2013)
10 Traffic volume, proportion heavy-duty vehicles (p HDVs) & pollutant concentrations as function time day (TRA). Emission factors (EFs) NO X vs. p HDVs Emissions SPMR (HC, CO, NO x, MP, SO x ) 805 t/day (88%, traffic) Source: Pérez-Martínez et al. (2013)
11 RESULTS - Space/temporal identification road transport sources GHG/ATPs - Determination EFs LDVs/HDVs improving inventories - Emission profiles relate air concentration, road traffic & HBL - High ATPs from late evening traffic persist till midnight - Areas with lower ATPs have less pronounced diurnal profiles **** Meteorological and traffic influences - Wind speed negatively correlated with surface concentrations as height boundary layer (HBL) & potential temperature (T) - Statistical multivariate models determination spatial /temporal patterns pollutants, source identification & quantification
12 CONCLUSIONS Air concentrations allow space/temporal identification road transport sources GHGs/ATPs Results contribute to define measures/policies to improve air quality & life Extrapolation local inventories to other cities will impact spatial distribution ATPs in areas around large urban Estimated vs. measured air concentrations: higher GHGs/ ATPs have pronounced diurnal profiles **** Transport activity generate temporal & spatial schemes useful for regional dispersion air pollution modelling This study computes emission inventories by generating Emission Factors (EFs) & provides tools to complement global emission inventories (GEIs)
13 OBRIGADO! REFERENCES PÉREZ-MARTÍNEZ, P.J., FORNARO, A., NOGUEIRA, T., MIRANDA, R., ANDRADE, M.F., Vehicular Emission Factor of Gases and Particulate Matter Measured in two Road Tunnels in São Paulo, Brazil. Proceedings of the 11th Urban Environment Symposium. Series: Alliance for Global Sustainability Bookseries, Vol. 1, , N. Dordrecht: Springer Science Netherlands. PÉREZ-MARTÍNEZ, P.J., MIRANDA, R.M., A multimethodological approach to study the temporal and spatial distribution of air quality related to road transport emissions in Madrid, Spain. Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 15, EGU , EGU General Assembly pedroperezmartinez@me.com
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