Finland - living in and off the forests. Ari Vanamo Degree Programme in Forestry Tampere University of Applied Sciences

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1 Finland - living in and off the forests Ari Vanamo Degree Programme in Forestry Tampere University of Applied Sciences

2 What is a forest? A forest (also called a wood, woodland, wold, weald or holt) is an area with a high density of trees (Wikipedia) FRA 2000, Main report (FAO) A tree: a perennial woody plant. has many secondary branches a single main stem or trunk with clear apical dominance A minimum height varying from 3 m to 6 m Siikaneva, Ruovesi

3 World s forests Finland Source:UNEP-WCMC 2000

4 Largest forest areas ( F-7 countries ) 1. Russia ha 2. Brazil ha 3. Canada ha 4. United States ha 5. China ha 6. Democratic Republic of the Congo ha 7. Indonesia ha Total F ha Total world ha 1ha is about 1,5 soccer fields!

5 Largest forest cover (% of land area) Country Forest area (1000 ha) % of land area 1. Guyana Suriname French Guiana Belize Solomon Islands Papua New Guinea Brunei Darussalam Guinea-Bissau Republic of Korea Vanuatu Gabon Japan Finland Brazil Source: FAO 2000

6 Boreal forests (taiga) Forests in Europe Temperate forests Mediterranean forests Source: European Environment Agency

7 Siberia, Russia Boreal forest Finland

8 Boreal forest zone Very extensive biome > 900 million hectares (9 million km 2 ) 30 % of world s forests, 75 % of coniferous forests Located in Alaska (USA), Canada, Russia, Finland, Sweden and Norway To the north limited by tundra vegetation, to the south by temperate forests or steppes

9 Finnish Forests In Finland boreal forests are found in latitudes which in other regions mainly have treeless vegetation (tundra) Source: 70th parallel north 60th parallel north

10 Forest Tree Species Balance Birch 16% Spruce 33% Other deciduous 3% Pine 48% Source: Statistical Yearbook of Forestry, Finnish Forest Research Institute

11 Pellerwoinen, thus consenting, Sows with diligence the island, Seeds upon the lands he scatters, Seeds in every swamp and lowland, Forest seeds upon the loose earth, On the firm soil sows the acorns, Fir-trees sows he on the mountains, Pine-trees also on the hill-tops, Many shrubs in every valley, Birches sows he in the marshes, In the loose soil sows the alders, In the lowlands sows the lindens, In the moist earth sows the willow, Mountain-ash in virgin places, On the banks of streams the hawthorn, Junipers in hilly regions; This the work of Pellerwoinen, Slender Sampsa, in his childhood. The poem The Kalevala, Second verse Translated by John Martin Crawford,

12 Finnish Forests Spruce and mixed forests on more fertile sites Pine forests on less fertile sites

13 Silver birch, (Betula pendula) Curly birch (Betula pendula var. Carelica) Curly birch

14 Other tree species Trembling aspen (Populus tremula) Rowan tree (Sorbus aucuparia

15 Black alder, (Alnus glutinosa)

16 Bird cherry (Prunus padus)

17 Peatlands cover 30 % of the land area in Finland

18 Forest biodiversity UPM Forest life

19 Commercial use of forests in Finland

20 A long history of forest use in Finland Eero Järnefelt 1893

21 A long history of forest use in Finland Source: Päätalo-instituutin kuva-arkisto

22 Forestry today

23 Forests grow more than they are used

24 Wood flow from forest to mill in Finland 2011 (mill.m 3 ) Annual surplus >30 million m 3

25 Year 1 Year 4 Year 15 Year 90 Year 30 Year 60 Simplified life cycle of a managed pine forest

26 Harvesting 2 % of total forest area harvested annually 56 % thinnings 43 % regeneration cuttings > 95 % harvested by machines Source: Metinfo, Finnish Forest Research Inst.

27 Video Final felling

28 2 years after final felling

29 Forest regeneration

30 7 years after final felling

31 Young stand management

32 Thinning 30-40% of standing tree volume removed 1-3 times in one forest stand before final cutting Photo: Jori Uusitalo

33 The aim is to increase the use of small wood and cutting residues for bioenergy up to 8-12 mill m3 by 2015 Bioenergy

34 Forest Ownership of the area (total 20 million ha)

35 Private Forest Owners forest owners The average forest holding is 44 hectares Forest is inherited or bought from family members Forest industries bought timber from these families in 2003 for 1,54 thousand million Euros Source:

36 Private Forest Owners Female Male Entepreneurs Farmers Pensioners Paid employees Living in the countryside Living in towns or cities Source: Hänninen et al. 2002

37 SOURCE: National Board of Customs

38 Forest Sector s Share of Employment in Finnish Regions Source: Metsäteho oy 2005

39 Everyman s rights Public access to all forests on foot, skis, bicycle or on a horseback Right to camp temporarily in a forest Right to pick wild berries and mushrooms Right to swim and move with a boat in the sea, lakes and rivers

40 Participation in forest-related pursuits in Finland in 2000 Source:Sievänen T. (ed.): Outdoor Recreation Finnish Forest Research Institute

41 Volumes and values of forest products 2004 Source:Statistical Yearbook of Forestry 2005, Finnish Forest Research Institute.

42 Forest and nature protection Final felling every 70 to 120 years Source:Statistics Finland 2009

43 Strictly protected forests, % of area of productive forest land Final felling every 70 to 120 years Source:Source: COST E4-study, Ministry of Environment 2002,

44 Natura 2000 areas in Finland Source: Metsähallitus

45 Habitats and amounts of threatened species Source:Suomen lajien uhanalaisuus Ministry of Environment,

46 Useful links to Finnish forestry forest.fi is a gateway to Finnish forests and forest sector. These pages are supported by the Finnish Forest Association. Information and statistics about Finnish forestry and forest industry. Supported by the Finnish Forest Industries Federation. Information about forestry research. Finnish Forest Research Institute. Information about the forest certification system in Finland.