CA Forest Pest Council Deterioration and Decay in Fire- and Insect-killed Trees
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1 CA Forest Pest Council Deterioration and Decay in Fire- and Insect-killed Trees Eini C. Lowell Portland, OR
2 From: CA Forest Pest Council
3 CA Forest Pest Council Standing dead and dying trees fire insects
4 CA Forest Pest Council Types / agents of losses NOT talking about: Pre-existing conditions Hidden defect
5 CA Forest Pest Council Types / agents of losses insects fungi (stain and decay) weather check breakage char
6 Insects CA Forest Pest Council
7 CA Forest Pest Council Influential insects Bark beetles phloem feeder Ambrosia beetles sapwood Wood borers heartwood borer
8 CA Forest Pest Council Factors influencing beetle activity season bark thickness location on bole fresh phloem/cambial tissue
9 CA Forest Pest Council Fungi stain sap rot
10 CA Forest Pest Council External influences for fungal growth temperature moisture oxygen
11 CA Forest Pest Council blue stain fungi under suitable conditions mm / week radially up to 50 mm / week longitudinally
12 Weather check CA Forest Pest Council
13 CA Forest Pest Council Factors influencing extent of weather check size of trees or logs position in tree bark thickness heat environmental conditions
14 Other loss factors CA Forest Pest Council
15 Char CA Forest Pest Council
16 CA Forest Pest Council
17 CA Forest Pest Council
18 CA Forest Pest Council Significant Variables primary secondary crown scorch volume crown consumption volume diameter breast height presence of beetles ground fire severity min. bole scorch height
19 CA Forest Pest Council MANY FACTORS AFFECT THE RATE OF DETERIORATION
20 Tree related characteristics species diameter bark thickness percent sapwood rate of growth age CA Forest Pest Council
21 CA Forest Pest Council Moving up the bole: diameter decreases sapwood width decreases age decreases bark thickness decreases ring width increases
22 CA Forest Pest Council
23 CA Forest Pest Council Site Conditions elevation precipitation slope aspect
24 Severity of disturbance CA Forest Pest Council
25 Timing (e.g. season) CA Forest Pest Council
26 CA Forest Pest Council Related effects loosens bark increases drying of sapwood could decrease sap rot increases weather check could spread fungal spores
27 CA Forest Pest Council
28 CA Forest Pest Council Volume loss: function of extent deterioration Value loss: function of product
29 CA Forest Pest Council Evaluating deterioration rates resulting from wildfire (volume loss)
30 California Oregon fire-kill (1987 fires) OR CA Siskiyou NF 1 Gold Beach RD 2 Galice RD 3 Illinois Valley RD BLM 4 Medford Klamath NF 5 Happy Camp RD 6 Oak Knoll RD 7 Scott River RD Six Rivers NF 8 Mad River RD CA Forest Pest Council
31 THE SAMPLE: Years dead: 1, 2, 3 Species: Douglas-fir True fir Ponderosa pine Sugar pine Number of trees: / year / species Age range: years DBH range: inches CA Forest Pest Council
32 CA Forest Pest Council Trees Logs sap rot and weather check
33 percent Cubic volume loss by year and defect type Year 2 Year 3 DF TF PP SP DF TF PP SP sap rot weather check CA Forest Pest Council
34 One year dead CA Forest Pest Council
35 Cubic volume loss (percent) CA Forest Pest Council year dead fire-kill true fir and Douglas-fir pine Log small-end diameter (inch)
36 PERCENT OF CULL LOGS CA Forest Pest Council Cull log statistics DF TF PP SP YEAR 2 YEAR 3
37 PHYSICAL / MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Douglas-fir : 2-year dead : conks present Surface Interior Specific gravity (density) Modulus of elasticity (stiffness) Modulus of rupture (strength) - 8% - 1% - 12% - 1% - 21% - 8% CA Forest Pest Council
38 CA Forest Pest Council
39 CA Forest Pest Council Summary of findings agents of changes timing magnitude All varied between and within species
40 CA Forest Pest Council SPECIES Douglas-fir Grand fir Subalpine fir Western larch Lodgepole pine Ponderosa pine Englemann spruce
41 CA Forest Pest Council Douglas-fir Year 1: wood borers, wood peckers little stain, check, decay Year 2: weather checks little stain Year 3: all sapwood stained small amount sapwood decay Year 4: most sapwood decayed top breakage
42 CA Forest Pest Council Rates of deterioration in dead (and dying) trees and its effect on products
43 CA Forest Pest Council Volume loss: function of extent deterioration Value loss: function of product
44 $ Appearance Products Structural Products Veneer Lumber Resource Size & Quality Round wood Particle and Fiber Posts & poles House logs Panel Products Pulp and paper $ Energy production Chemicals Heat/Energy CA Forest Pest Council
45 CA Forest Pest Council Resource (Wood) Quality Hog fuel = almost anything Particle and Fiber = no char Structural = no decay Appearance = no stain, no decay
46 Resource size (lumber grade categories by location) CA Forest Pest Council From: Ayer-Sachet and Fahey, 1987 CA Forest Pest Council
47 Washington Teepee Butte Fire-Kill 1-year dead ponderosa pine CA Forest Pest Council
48 CA Forest Pest Council
49 Dollars/CCF net scale THE BOTTOM LINE Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 5 Log Grade (Gaines) Cull Live Dead CA Forest Pest Council
50 Conclusion no difference in scaled defect amount but.. loss in value from live to dead (about 17%) CA Forest Pest Council
51 CA Forest Pest Council Beetle-killed Spruce Kenai Peninsula, Alaska
52 Visual Classification System Class 1: live trees or recently attacked trees still have green needles Class 2: fading or brown-red needles, fine twigs remaining, crown with reddish cast Class 3: no fine twigs tree takes on gray coloration 90% or more of bark remaining Class 4: less than 90% of bark remaining bark is sloughing off may be obvious weather checks gray, weathered coloration CA Forest Pest Council
53 LUMBER GRADE PERCENT Lumber Grade Recovery 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 ECONOMY UTILITY STD & BTR CA Forest Pest Council
54 Beetle-killed grand fir and Douglas-fir John Day, Oregon CA Forest Pest Council
55 Lumber tally in grade (percent) Lumber tally in grade (percent) Douglas-fir 100 Live Log small-end diameter (inches) Select Structural Construction Standard Utility Economy 100 Dead Log small-end diameter (inches) Select Structural Construction Standard Utility Economy CA Forest Pest Council
56 Cubic recovery percent CA Forest Pest Council Lumber volume loss for Douglas-fir over time Live 2-years Log diameter 3-4 years
57 $/CCF log scale Dollars per hundred cubic feet of gross log scale Log diameter Live &1 2-4 years The trees dead 2 years or more are roughly $120 per ccf less than the live sample. CA Forest Pest Council
58 CA Forest Pest Council EEEEWWWWW WORMS!
59 Warner Fire, July 2001 Lakeview, OR CA Forest Pest Council
60 3 months later CA Forest Pest Council
61 CA Forest Pest Council One year later
62 CA Forest Pest Council
63 Log Sample Condition Number of Logs Small-end Diameter Range Green Fire-kill CA Forest Pest Council
64 CA Forest Pest Council
65 CA Forest Pest Council LUMBER PRICES (WWPA May 2003) Grade Group Price Moulding & Better $1603 1, 2, 3 Shop $850 Stain $328 No. 2 and Better $333 No. 3 $160 4/4 Common and Fingerjoint $300
66 $850 / MBF $328 / MBF CA Forest Pest Council
67 Percent Total Lumber Tally CA Forest Pest Council LUMBER GRADE RECOVERY Mldg & Btr Shop 1,2,3 Stain No. 2 & Btr No. 3 4/4 Comm, FJ Lumber Grade Group WORMY CONTROL
68 Cubic Volume Recovery (percent) How much volume? Log Small End Diameter (inch) Green Wormy CA Forest Pest Council
69 Value Per Thousand Bd Ft Green Lumber Tally (dollars) CA Forest Pest Council How much value? Log Small End Diameter (inch) Green Wormy
70 CA Forest Pest Council
71 CA Forest Pest Council
72 THANK YOU THANK YOU USDA Forest Service PNW Research Station USDA Forest Service PNW Research Station
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