THE IMPORTANCE OF FAMILY FORESTS
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1 THE IMPORTANCE OF FAMILY FORESTS 1 Do you own at least one acre of tree-covered land? If yes, congratulations! Whether you call it your woods, woodland, woodlot, forest, forestland, or something else, you are the owner of a FAMILY FOREST. You may be surprised to learn that family forests, as a group, make up over one-third of forestland in the U.S. (and almost half of forestland in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan). An average Lake State s family forest is 24 acres (9.7 ha), although the size ranges from 1 to over 1,000 acres (0.4 to 405 ha or more). In Ontario, 18.8 million acres (7.6 million ha) of forestland are privately owned, including many family forests. FAMILY FOREST OWNERS are a diverse group of landowners with a wide range of values and interests. But you share at least one important thing with all your fellow family forest owners: your forested land provides a host of values to you and to society as a whole. How do your reasons for owning land compare with other family forest owners, and how do they tie in with society at large urban residents, business and government leaders, non-profit organizations, and others far removed from the countryside? This fact sheet provides an overview of both the personal benefits of family forests (including lifestyle, recreation, income, and employment opportunities) and the public benefits (such as clean air and water, timber products, and climate regulation). We also discuss how an increasing tax burden, issues surrounding intergenerational transfer of land, the spread of invasive species, and land development threaten to reduce the benefits of family forests. 2 FAMILY FORESTS Family forests (sometimes called family-owned woodlands) are generally defined as occupying at least one acre of land and being owned by individuals, married couples, or family estates and trusts rather than corporations. 1 Your family forest is part of a large North American forest ecosystem that stretches across Canada and the U.S. WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF FAMILY FOREST OWNERSHIP? Family forests are important to their owners for a variety of reasons. Your reason for owning forestland is likely a personal decision one 1 Source: Butler, B.J. and E.C. Leatherberry America s family forest owners. Journal of Forestry 102(7):4 9. Available at: FAMILY FOREST OWNER TOOLBOX 1
2 that might be difficult to describe or fit into a category. The following reasons for owning forestland are offered as examples that might fit your situation either in the past, present, or future. Also, you likely receive multiple benefits from your forest. Some of these benefits might include, in no particular order: lifestyle, recreation, income, and employment. LIFESTYLE Enjoying a morning cup of coffee on your back porch, out of sight (and sound) from your nearest neighbor, and far from the long line of commuters inching their way down a congested freeway. Being serenaded by the calls of warblers, cardinals, and chickadees as the sun first peeks through the nearby tree canopy. Witnessing a sunset on a pristine lake. Sound familiar? These scenarios, and others like them, represent a lifestyle choice and an important benefit to many owners of family forests, whether large or small. For many people, solitude, privacy, protecting nature, and developing a family legacy are key ingredients in their lives. A forested area, whether it includes a full-time residence or serves as a getaway, may provide you with an opportunity to break from the rat race and engage in a lifestyle more appealing to your values and beliefs. RECREATION Whether it is sitting in a tree stand waiting for a trophy buck or canoeing on a tree-lined lake in hopes of a strike, recreational opportunities are a big draw for many forest owners. In addition to hunting and fishing, other action-oriented endeavors that might attract you or family members to the forest include hiking, skiing, riding (snowmobiles, horses, mountain bikes), mushroom hunting, and more. Another segment of family forest owners enjoys more passive activities, such as wildlife viewing, birding, photography, painting, drawing, and picnicking. Recreation is often the hook that entices landowners like you to adopt forestry practices that will enhance the recreational experience. (See Fact Sheet 9) INCOME Saw logs, pulpwood, firewood, and other timber products provide periodic income to many owners (see Fact Sheet 5). In fact, the majority of timber harvests in the U.S. occur on private woodlands, 2 providing income to landowners. Although few family forest owners manage their forests exclusively or even primarily for timber products, the removal of trees often helps to achieve other objectives. Cutting trees selectively can be used for many (often overlapping) goals, such as building access trails, establishing wildlife food plots, creating scenic vistas, encouraging the growth of desirable tree species, and beautifying the landscape. All of these actions can increase the vitality of your family forest. A common way for family forest owners to generate income is to lease adjacent productive farmland, such as pastures or cropland, to neighboring farmers. Other family forest owners like the cash 2 In 2006, 91 percent of timber harvests came from private lands (industrial and non-industrial). Source: Chapter 6 of Forest Resources of the U.S. (2007): 2
3 flow provided by lease arrangements for activities such as hunting (see Fact Sheet 9). Establishing a conservation easement or enrolling eligible property in programs involving cost-share payments, such as the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), are other examples of income-producing activities (see Fact Sheet 3). Regardless of the economic activity, income generation including investment potential is an important reason for some families to own and manage forestland. EMPLOYMENT Does your land provide opportunities for self-employment or jobs for others? Landowners often produce timber products from forestland in combination with products from adjacent lands (such as livestock, poultry, vegetables, berries, grains, hay, and straw), which can provide full- or part-time employment. Specific forestry-based enterprises that support on-site employment include Christmas tree farming, maple syrup production, and small-scale sawmilling (particularly with portable mills) and lumber sales. Some family forest owners have invested in overnight lodging such as cabins to support the growing demand for bed and breakfast-type operations. Interest is growing in these forest- and farm-based enterprises, particularly ones that provide a source of income and employment opportunities (see Fact Sheets 5-10). WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF FAMILY FORESTS TO SOCIETY? In addition to your personal goals and values, family forests benefit your community, the nation, and the global environment. Actions you take today with your land, such as keeping tracts of forest intact, can have long-lasting impacts for society. FOREST PRODUCTS The list of products from forests and wood fiber is seemingly endless 2x4s, sheathing, flooring, cabinets, furniture, paper, cardboard, maple syrup, and more (see Fact Sheets 5 and 6). In the U.S., the raw material for these and related products is primarily sourced from family forests (63 percent in 2001). 2 In Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan, over 50 percent of timber harvests (by volume) occur on family forestlands, resulting in local job creation and the accompanying economic benefits of manufacturing, marketing, and distributing wood and paper products. WILDLIFE Many wildlife species depend on forests in the Great Lakes region. Some, such as deer, bear, moose, turkey, and grouse, depend on the forest year-round. Other species, such as migratory songbirds and some waterfowl, use the forests during their critical nesting season. Although wildlife is a public resource, the enjoyment and recreation provided by both game and non-game species depend heavily on the vitality of the forest and the quality and quantity of habitat provided by landowners like you. Also, even though you do not own the wildlife, you do control land access, which plays a critical link in society s goal to conserve and manage this natural resource (see Fact Sheet 9). FAMILY FOREST OWNER TOOLBOX 3
4 CLEAN AIR Most people, busily going about day-to-day activities, give little or no thought to the air they breathe. However, family forests are a major source of clean air. Through photosynthesis, trees absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and release oxygen (one tree can absorb more than 10 lbs (4.5 kg) of carbon dioxide each year; see Fact Sheet 4). Forests also filter dust particles and automotive exhaust from the air and absorb pollutants like sulfur dioxide and ozone. Positive impacts occur both locally and far away, due to the effects of atmospheric currents. CLEAN WATER Globally, three-quarters of useable freshwater supplies come from forested areas. With abundant rivers and streams (not to mention the Great Lakes!), Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, and Ontario make significant contributions to the world s supply of freshwater. Forested watersheds provide clean drinking water for millions of people in North America. Forests also regulate water flow, reducing the risk of flooding for homes, businesses, and other properties. Your family forest as part of the larger Great Lakes forest region is vital to keeping a balanced hydrological cycle for everyone. SOIL CONSERVATION Tree roots stabilize soil, and leaves intercept rainfall, thus preventing compaction and erosion of bare soil. Also, forests play a large part in soil formation, including the buildup of organic matter. History is clear: civilizations that deforested their landscapes and used non-sustainable land practices experienced devastating loss of soils, crops, and human lives (e.g., China s Loess Plateau and the African nation of Madagascar). The Coon Creek Soil Erosion Control Project, started during the Dust Bowl in 1933 near La Crosse, Wisconsin, is an example of a successful effort to control erosion. The project demonstrated that family farms, including forests, could protect the soils within a property and neighboring soils in a watershed and beyond. AESTHETICS AND RECREATION Your family forest is likely enjoyed by the public for its scenic benefits, including attractive landscape features and open space sought by tourists and commuters alike. Many family forests also provide recreational opportunities to relatives, friends, and lease-holders (see Fact Sheet 9). CULTURAL, ARTISTIC, SPIRITUAL, HIS- TORICAL, AND EDUCATIONAL BENEFITS Family forests contain a wealth of resources that can inform citizens about past cultures, including the role of nature in national symbols, architecture, art work, religious practices, and historic events. Natural systems such as forests are used for educational purposes, including school field trips and scientific research. 4
5 CLIMATE REGULATION Forests influence the greenhouse effect through carbon storage and oxygen cycling thus impacting the climate both locally and globally. Forests are recognized as a primary regulator of climate through their effects on temperature and precipitation. The future well-being of the global population is tied to the protection and wise management of forested landscapes, including your family forest (see Fact Sheet 4). OTHER BENEFITS Other direct benefits of your family forest include the pollination of wild and agricultural plant species, storage and recycling of nutrients, abatement of noise pollution, maintenance of biological and genetic diversity (including the potential for the discovery of new drugs and pharmaceuticals), and the growing of important sources of food and energy. WHAT ARE SOME PRESSURES ON FAMILY FORESTS? TAXES Inheritance, income, and property taxes are likely big concerns for you. In the U.S., the future of federal inheritance tax rates has created uncertainty and anxiety among many landowners. The rise in property taxes in both Ontario and the Lake States, to help local tax authorities generate additional income, has also had negative impacts on some family forest owners. The bottom line is that an increasing (or uncertain) tax rate is pushing many family forest owners to sell their woodlands or convert them to non-forest uses. INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSFER OF LAND Your children or grandchildren might have different objectives for your land. In a Wisconsin study, two-thirds of offspring were not raised on the land including the family forest; 90 percent didn t live on the land; 80 percent didn t live near the land; and over half said they didn t want to be involved in the management of their family forest. 3 However, 90 percent of offspring expected to inherit the land. A threat to the future of these forests is that almost 50 percent of offspring cited the cost of medical care as a key condition that might force them to sell family forestland. (Interestingly, offspring ranked ecosystem markets second only to tax relief as an important tool for managing the family forest; see Fact Sheets 2 and 3). Clearly, issues surrounding intergenerational transfer of land are an added pressure on maintaining family forests. INVASIVE SPECIES Perhaps you have seen your family forest degraded by invasive species unwanted plants or animals that can take over whole areas. Invasive species are usually thought of as non-native species (such as European buckthorn and the emerald ash borer), but they can also be native to North America (such as ironwood, prickly ash, or even white-tailed deer when they overbrowse young trees). Regardless of their origin, invasive species can dramatically change a forest and displace native species. 3 FAMILY FOREST OWNER TOOLBOX 5
6 DEVELOPMENT Expansion of shopping centers, housing subdivisions, industrial areas, utility and travel corridors, recreational facilities, and cropland all put pressure on family forest owners to sell, divide, or convert property. Unrestricted development can also cause taxes to rise. Whether land development is for commercial, residential, or agricultural use, the conversion of forests to other land uses reduces or eliminates many of the personal and societal benefits described in this fact sheet. WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION? This report summarizes results from the U.S. Forest Service s National Woodland Owner Survey, conducted between 2002 and 2006: Butler, B Family Forest Owners of the United States, Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS-27. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station. Available at: These journal articles provide overviews of ecosystem benefits (described further in Fact Sheet 3): de Groot, R.S A typology for the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem functions, goods and services. Ecological Economics 41(3): Available at: portal.nceas.ucsb.edu/working_group/ebm-matrix/pdf-reprints/de%20groot_2002. pdf Fisher, B., Turner, R. K., and Morling, P Defining and classifying ecosystem services for decision making. Ecological Economics 68(3): Available at: giee/publications/bfisher_definingclassifying_ecosystemsvcs_2009.pdf The following handbooks were published for Wisconsin and Minnesota by the Aldo Leopold Foundation and the American Forest Foundation: Swenson, S My Healthy Woods: A Handbook for Family Woodland Owners, Managing Woods in Southwest Wisconsin. Swenson, S My Healthy Woods: A Handbook for Family Woodland Owners, Managing Woods in Southeast Minnesota. Both books are available for purchase at: For additional information on the Great Lakes Forest Alliance, including topics not addressed in this series of fact sheets, see: 6 Copyright Great Lakes Forest Alliance
Internet:
Comments or questions? Please contact us: USDA Forest Service National Woodland Owner Survey 160 Holdsworth Way Amherst, MA 01003 Toll-Free Telephone: (855) 233-3372 Fax: (413) 545-1860 Internet: www.fia.fs.fed.us/nwos
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