Psyllid Attack on North Dakota Black Ash Resource

Transcription

1 United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Exotic Pest Alert: Psyllid Attack on North Dakota Black Ash Resource Pest Survey Outreach Series Presented by: Dr. Phillip Mason, Pest Survey Specialist USDA, APHIS, PPQ - North Dakota & Montana

2 The Psyllid Pest on Black Ash Justin Knott, NDDA Justin Knott, NDDA

3 The Current Situation Report Jeff Heintz, forester from the city of Bismarck, ND contacted the USDA, APHIS, PPQ Bismarck, ND office with an inquiry about the psyllid pest, and the damage the pest was inflicting on Black Ash and Manchurian Ash throughout Bismarck. The pest has since been found in eastern ND, following contact with Fargo agricultural officials. The psyllids appear to be causing dieback, and predisposing the Ash to decline and premature death. Similar infestations have been reported in western Canada, specifically Edmonton & Calgary, Alberta, in years dating back to 2000.

4 Psyllid Species Identified The psyllids were tentatively identified as Psyllopsis discrepans by Dr. Gerry Fauske, entomologist at the NDSU Systematic Entomology Lab, Fargo, North Dakota. The psyllid identification has since been confirmed by psyllid expert Douglass Miller at the USDA Systematic Entomology Lab in Beltsville, Maryland.

5 Reports of Psyllids on Black Ash Based on internet reports, Dr. Fry, entomologist with the Alberta Research Council, has likewise identified this same pest in Edmonton and Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The pest is believed to have been in Canada since In the Canadian infestations, the psyllid has also been attacking Black and Manchurian Ash.* As listed in the book Psyllids of North America, a single report of Psyllopsis discrepans is listed as collected from Nova Scotia, Canada in In addition to the above report, Douglass Miller at the SEL lab in Beltsville, MD reports that the psyllid has also been reported at various time this past century in Minnesota, New York and Rhode Island, although dates on specimens are sketchy, possibly 1907.

6 European Distribution of Psyllopsis discrepans Absence (or not yet reported) Presence Fauna Europea Distribution Map Above Prior to Canadian and US Infestation. Justin Knott, NDDA Herbarium specimens indicate that this species has been collected in US, (Circa 1907) in MN, NY, & RI. Source: Douglass Miller, USDA, ARS SEL lab.

7 The Cottony Ash Psyllid Lifecycle Psyllopsis discrepans From Canadian Reports: There are two generations of this insect a year in Calgary, with overwintering eggs hatching in late June. First generation nymphs feed until about mid-july until reaching the adult stage. Second generation eggs will be deposited in late July or early August and a second generation of nymphs will feed until late August. Second generation adults appear about this time and females will deposit eggs on tree twigs to overwinter*. Development times will differ in US, perhaps as much as thee weeks. In ND adults began appearing in mid-june, suggesting a hatch around last week of May to first week of June. * City of Calgary Forestry Report

8 Psyllid Facts Psyllids are homopteran insects and thus have tubular, sucking mouthparts, and are commonly referred to as jumping plantlice. Mature psyllids commonly jump when disturbed. Psyllids are similar in appearance to cicadas, only in miniature. Adults size is ~ 2 to 3 mm in length. Wings are held roof-like over the body of the psyllid. Nymphs are flattened and less active than adults, and are found on the underside of the leaves in a cotton like substance secreted by the psyllid. Damage to the Ash leaves is primarily caused by feeding nymphs. Adult females lay eggs that hatch and develop through about five wingless, immature nymphal stages before becoming winged adults. Nymph Exhibiting Cottony Flocculent

9 Black Ash Distribution Native Range of Black Ash USFS Photos: Dale Herman, ND Tree Handbook

10 Mancana Ash Fraxinus mandshurica Photos: Dale Herman, ND Tree Handbook ND Tree Handbook, Dale Herman Mancana Ash and Black Ash are widely planted as boulevard trees throughout the region.

11 Susceptible Cultivars Fall Gold Black Ash - Fraxinus nigra Fallgold Mancana Ash - Fraxinus mandshurica Mancana Northern Gem - Fraxinus x Northern Gem * Northern Treasure - Fraxinus x Northern Treasure * (*Cross between native Black Ash with the Manchurian Ash). Mancana Ash To date there are no reports of this psyllid feeding on Green Ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) or any of its cultivars.

12 Healthy vs Damage Phil Mason, USDA, APHIS, PPQ Phil Mason, USDA, APHIS, PPQ ND Tree Handbook, Dale Herman Healthy Infested Infested Black Ash Visible from the street, with greatly thinned crowns, and clumped foliage from the twisted and gnarled infested foliage. Phil Mason, USDA, APHIS, PPQ

13 Psyllid Feeding Damage Adults Nymphal Castings Dave Nelson, NDDA Dave Nelson, NDDA Adults can be seen on top of this highly distorted foliage, along with many nymphal castings from previous molts. Psyllid nymphs can be found in the cottony material (produced by the feeding insect) on the underside of the curled leaf.

14 Locating Adult Psyllids While many adults can be found on the foliage, the majority of adults can be found on the main stems and trunk, as they seek mating partners, as seen below. Phil Mason, USDA, APHIS, PPQ Tom Stromme, Bismarck Tribune Tom Stromme, Bismarck Tribune

15 Various Life Stages of Psyllopsis disrcepans Nymphal Castings Tom Stromme, Bismarck Tribune Mating Adults on Trunk Justin Knott Nymphal stage found in cottony mass on underside of leaves. Nymphal molts can be found on either top or bottom of leaf. Phil Mason, USDA, APHIS, PPQ Justin Knott Eggs 1 st generation adults lay 2 nd generation eggs on the mid-rib. Dave Nelson, NDDA

16 Psyllid Damage on Black Ash Dave Nelson, NDDA Dave Nelson, NDDA Phil Mason, USDA, APHIS, PPQ

17 More Psyllid Damage on Ash Dave Nelson, NDDA Dave Nelson, NDDA Phil Mason, USDA, APHIS, PPQ

18 Degree of Damage on Foliage Phil Mason, USDA, APHIS, PPQ Serious Feeding Damage Healthy

19 Evidence of Presence in 2004 Examination of some infested trees indicates that the psyllid pest has been present prior to 2005, possibly Phil Mason, USDA, APHIS, PPQ The photos reveal evidence of prior infestation. Previous years growth is stunted from a heavy infestation. Phil Mason, USDA, APHIS, PPQ

20 Pests Causing Similar Damage James Solomon, USFS James Solomon, USFS Ash Flower Gall Mite Woolly Ash Aphid Damage Other pests cause similar damage on the foliage and floral parts, so isolation of the pest is essential for identification.

21 Information Sources USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / Herman, D.E. et al North Dakota tree handbook. USDA NRCS ND State Soil Conservation Committee; NDSU Extension and Western Area Power Admin., Bismarck, ND ehold/pest+management/cottonypsyllidsonash.htm Douglass Miller, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, ARS, PSI, BARC-West, Beltsville, MD

22 Photo Contributors Dr. Phillip Mason, USDA, APHIS, PPQ David Nelson, North Dakota Dept of Agriculture Justin Knott, North Dakota Dept of Agriculture Dr. Dale Herman, North Dakota State University Fauna Europea (Map) USGS, Plants Database (Map) USFS (Map) James Solomon, USFS Tom Stromme, Bismarck Tribune Tom Stromme, Bismarck Tribune Justin Knott, NDDA Dave Nelson, NDDA