QUEENSLAND PINE BEETLE
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1 QUEENSLAND PINE BEETLE Adult Queensland pine beetle Damage caused by larvae of the Queensland pine beetle General information The Queensland pine beetle is a small native beetle and a pest of hoop pine timbers. There are about 1100 species of anobiid beetles (Family Anobiidae) world-wide, but only about 200 of these occur in Australia. In Queensland, four species of anobiid may be found in or around buildings. The Queensland pine beetle and the common furniture beetle, a native of Europe, are of economic significance, while the pine bark anobiid and the cigarette beetle are of minor importance. Changes to building practices have decreased the risk of attack to timber-in-service and reports of damage have become less frequent. Scientific name Calymmaderus incisus Description adult beetle is oval in shape, about 3 mm long, 1.5 mm wide and shiny reddishbrown antennae terminate in a three-segmented club body surface is covered in fine hairs and numerous minute punctures, which are not discernible to the eye legs can be tightly folded against the body eggs are white, spherical, 0.4 mm in diameter and just visible the larva is soft-bodied, clothed with numerous fine hairs, curved, wrinkled, and creamy white with dark-brown mandibles when fully grown the larva measures 4-5 mm in length and 1.5 mm wide pupa is soft, oval, creamy-white and measures mm in length and 1.5 mm wide. Similar species common furniture beetle Anobium punctatum
2 pine bark anobiid Ernobius mollis cigarette beetle Lasioderma serricorne powderpost beetle Lyctus brunneus. Distribution a small native beetle widespread in south-eastern Queensland previously it has caused significant damage to timbers only within the area limited by Murwillumbah (New South Wales) in the south, Bundaberg in the north and west to the Great Dividing Range. Life cycle and habits live adults are found only from October to February and live for up to four weeks eggs are laid in cracks of susceptible timber and larvae hatch in a few weeks larvae can burrow long distances in the host timber and only the larval stage is responsible for destruction of timber tunnels run with and across the grain, giving a honey-combed appearance tunnel is loosely packed with frass, which, if viewed under a lens, is seen to consist of cigar-shaped pellets made up of the chewed wood when rubbed into the palm of the hand the frass is fine and gritty, quite distinguishable from the frass of the powderpost beetle, Lyctus, which is soft and silky frass is sometimes ejected in small amounts through flight holes before pupating, the larva moves closer to the surface and constructs a pupal chamber development period for larvae is usually three years mature larvae pupate and adults emerge leaving a circular 2 mm hole in the timber surface painted surfaces or wall sheeting materials may be penetrated during emergence a very slow working insect which may take many years to cause extensive damage. Damage to timber Queensland pine beetle is a pest of susceptible hoop pine sapwood and rarely attacks other timbers attacks exposed (without paint or varnish finish), susceptible wood in housing and, less commonly, in furniture attack is most serious in old homes of more densely populated areas reports of damage have become less frequent over the past few decades, probably because of changes to building practices susceptible timber, if left untreated, will be reinfested until it is completely honeycombed and has lost most of its strength beetles are most commonly found attacking hoop pine floors and walls, but are rarely found in roofing timbers typically, only some boards, or sapwood areas within boards, are attacked adults emerge mainly from the underside of floors, so that boards which appear quite sound from the top may be riddled with holes underneath larvae can reduce susceptible timber to gritty, cigar-shaped pellets in very old structures, it is likely that any infestation has died out naturally as the
3 susceptible material was exhausted. In these structures painted wall boards often have a dimpled surface, with no new holes. This indicates an extinct infestation. Infestation activity may be checked by: Checking for activity removing and dissecting timber to find live larvae marking out a few squares (100 x 100 mm) on infested surfaces and counting the enclosed holes. Mark in June or July before adults emerge. In January or February these squares should be checked for the presence of new emergence holes. Neither method is completely reliable as only part of a structure may be infested at any one time. Prevention is less expensive than curative methods. Damage is prevented in several ways: Management - prevention by limiting insect access to the timber using covering or enclosing materials by painting or polishing with varnish or wax by treating with a preservative These measures are implemented during building construction as a requirement of the Queensland Variation of the Building Code of Australia (BCA) - Qld B1.3 (f) (iv). Management - eradication eradication (cure) of most borer infestations usually requires repeated treatments and the type of treatment depends on the circumstances gas fumigation may be used by licensed operators on valuable furniture or, rarely, house infestations small items are disinfested by placing them in a freezer for at least one week fumigation and freezing will result in complete eradication, but will not prevent reinfestation larvae are usually well entrenched within the wood, but move closer to the surface to pupate in spring and summer, which is the best time to attempt treatment active infestations can be destroyed by brushing or spraying unpainted or bare timber surfaces with a registered oil-based insecticide. A product containing permethrin is commonly used painted surfaces cannot be penetrated by insecticide and should be sanded prior to treatment badly damaged timber should be removed and replaced with non-susceptible or pre-treated timber the first treatment should be made in early spring, followed by at least one other treatment during the summer. A careful watch will then be required, and treatments repeated in successive seasons until the attack is arrested because drywood termites are often associated with old borer infestations, treatment of the lower surface of flooring with a registered oil-based insecticide each 4-5 years is generally recommended.
4 COMMON FURNITURE BEETLE Adult common furniture beetle General information The common furniture beetle is an introduced pest of exotic pine and some hardwood timbers and is found primarily in imported furniture and occasionally pine timber buildings in Queensland. There are about 1100 species of anobiid beetles (Family Anobiidae) worldwide, but only about 200 of these occur in Australia. In Queensland, four species of anobiid may be found in or around buildings; the Queensland pine beetle and the common furniture beetle, a native of Europe, are of economic significance, while the pine bark anobiid and the cigarette beetle are of minor importance. Changes to building practices have decreased the risk of attack to timber-in-service and reports of damage have become less frequent. Scientific name Anobium punctatum adult is about 4 mm long and usually chocolate brown with reddish-brown legs head is concealed beneath the hooded (cowl-like) prothorax and the antennae end in a three-segmented club Description beetle is covered with fine yellowish hairs and has longitudinal rows of pits on the forewings adult is larger, more rectangular and not shiny like the Queensland pine beetle; microscopic examination is usually required to distinguish between the two species the characteristic shape of the head and prothorax readily distinguish the common
5 furniture beetle from the powderpost beetles, Lyctus spp eggs are ovoid and easily seen larva is greyish white with a gold-brown head, chestnut-brown mandibles and is covered with fine hairs larva is normally hook-shaped, but curls into a tight ball when removed from its tunnel. Similar species Queensland pine beetle Calymmaderus incisus Powderpost beetles Lyctus species. small beetle native to Europe where it is a serious pest of timber Distribution introduced to Australia, it has established in the southern states where it is a pest of exotic pine timbers occurs in cooler, upland areas in south-eastern Queensland (e.g. the Darling Downs) and isn t considered a pest in warmer regions found mostly in imported furniture and recorded only rarely from housing timbers. Damage timber to commonly attacks pine timbers, particularly those which have been in service for at least 20 years will attack hardwoods such as English oak and infestations have also been recorded from spotted gum both the sapwood and the heartwood of some timbers can be infested radiata pine in New Zealand is very susceptible and this has led to mandatory immunisation when it is used for building construction or furniture in Australia there have been very few examples of attacks on radiata pine, despite the widespread use of this timber - the reason for this anomaly is unclear attacks in buildings are generally heaviest in the damper areas including cellars, flooring, skirting boards and outbuildings. Management treatments for the common furniture beetle are similar to those of the Queensland pine beetle.
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