Integrated nutrient management and continuous cropping for a decade on soil properties in a terraced land
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1 An Asian Journal of Soil Science Volume 9 Issue 1 June, 2014 e ISSN Open Access Research Article Integrated nutrient management and continuous cropping for a decade on soil properties in a terraced land MANOJ DUTTA AND ROBA SANGTAM MEMBERS OF RESEARCH FORUM : Corresponding author : MANOJ DUTTA, Department of Soil Conservation, School of Agricultural Sciences and Rural Development, Nagaland University, Medziphema Campus, MEDZIPHEMA (NAGALAND) INDIA manojdutta1997@yahoo.com Co-authors : ROBA SANGTAM, Department of Soil Conservation, School of Agricultural Sciences and Rural Development, Nagaland University, Medziphema Campus, MEDZIPHEMA (NAGALAND) INDIA Received : ; Revised : ; Accepted : Summary The effect of integrated nutrient management practices on some important soil properties on terraced land under continuous cultivation after a decade were studied in a field experiment conducted on the experimental farm of the School of Agricultural Sciences and Rural Development under rainfed conditions. Twelve treatments involving N, P and K (NPK) fertilizers, FYM, poultry litter, forest litter incorporated and burned, Azospirillum and Zn either alone or in combinations were applied for 10 years and rice crop cultivated continuously. The organic C content, available K, WHC and per cent aggregation increased significantly in all the treatments whereas, CEC and MWD increased significantly in all the treatments except ½ N+ PK and forest litter burned+ ½ FYM over control. The rate of build up of available N, P and K in various nutrient management practices was estimated to be 0.97 to kg N ha -1 yr -1 with an average of kg N ha -1 yr -1, 0.07 to 1.60 kg P ha -1 yr -1 with an average of 0.75 kg P ha -1 yr -1 and 2.4 to 8.2 kg K ha -1 yr -1 with an average of 4.7 kg K ha -1 yr -1, respectively. Addition of FYM, poultry litter and forest litter with NPK increased 8.4, 16.7 and 7.6 per cent in aggregates >0.25 mm, respectively as compared to NPK alone. Key words : Nutrient management, Soil properties, Terraced land How to cite this article : Dutta, Manoj and Sangtam, Roba (2014). Integrated nutrient management and continuous cropping for a decade on soil properties in a terraced land. Asian J. Soil Sci., 9(1):. Introduction Soil and water conservation technique like bench terracing is generally employed to protect the hill slopes against depletion or deterioration caused by natural or man induced factors and to improve the productivity of natural resources on sustainable basis. Soil organic matter is a management sensitive soil property and an important soil quality determinant as it affects soil fertility and plant growth conditions as well as environment quality parameters by influencing a number of physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil. The combined application of organic manures and chemical fertilizers generally produces higher crop yields than when each is applied alone. The integrated nutrient management helps in restoring and sustaining soil fertility and crop productivity by optimizing the physical, chemical and biological environment of soils and brining economy and efficiency in fertilizers applications (Nayyar and Sudhir, 2012). Very little information is available on the effect of integrated nutrient management practices and continuous cropping on important soil properties on terraced land in acid soils of Nagaland. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of integrated nutrient management practices and continuous cropping for a decade on some important soil properties such as organic carbon, ph, cation exchange capacity, available macro nutrients, bulk density, water holding capacity, per cent aggregation and mean weight diameter in a terraced land under rainfed conditions of Nagaland. Resource and Research Methods A hill slope (22%) was bench terraced in 2001 at the institutional farm. Three bench terraces, 26.0 m long and 3.5 m HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE
2 MANOJ DUTTA AND ROBA SANGTAM wide were constructed manually. A field experiment on these terraces was established in 2001 and has been maintained since then. The soil samples collected in Kharif 2010 after ten years of integrated nutrient management and continuous cultivation of upland rice forms the basis of this investigation. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with twelve treatments and replicated thrice in plots of 2.0 x 3.0 m 2 size separated by a bund of 15 cm. A border of 25 cm along the riser was left. During each year, the plots were manually prepared to ensure good seedbed. The recommended dose of 60 kg N, 60 kg P 2 O 5 and 40 kg K 2 O ha -1 for rice was applied for NPK. The farmyard manure (FYM), poultry litter and forest litter was 10.0 t ha -1, 3.3 t ha -1 and 5.0 t ha -1, respectively. For ½ N (30 kg ha -1 ) through FYM, poultry litter and forest litter, calculated amounts of these organic sources containing 0.5, 1.5 and 0.1 per cent N, respectively were applied (6.0, 2.0 and 30.0 t ha -1, respectively) to the soil. Zinc (Zn) was 10 kg ha -1 in the form of ZnSO 4.7 H 2 O as basal dose. Azospirillum was used as seed 20 g kg -1 of seed. For forest litter burned+ ½ FYM treatment that resembles farmers practice in Nagaland, forest 5.0 t ha -1 was evenly spread on the soil surface and burned. The ash was incorporated thoroughly in the soil. The FYM, ½ FYM, poultry litter and forest litter were applied one month before sowing in all treatments and mixed well in the soil. Upland rice variety Teke (landrace) was sown with a spacing of 20 cm row to row using a seed rate of 75 kg ha -1. Soil samples from individual plots were collected after the harvest of rice crop and air dried at room temperature. Two third of each samples were ground to pass through 2 mm sieve and stored for analysis. The remaining portion of soil samples was preserved for analysis of specific soil properties. Undisturbed core soil samples were also collected for determination of bulk density of the soil. Organic carbon was determined by the wet digestion method of Walkley and Black as described by Jackson (1973). Soil ph was determined in 1:2.5 soil water suspension using glass electrode ph meter (Jackson, 1973). The cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil was determined by NH 3 distillation method (Jackson, 1973). The available N content of the soil was estimated by alkaline permanganate method of Subbiah and Asija (1956). The available P in soil was extracted by Bray s method No. 1 (Brays and Kurtz, 1945) and the P content of the extract was estimated colorimetrically (Jackson, 1973). The available K was extracted from the soil with neutral normal ammonium acetate (Jackson, 1973) and estimated flame photometrically. Bulk density of the soil was determined by core method (Bodman, 1942). Water holding capacity (WHC) was determined as per the procedure outlined by Piper (1966). Aggregate stability in terms of mean weight diameter (MWD) and per cent macro-aggregates were calculated by using the equation given by Van Bavel (1949). The statistical analysis of the data was done as per procedure outlined by Gomez and Gomez (1984). Research Findings and Discussion The findings of the present study as well as relevant discussion have been presented under following heads : Organic carbon : The organic C content in soil ranged from 1.7 in control to 3.0 per cent in ½ N+ PK+ ½ N forest litter with an average of 2.5 per cent (Table 1). The addition of fertilizers, FYM, poultry litter, forest litter and Azospirillum in different combinations for ten years caused a significant increase in organic C content in all the treatments over control. The organic C content in ½N+ PK+ ½N forest litter treatment was significantly higher than all the other treatments. The organic C content in NPK+ FYM showed a significant increase over NPK. The organic C content in ½N+ PK+ ½N Poultry litter was also significantly higher than ½N+ PK treatment. The increase in organic carbon content in soil on addition organic sources has been reported by Laxminarayana and Patiram (2006). The increase in organic C in different nutrient management practices ranged from 0.6 to 1.3 per cent with an average of 0.9 per cent. ph : The ph of the soil ranged from 4.3 to 4.9 with an average of 4.5 (Table 1). The highest ph value was recorded in forest litter burned+ ½ FYM treatment and lowest was recorded in NPK and ½N+ PK+ Azospirillum treatments. The ph in forest litter burned+ ½ FYM and ½N+ PK+ ½N forest litter treatments showed a significant increase over control, while, ph in NPK, ½N+ PK+ Azospirillum and NPK + poultry litter treatments showed a significant decrease as compared to control. The ph in NPK+ forest litter, NPK+ FYM and NPK+ FYM+ Zn treatments showed a significant increase over NPK. Substituting ½ N through FYM, poultry litter or forest litter also brought about a significant increase in ph over NPK. The significant decrease in soil ph on addition of NPK fertilizer alone by 0.3 units over control are in accordance with those reported by Humtsoe and Chauhan (2005). Integrated application of NPK with FYM or forest litter and substituting ½ N through FYM, poultry litter or forest litter also brought about a significant increase of 0.2 to 0.5 units in soil ph as compared to NPK. Similar results are expected when large quantity of organic residues added to the soil to add sufficient Ca and Mg, and other bases to the soil. The basic cations neutralize the acidity producing cations in the soil and increase soil ph. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) : The cation exchange capacity of the soil varied from 18.0 to 24.6 cmol (p + ) kg -1 with an average of 21.7 cmol (p + ) kg -1 (Table 1). The addition of fertilizers, FYM, poultry litter, forest litter and Azospirillum in different combinations caused HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE 108 Asian J. Soil Sci., (June, 2014) 9 (1) :
3 INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT & CONTINUOUS CROPPING FOR A DECADE ON SOIL PROPERTIES IN A TERRACED LAND a significant increase in CEC of all the treatments except in ½N + PK and forest litter burned+ ½ FYM treatments over control. The highest CEC was recorded in NPK+ FYM+ Zn and lowest was recorded in control. The CEC in NPK+ FYM+ Zn, NPK+ poultry litter, NPK+ FYM and NPK+ forest litter showed a significant increase over NPK. The CEC in ½N+ PK+ Azospirillum, ½N+ PK+ ½N poultry litter and ½N +PK + ½N forest litter also showed a significant increase over NPK. The CEC and organic C content showed similar trend and were significantly correlated (r = 0.76, p > 0.01, n = 36). The increase in CEC in different treatments over control varied from 0.9 to 6.6 cmol (p + ) kg -1 (4.7 to 36.4%) with an average of 4.1 cmol (p + ) kg -1 (22.5%). The increase in CEC in NPK+ FYM+ Zn, NPK+ Poultry litter, NPK+ forest litter and NPK+ FYM over NPK was 20.4, 17.3, 15.2 and 13.1%, respectively. The increase in humus content on decomposition of added organic sources may be responsible for increase in the negative charge on the organic colloid of the soil, which in turn would contribute to increase in CEC of the soil. Selvi et al. (2003) reported that application of NPK fertilizers along with FYM or organic residues caused significant increase in CEC of soil. Available N : The available N content in the soil ranged from to kg ha -1 with an average of kg ha -1 (Table 2). The continuous application of fertilizer, FYM, poultry litter, forest litter and Azospirillum in different combinations for a decade caused a significant increase in available N in all the treatments except in forest litter burned + ½ FYM. Among different treatments, highest available N was recorded in NPK+ poultry litter treatment and lowest was recorded in control. The available N in NPK+ FYM, NPK+ poultry litter and NPK+ FYM+ Zn treatments showed a significant increase over NPK and NPK + forest litter treatments. Substituting ½ N through poultry litter or forest litter also resulted in a significant increase in available N as compared to NPK. The significant increase in available N content in soil on addition of organic and inorganic fertilizers was also reported by Bajpai et al. (2006). The significant increase in available N content in NPK + poultry litter, NPK + FYM and NPK + FYM + Zn over NPK + forest litter and NPK might be due to the variations in the build up of the available N constituents in these treatments. Imtilemla et al. (2009) observed that addition of fertilizer alone or in combinations with FYM, poultry litter, forest litter and also with Azospirillum resulted in an increase in available N content in the soil on terraced land under continuous cultivation of rice for five years. The combine effect of the processes of transformation of N added through fertilizers and organic sources, mineralization of native organic N compound and loss of N from soil including crop removal may be responsible for the increase in available N pool in these treatments. After ten years of continuous cultivation the rate of built up of available N in various nutrient management practices was estimated to be 0.97 to kg N ha -1 yr -1 with an average of kg ha -1 yr -1. These findings are in agreement with those reported by Humtsoe and Chauhan (2005). The accumulation of available N in different treatments after ten years of integrated nutrient management practices brought about a change in N fertility status from medium to high in NPK+ FYM, NPK+ FYM+ Zn and NPK+ poultry litter treatments. Available P : The available P content in soil ranged from 4.0 to 20.0 kg ha -1 with an average of 10.9 kg ha -1 (Table 2). The addition of fertilizer, FYM, poultry litter, forest litter and Azospirillum in different combinations continuously for 10 ten years caused a significant increase in available P content in all the treatments except in forest litter burned + ½ FYM over control. The highest available P was recorded in NPK+ FYM treatment and lowest was recorded in control. The available P in NPK+ FYM, Table 1 : Effect of integrated nutrient management practices on organic C, ph and CEC in soil Treatments Organic C (%) ph CEC [cmol (p + ) kg -1 ] T 1 -Control T 2-½N + PK T 3-NPK T 4 -NPK + FYM T 5-½N + PK + ½N FYM T 6-NPK + poultry litter T 7 -½N + PK + ½N poultry litter T 8-NPK + forest litter T 9-½N + PK + ½N forest litter T 10 -½N + PK + Azospirillum T 11-NPK + FYM + Zn T 12-Forest litter burned+ ½ FYM SEm ± C.D. (P=0.05) HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE 109 Asian J. Soil Sci., (June, 2014) 9 (1) :
4 MANOJ DUTTA AND ROBA SANGTAM NPK+ FYM+ Zn and NPK+ poultry litter was significantly higher than NPK. The available P in ½N+ PK+ ½N FYM and ½N+ PK+ ½N poultry litter was also significantly higher than NPK. The higher available P in these treatments might be due to additional P input through poultry litter and FYM. Singh et al. (2008) also reported that available P content of surface soil increased appreciably with the application of manures along with fertilizers as compared to sole application of NPK fertilizers. After ten years of continuous cultivation and nutrient management the rate of build up of available P in different nutrient management practices was estimated to be 0.07 to 1.6 kg P ha -1 yr -1 with an average of 0.75 kg ha -1 yr -1. These results corroborate the findings of Humtsoe and Chauhan (2005) who reported a build up of 1.67, 1.47 and 1.30 kg available P ha -1 yr -1 in NPK, NPK+ FYM and NPK+ FYM+ lime treatments, respectively. Imtilemla et al. (2009) also estimated the rate of build up of available P ranging from 0.1 to 2.9 kg P ha -1 yr -1 with an average of 1.2 kg P ha -1 yr -1 after five years of continuous rice cultivation and nutrient management on terraced land. The accumulation of available P in different treatments after ten years brought about a change in P fertility status from low to medium in NPK+ FYM, NPK+ FYM+ Zn, NPK+ poultry litter, ½N+ PK+ ½N FYM and ½N+ PK+ ½N poultry litter treatments. The increase in available P may be ascribed to the combined effect of the processes of transformation of added P through fertilizers and organic sources, mineralization of native and added organic P and loss of P from soil including crop removal. Part of added fertilizer P that is not used by the crop would accumulate in soil in various forms to contribute with varying degree towards different forms of P including available P pool in the soil. Available K : The available K content in the soil varied from to kg ha -1 with an average of kg ha -1 (Table 2). The continuous application of fertilizers, FYM, poultry litter, forest litter and Azospirillum in different combinations caused a significant increase in available K content in all the treatments. The available K in NPK+ FYM, NPK + poultry litter, ½N+ PK+ ½N poultry litter, ½N+ PK+ ½N forest litter and NPK+ FYM+ Zn was significantly higher than NPK. The significant increase in available K in these treatments was perhaps related to the input and uptake of K in these treatments. These results corroborate the findings of other workers (Humtsoe and Chauhan, 2005; Singh et al., 2006). The increase in available K content in soil in different nutrient management practices ranged from 24.0 to 82.1 kg ha -1 with an average of 47.4 kg ha -1. After ten years of continuous cultivation the rate of build up of available K in various nutrient management practices was estimated to be 2.4 to 8.2 kg K ha -1 yr -1 with an average of 4.7 kg K ha -1 yr -1. A similar trend of available K build up was also reported by Humtsoe and Chauhan (2005). Imtilemla et al. (2009) also estimated the rate of build up of available K ranged from 3.1 to 15.2 kg K ha -1 yr -1 with an average of 7.5 kg K ha -1 yr -1 after five years of continuous cultivation and nutrient management on terraced land. The increase in available K may be due to combined effect of addition of K through fertilizers and organic sources, weathering of K minerals and loss of K from soil including crop removal. Bulk density : The bulk density of soil ranged from 1.04 to 1.34 g cm -3 with an average of 1.23 g cm -3 (Table 3). After ten years of nutrient management and continuous cropping the bulk density in NPK+ FYM, NPK+ forest litter and NPK+ FYM+ Zn showed a significant decrease over NPK. The bulk density in ½N+ PK+ ½N forest litter, ½N+ PK+ ½N FYM and ½N+ PK+ ½N poultry litter was significantly lower as compared to NPK treatment. The decrease in bulk density over control in different nutrient management practices ranged from 3.0 to 22.4 per cent with an Table 2 : Effect of integrated nutrient management practices on available macronutrients in soil Treatments Available N (kg ha- 1 ) Available P (kg ha- 1 ) Available K (kg ha- 1 ) T 1-Control T 2-½ N + PK T 3-NPK T 4-NPK + FYM T 5-½ N + PK + ½ N FYM T 6-NPK + poultry litter T 7-½ N + PK + ½ N poultry litter T 8-NPK + forest litter T 9-½ N + PK + ½ N forest litter T 10-½ N + PK + Azospirillum T 11-NPK + FYM + Zn T 12-Forest litter burned + ½ FYM SEm ± C.D. (P=0.05) HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE 110 Asian J. Soil Sci., (June, 2014) 9 (1) :
5 INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT & CONTINUOUS CROPPING FOR A DECADE ON SOIL PROPERTIES IN A TERRACED LAND average of 9.2 per cent. The significant decrease in bulk density in NPK+ FYM, NPK+ forest litter and NPK+ FYM+ Zn over NPK was 6.2, 12.3 and 5.4 per cent, respectively. The decrease in bulk density in ½N+ PK+ ½N forest litter, ½N+ PK+ ½N FYM and ½N+ PK+ ½N poultry litter over NPK was 20.0, 6.2 and 3.8 per cent, respectively. Bajpai et al. (2006) also reported significant reduction in bulk density with the application of green manure, FYM or crop residue. Water holding capacity (WHC) : The WHC of the soil ranged from 34.8 to 41.9 per cent with an average of 38.1 per cent (Table 3). The addition of fertilizers, FYM, poultry litter, forest litter and Azospirillum in different combinations for ten years caused a significant increase in WHC of all the treatments over control. The WHC in NPK+ FYM, NPK+ poultry litter, NPK+ forest litter and NPK+ FYM+ Zn increased significantly as compared to NPK. The WHC in ½N+ PK + ½N FYM, ½N + PK+ ½N poultry litter and½n+ PK+ ½N forest litter also increased significantly over NPK and ½N + PK treatments. The WHC and organic carbon content showed similar trend and were significantly correlated (r = 0.83, p > 0.01, n = 36). Addition of NPK+ forest litter, NPK+ FYM, NPK+ FYM+ Zn and NPK + poultry litter caused significant increase of 13.6, 8.6, 7.2 and 3.9 per cent, respectively in WHC as compared to addition of NPK alone. This increase in water holding capacity of the soil might be related to both the increase in organic matter content and improvement in its physical properties of the soil. Singh et al. (2006) also reported that the application of organic manures either alone or in combinations with inorganic fertilizers progressively improved the water holding capacity of the soil. Per cent aggregation : The aggregates > 0.25 mm of the soil varied from 51.9 to 73.4 per cent with an average of 65.8 per cent (Table 3). The per cent aggregates> 0.25 mm in all the treatments showed a significant increase over control. The addition of fertilizers, FYM, poultry litter, forest litter and Azospirillum in all combinations continuously for ten years caused a significant increase in aggregates > 0.25 mm of soil of as compared to control. Addition of NPK with FYM, poultry litter and forest litter caused a significant increase in per cent aggregates > 0.25 mm as compared to NPK. Substituting ½ N through poultry litter, forest litter or FYM also brought about a significant increase in per cent aggregates > 0.25 mm over NPK. The increase in per cent aggregates in NPK+ poultry litter, NPK+ FYM+ Zn, NPK+ FYM and NPK+ forest litter over NPK was 16.7, 11.8, 8.4 and 7.6 per cent, respectively. The higher per cent aggregation in these treatments might be because of higher organic matter content in these treatments that together with clay and other soil constituents favour particle aggregation. Selvi et al. (2003) reported that application of FYM along with NPK fertilizers caused significant increase in the water stable aggregates. The per cent aggregates and organic C content showed similar trend and were significantly correlated (r = 0.88, p > 0.01, n = 36). Similar trend was also observed by Pramanik and Chakraborty (2007). Mean weight diameter (MWD) : The MWD of the soil ranged from 1.3 to 2.6 mm with an average of 2.1 mm (Table 3). The MWD of soil in all the treatments showed a significant increase over control except in ½N+ PK and forest litter burned+ ½ FYM treatments. Addition of NPK with FYM, poultry litter and forest litter caused a significant increase in MWD as compared to NPK alone. Substituting ½ N through poultry litter, forest litter or FYM also resulted in a significant build up in MWD as compared to NPK. The higher MWD in these integrated Table 3 : Effect of integrated nutrient management practices on bulk density, water holding capacity (WHC), per cent aggregation and mean weight diameter (MWD) in soil Treatments Bulk density (gcm -3 ) WHC (%) Aggregates > 0.25 mm (%) MWD (cm) T 1-Control T 2-½N + PK T 3-NPK T 4-NPK + FYM T 5-½N + PK + ½N FYM T 6-NPK + poultry litter T 7-½N + PK + ½N poultry litter T 8-NPK + forest litter T 9-½N + PK + ½N forest litter T 10-½N+ PK + Azospirillum T 11-NPK + FYM + Zn T 12-Forest litter burned + ½ FYM SEm ± CD (P=0.05) HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE 111 Asian J. Soil Sci., (June, 2014) 9 (1) :
6 MANOJ DUTTA AND ROBA SANGTAM treatments might be due to higher per cent aggregates in these treatments as compared to NPK. The significant increase in MWD in NPK+ FYM, NPK+ poultry litter, NPK+ forest litter and NPK+ FYM+ Zn was 41.2, 52.9, 21.5 and 41.2 per cent higher over NPK. The MWD and organic C content showed similar trend and were significantly correlated (r = 0.77, p > 0.01, n = 36). Gupta Choudhry et al. (2010) also recorded a strong relationship between soil organic carbon and MWD. Literature Cited Bajpai, R.K., Chitale, Shrikant, Upadhyay, S.K. and Urkurkar, J.S. (2006). Long term studies on soil physico-chemical properties and productivity of rice-wheat system as influenced by INM in Inceptisol of Chhattisgarh. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 54 (1) : Bodman, G.D. (1942). Monogram for rapid calculation of soil density, water content and total porosity relationship. Indian J. Agron., 20 : Bray, R.H. and Kurtz, L.T. (1945). Determination of total, organic and available forms of phosphorus in soils. Soil Sci., 59 (1) : Gomez, K.A. and Gomez, A.A. (1984). Statistical procedures for agricultural research (2 nd Ed.). John Wiley & Sons, INC., UK. Gupta Choudhry, S., Bandyopadhyay, P.K., Mallick, S. and Sarkar, S. (2010). Soil aggregation as affected by cultivation under low and upland situations. J. Indian Soc Soil Sci., 58 (4) : Humtsoe, M. and Chauhan, B.S. (2005). Long term effect of nutrient management practices on soil fertility determinants on terraces land. Indian Agric., 49 (1-2) : Imtilemla, Chauhan, B.S. and Dutta, Manoj. (2009). Effect of continuous cultivation and nutrient management on available N, P and K content and yield of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) on terraced 9 of Excellence land. Indian Agric., 53 (1-2) : Jackson, M.L. (1973). Soil chemical analysis, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., NEW DELHI (INDIA). Laxminarayana, K. and Patiram (2006). Effect of integrated use of inorganic, biological and organic manures on rice productivity and soil fertility in ultisols of Mizoram. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 54 (2) : Nayyar, V.K. and Sudhir, K. (2012). Soil fertility management. In: Fundamentals of soil science, Published by Indian Society of Soil Science, New Delhi, India, pp Piper, C.S. (1966). Soil and plant analysis. Hans Publishers, Bombay, M.S. (INDIA). Pramanik, S. and Chakraborty, P.B. (2007). Soil quality under different land uses in a micro-watershed of Sunderban in West Bengal. Indian J. Soil Cons., 35 (3) : Selvi, D., Santhy, P. and Dhakshinamoorthy, M. (2003). Efficiency of long term integrated plant nutrient management on important soil properties of an Inceptisol. Madras Agric. J., 90 (10-12) : Singh, F., Kumar, R. and Pal, S. (2008). Integrated nutrient management in rice-wheat cropping system for sustainable productivity. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 56 (2) : Singh, Surendra, Singh, R.N., Prasad, Janardan and Singh, B.P. (2006). Effect of integrated nutrient management on yield and uptake of nutrients by rice and soil fertility in rainfed uplands. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 54 (3) : Subbiah, B.V. and Asija, G.L. (1956). A rapid procedure for the determination of available nitrogen in soils. Curr. Sci., 25 : Van Bavel, C.H.M. (1949). Mean weight diameter of soil aggregates as a structural index of aggregation. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 14 : t h Year HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE 112 Asian J. Soil Sci., (June, 2014) 9 (1) :
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