Institute of Ag Professionals

Transcription

1 Institute of Ag Professionals Proceedings of the 2012 Crop Pest Management Shortcourse & Minnesota Crop Production Retailers Association Trade Show Do not reproduce or redistribute without the written consent of author(s). 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 1

2 Shaun N. Casteel, Purdue University Extension Soybean Specialist , Casteel at Purdue University - 2

3 Genetics Management Manager Executive Dept s The rest , Casteel at Purdue University - 3

4 A comparatively new and promising leguminous crop for Indiana farmers is the. This plant has been successfully grown in different parts of the state and at several points farther north in the U.S., and will. From the Purdue Ag Experiment Station, Newspaper Bulletin No 73, April 19, 1899: 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 4

5 Culture. The The seed may be sown broadcast with the wheat drill, in rows 16 to 24 inches apart, or with the. For pasture, soiling or hay, sow four to five pecks to the acre. From the Purdue Ag Experiment Station, Newspaper Bulletin No 73, April 19, 1899: 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 5

6 Cost of Seed. This makes the to justify growing soy beans as a general crop. From the Purdue Ag Experiment Station, Newspaper Bulletin No 73, April 19, 1899: 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 6

7 Yield (bu/ac) USDA-NASS, 2011 Year 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 7

8 State 2010 Ac Yield Top Yield Mil n Ac bu/ac/yr bu/ac Iowa Illinois Minn Ohio USDA-NASS, , Casteel at Purdue University - 8

9 Fertility Variety Selection Timely Planting Weekly Scouting Disease & Insects YIELD Manage Weeds Early <30 Row Widths Manage SCN Early 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 9

10 Challenges Corn 09 Soy 09 % % Unpredictable Weather Variety/Hybrid Performance Poorly Drained Soils Weed in General Disease Nitrogen Mgt 33 3 Casteel and Nielsen, , Casteel at Purdue University - 10

11 Yield (bu/acre) to 44 entries North West North East Southern Maturity Group Range % 17% 16% 15% 25% 23% 11% 10% 15% Difference Between High and Low Yielding Varieties

12 Is There Potential for Danny to be as Tall as Yao Ming? , Casteel at Purdue University - 12

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14 FACTORS Weather Soils drainage, fertility Cultural Practices Diseases Insects Soybean Cyst Nematodes Others 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 14

15 New cultivars respond more favorably to intense management Planting date Fungicide seed and/or foliar applications Insecticides seed and/or foliar applications Seed and/or foliar applications of fungicides and insecticides can recoup potential losses to late plantings and average cultivars. 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 15

16 2 Planting Dates: Early vs. Late 2 Varieties: RR1 vs. RR2 3 Foliar Treatments at R3 UTC Fungicide Fungicide + Insecticide: 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 16

17 W. Lafayette 1 st Planting 30-Apr 22-Apr 21-Apr R3 App n 12-Jul (73 DAP) 12-Jul (81 DAP) 6-Jul (76 DAP) 2 nd Planting 28-May 24-May 25-May R3 App n 26-Jul (59 DAP) 16-Jul (49 DAP) 12-Jul (48 DAP) 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 17

18 Early Planting Late Planting Difference of ~3 nodes at all locations Difference of ~10 inches at all locations June 28, W. Lafayette 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 18

19 Pods Per Plant W Lafayette ns Early Late Early Late Early Late Averaged over variety and foliar mgt within location a b A B Fishers Protected LSD , Casteel at Purdue University - 19

20 Seed Mass (g) W Lafayette A Early Late Early Late Early Late Averaged over variety and foliar mgt within location B a b A B Fishers Protected LSD , Casteel at Purdue University - 20

21 Yield (bu ac -1 ) W Lafayette A Early Late Early Late Early Late Averaged over variety and foliar mgt within location B a b A B Fishers Protected LSD , Casteel at Purdue University - 21

22 Seed Mass (g) B RR1 RR2 UTC Fung Fung + Insect Averaged over locations and 1 foliar mgt or 2 variety A a a b Fishers Protected LSD , Casteel at Purdue University - 22

23 Yield (bu ac -1 ) A RR1 RR2 UTC Fung Fung + Insect Averaged over locations and 1 foliar mgt or 2 variety B b a a Fishers Protected LSD , Casteel at Purdue University - 23

24 Early Planting Date (within location) was generally greater in pod development, seed mass, and yield. Foliar Mgt (over locations) prevented brown spot infection and increased seed mass and yield due to active leaf area. No interactions of Planting Date, Variety, or Foliar Mgt. influenced pod development, seed mass, brown spot infection, or yield. 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 24

25 a UTC Fung Fung + Insect a a a b b 40 April 25th May 23rd Averaged over 2.8 and 3.7 MG 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 25

26 70 65 a a a b b April 25th May 23rd Averaged over foliar mgt 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 26

27 Challenges Corn 09 Soy 09 % % Soil ph mgt P and K mgt N mgt Weed mgt Hybrid/Variety Performance ndry & Micro- Nutrients , Casteel at Purdue University - 27

28 Potassium NW NE SE SW <100 ppm % % % % 0 to 8 inches inches inches , Casteel at Purdue University - 28

29 Potassium NW NE SE SW <100 ppm % % % % 0 to 8 inches inches inches Leaf K Deficiencies , Casteel at Purdue University - 29

30 N P 2 O 5 K 2 O lb bu Soybean Grain Stover Total Corn Grain Stover Total International Plant Nutrition Institute 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 30

31 N P 2 O 5 K 2 O lb acre Soybean 60 bu Grain Stover Total Corn 180 bu Grain Stover Total International Plant Nutrition Institute 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 31

32 180 vs. 220 bu Corn Soybean Total K 2 O Recommended Yield (bu/ac) K 2 O Rate (lb/ac) Yield (bu/ac) K 2 O Rate (lb/ac) Short 10 lb K 2 O/Ac for following soybean crop 10 lb K 2 O 2.3 lb K 2 O per bu = ~4 bu Less Soybeans 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 32

33 Funding United Soybean Board States Minnesota Indiana Wisconsin Kansas Michigan Kentucky Iowa Arkansas Illinois 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 33

34 Seed V4 R1 R3 TREATMENT F, I, B Bio Def N Fert Bio Fung Insect 1 UTC Biological A..... B.. 3 Fung: seed F F + Insect FI F + I + Biological B FIB B Foliar Fert.... x... 7 Defoliant.. D Fung: foliar F. 9 Insect: foliar I 10 F + I: foliar F I 11 Nitrogen.. N Kitchen (no def) FIB B. N.. F I 13 Kitchen + def FIB B D N.. F I 14 Kitchen - N FIB B.... F I 15 Kitchen - Fung FIB B..... I 16 Kitchen - F and I FIB B.....

35 Seed Treatments of fungicide, insecticide, and/or biological did not affect yield. Biological at V4 or R3 did not affect yield Foliar Fertilizer at R1 did not affect yield Defoliant did not affect yield, though a numerical reduction at West Lafayette (2.6 bu/ac) 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 35

36 d cd b ab b a ab bc a b , Casteel at Purdue University - 36

37 b ab b a ab ab a b b ab , Casteel at Purdue University - 37

38 6 to 12 bu Difference With Variety Selection Plant TIMELY Fungicide Seed Treatment in Cool and Wet Soils Don t Skimp on Potassium Kitchen Sink Approaches Are Not the Answer Lay the Foundation New Directions with Nitrogen? 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 38

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40 Days to Reach R /30 04/13 04/27 05/10 05/30 06/06 Planting Date ~520 GDDs 20-Jun ~2-Jul ~17-Jul West Lafayette, IN 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 40

41 Pod number plant A A A A AB B 03/30 04/13 04/27 05/10 05/30 06/06 Planting Date West Lafayette, IN 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 41

42 Node number plant A A A A B B 03/30 04/13 04/27 05/10 05/30 06/06 Planting Date 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 42

43 Days from R1-R = 0.174x , R 2 =0.45 = 0.167x , R 2 = Release Year MG3: Lafayette IN, 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 43

44 Yield (bu ac -1 ) MG3: Lafayette IN, Early May= 0.43x - 813, R² = 0.67 Early June= 0.37x - 697, R² = Release Year , Casteel at Purdue University - 44

45 At Planting: 200 lb N/Ac (urea + slow) Prior R1: 300 lb N/Ac (urea + slow) (Pedersen) 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 45

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47 Grain Yield (bu/ac) Grain Yield (kg ha-1) Zero N 500 lb N Yield = x Release Year R. Year: **** Soybean N Trt: Station ns 2012, Casteel R. at Year Purdue University x N: - ns 47

48 Grain Protein (%) Protein (g kg-1) Zero N; y= x 500 lb N; y= x 1928: 2% increase 2008: <1% increase Release Year R. Year: ** N Soybean Trt: ** Station R. Year x N: ** 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 48

49 Grain Yield, Grain N Removal, Total Biomass, and Total N Accumulation increased across release years. N application DID NOT affect Total Biomass Total N Accumulation Grain N Removal N application DID increase Grain Protein 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 49

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51 Grain Yield (kg (bu/ac) ha-1) R. Year: **** 1923: 12% increase 2007: 16% increase Release Year N Soybean Trt: **** Station R. Year x N: **** Zero N; y = x 500 lb N; y = x 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 51

52 Seed Mass (g 100-seeds-1) % increase across all release years Zero N; y= x 500 lb N; y= x Release Year R. Year: x N Soybean Trt: ** Station 2012, Casteel R. at Year Purdue University x N: - ns 52

53 Vegetative N (kg (lb ha-1) N/Ac) Zero N; y = x lb N; y = x : 11% increase 2007: 27% increase Release Year R. Year: * Soybean N Trt: * Station R. Year x N: * 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 53

54 Grain yield Biological N fixation supplied 70% of N for IL and 60% of N for IN grain yields in 2011 Fertilizer N increased seed mass by 11%; therefore replacing the energy associated with N fixation. Grain protein was NOT affected by fertilizer N, but decreased with modernization. 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 54

55 Increased Vegetative N & Biomass may have: Prolonged stem and leaf greenness, N uptake or production, photosynthesis Increased stored N for remobilization 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 55

56 N environment was potentially non-limiting Soil uptake is cheaper than N fixation, and seed filling period was 12 and 14 days longer than Increased photosynthesis, greater pool of N for remobilization, and longer duration of N uptake all potentially further extending seed fill period. 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 56

57 Increases in Total N Accumulation coincided with increased soybean yield across release years. Non-limiting supply of N increased: The quality of and The quantity of. 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 57

58 Theories and Claims: Foliar food: Energy source Surfactant Chelating agent Improves soil microbe activity Could attract pests Good for sweet tea! 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 58

59 Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, Purdue 3 lbs. sugar per acre at EACH application Nine Treatments Control Granulated V4, R1, and V4+R1 Blackstrap V4, R1, and V4+R1 Corn V4 V4 Glyphosate applied separately 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 59

60 Soybean Yield of Nine Foliar Sugar Treatments Across 4 Locations in the Midwest P = 0.60 Yield (bu/a) UTC Gr. Sugar V4 Corn Syrup V4 Molasses V4 Blackstrap Molasses V4 Gr. Sugar R1 Gr. Sugar V4+R1 Blackstrap Molasses R1 Blackstrap Molasses V4+R1 Error Bars: SE of Mean 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 60

61 a a a b b Davis, , Casteel at Purdue University - 61

62 Row Spacing Before 05/05 May Planting 05/06 to 05/15 05/16 to 05/ vs. 15 ~15 days to canopy. 15 vs. 30 ~25 days to canopy. Purdue Corn & Soybean Field Guide , Casteel at Purdue University - 62

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