Bird Response to Wildlife Enhancement Silvicultural Treatments
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1 Bird Response to Wildlife Enhancement Silvicultural Treatments Daniel Twedt U. S. Geological Survey Patuxent Wildlife Research Center
2 Forest Management Desired Forest Conditions for Wildlife
3 Desired Stand Conditions Reduced basal area Patchy canopy cover (reduced and with gaps) Understory developed Emergent trees Cavity & den trees Stressed/dead/dying trees Vines & cane present
4 Stand Conditions (Primary Management Factors) Forest measurement Desired Stand Condition Conditions that may warrant management Canopy cover % >80% Mid-story cover % <20% or >50% Basal area ft 2 /acre >90 ft 2 /acre with > 25% older age class Tree stocking % <50% or >90%
5 Stand Conditions (Secondary Management Factors) Forest measurement Desired Stand Condition Conditions that may warrant management Dominant trees >0.5 / acre <0.25 / acre Under-story cover 25 40% <20% or >60% Regeneration (advanced intolerant) 30-40% of area <20% of area Coarse woody debris >200 ft³ / acre <100ft³ / acre Small cavities (< 10 diameter) Den trees (> 10 diameter) Standing dead / stressed trees >4 visible holes / acre <2 visible holes / acre >1 visible hole / acre <1 visible holes / acre >6 stems / acre >10 dbh <4 stems / acre >10 dbh >2 stems/ac >20 dbh <1 stem/ac >20 dbh
6 Desired Landscape Condition (>10,000 acres) Habitat Type Proportion of area Forest Cover % - Managed forest % - Regenerating forest <10 % Passively managed forest 5 30 % Shrub/scrub <5 % At any point in time 35 50% of area would meet DSC
7 Forest Management Options Even-aged Clear cuts Shelterwood Seed tree Results Little overstory Even canopy Bird species change Mostly shrub species Uneven-aged Thinning Group selection Patch cuts Single tree selection Results Overstory remains Uneven canopy Bird species stable Priority species increase
8 Forest Management Options
9 Desired Stand Conditions Conditions achieved though: Clustered or Variable-Retention thinning That result in: Retained and protected dominant trees Open canopies that promote understory proliferation Patch-cuts wherein shade-intolerant tree species (e.g. oaks) regenerate
10 Uncut Thinned Thinned with patches
11 Stand Conditions Parameter Control Treated Canopy Cover (%) Basal Area (ft 2 /acre) Understory Cover (%) Advanced Regeneration Dead Trees (stems/acre) 10 4 Crown Projection Area (ft 2 ) Stem Diameter (QMD inch) years post-harvest
12 Stand Conditions Parameter Control Treated Canopy Cover (%) Basal Area (ft 2 /acre) Understory Cover (%) Advanced Regeneration Dead Trees (stems/acre) 10 4 Crown Projection Area (ft 2 ) Stem Diameter (QMD inch) 13 13
13 Treatments intended to benefits bears, migratory songbirds, and resident game species. Are treatments effective? How do breeding and wintering birds respond to silviculture treatments
14 Silviculture & Bird Densities THINNED Thinned 1 13 years post-treatment (most <6 years) Thinned with patches UNCUT THINNED Uncut WITH PATCHES
15 Breeding Bird Densities 23 stands: 25m 50m 100m 9 thinned, 9 uncut, 5 patch-cut 6 point-counts / stand 3 visits / year for 2 years
16 Breeding Bird Densities (Similar Densities Treated and Control) Blue-gray Gnatcatcher Carolina Wren 3.5 birds / ha Yellow-throated Vireo Northern Cardinal Hooded Warbler Blue Jay Downy Woodpecker Great-crested Flycatcher Northern Parula Red-bellied Woodpecker Wood Thrush <0.1 birds / ha
17 Breeding Bird Densities (Similar Densities (Neutral response Treated and?) Control) Prothonotary Warbler 0.88 birds / ha 0.05 birds / ha Swainson s Warbler
18 Breeding Bird Densities (Negative response: birds / ha) Species Treated Control Acadian Flycatcher Tufted Titmouse Carolina Chickadee Summer Tanager Red-eyed Vireo
19 Breeding Bird Densities (Positive response: birds / ha) Species Treated Control Orchard Oriole Red-headed Woodpecker Kentucky Warbler Eastern Towhee Yellow-breasted Chat Eastern Wood-pewee
20 Breeding Bird Densities (Positive response: birds / ha) Species Treated Control Indigo Bunting White-eyed Vireo Brown-headed Cowbird
21 Temporal Response
22 Detections Years post-treatment
23 Detections Years post-treatment
24 Detections Years post-treatment
25 Breeding Bird Densities Temporal Effects Species Apex Duration Red-headed Woodpecker 1 8 Eastern Wood-pewee 3 10 Orchard Oriole 5 11 Brown-headed Cowbird 7 12 White-eyed Vireo 8 16* Swainson s Warbler 16* 28* * Exceeds span of years evaluated
26 Winter birds -250 m line transects -2 transects per stand Thin Patch Uncut Species Abundance Thin: Rusty Blackbird & Red-headed Woodpecker Patch: Swamp and White-throated Sparrows, Common Grackle, & American Goldfinch Uncut: Golden-crowned Kinglet & American Robin
27 Constant Effort Netting
28 Constant Effort Netting 50 Treated Contol Daily Captures May June July August
29 Winter Captures Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Thin Patch Uncut Captures / 100 net hours
30 Captures / 600 net-hours INBU YBCH Years Post Treatment
31 Captures / 600 net-hours NOCA WEVI Years Post Treatment
32 Captures / 600 net-hours HOWA SWWA Years Post Treatment
33 Recommendations Treatment severity >50% canopy retained Embedded in matrix of treatment ages (0 13 yrs) Patch-cuts up to 3 acres Treatment extent DFC recommendation of 30% area non-treated Treatment Intervals years for most species >20 years for some species
34 Priority Birds Methods West Coast Option! Ecologically Appropriate Landscape Context Thinning = > Understory Multiple Tree Species Retention of Forest Structure How Much and Where Snags and Downed Wood Bird Response
35 Questions?
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