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1 Cheongshim International Academy Model United Nations 2015 Chair Report Environmental Council Agenda: Establishing Measures to Eradicate Crimes that Harm Wildlife and the Nature

2 Committee: Environmental Council Agenda: Establishing Measures to Eradicate Crimes that Harm Wildlife and the Nature Chair: Yeojin Jung, Yewon Byun 1. Introduction Wildlife crimes mainly take the form of illegal wildlife trade. As the fifth most profitable illicit trade in the world, estimated at up to $10 billion annually, wildlife trade meets an explosive increment of demand in elephant ivory, rhino horns, and tiger products, particularly in Asia and Africa. Today, it is considered as one of the largest transnational organized criminal activities along with drug trafficking, arms, and trafficking in human beings. Figure 1. The 40 th anniversary of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species; CITES. Digital image. Wikipedia. N.p, n.d. Web. Oct Despite the attempts made by several international organizations, including the INTERPOL and World Wide Fund (WWF) there were many difficulties in defining the exact scale of the international crimes. International illegal wildlife trade is estimated to cover an extremely wide range of 25-70% of the trade occurring all around the world. 704 rhinos had been killed by poachers in South Africa and 47 in Kenya in Two-thirds of forest elephants had been killed by ivory poachers in past decade. Africa is predicted to lose one-fifth of its elephant in the next ten years if the continent s poaching crisis is not stopped. 86 elephants, including 33 pregnant females, killed in less than a week in Chad, 26 elephants slaughtered at a wildlife-viewing site in the Central African Republic, and 80 poisoned at a water hole in Zimbabwe. As one can notice in these examples, illegal wildlife trade is a serious global issue that needs attention and efforts from all around the world. Wildlife and forest crimes also bring about several other consequences. They threaten the overall biodiversity and exacerbate the extinction of endangered species. The balance and health of the ecosystem are maintained through various flora and fauna, directly influencing the survival of the species. Furthermore, there are impacts on the livelihood of people, and severe influences on national security and socioeconomic development. Local communities that rely on their wildlife to attract tourists are having economic hardships as the prevalence of poaching is increasing. Yury Fedotov, the director general and the executive director, clearly organized the urgency of solving the wildlife and nature crimes at the Wildlife and Forest Crime A Transnational Organized Crime 22 nd Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (CCPCJ) on April He claimed, Wildlife and forest crime demands a global solution that offers international cooperation founded on joint operations, intelligence sharing and strong and compatible national legislations. We can do nothing less. This is our shared planet; wildlife and forest crime is our shared responsibility.

3 2. Definition of Key Terms Wildlife and forest crime "Wildlife and forest" refers to all fauna and flora, including animals, birds and fish, as well as timber and non-timber forest products. "Wildlife and forest crime" refers to the taking, trading (supplying, selling or trafficking), importing, exporting, processing, possessing, obtaining and consumption of wild fauna and flora, including timber and other forest products, in contravention of national or international law. Broadly speaking, wildlife and forest crime is the illegal exploitation of the world's wild flora and fauna. Illegal Wildlife Trade Wildlife trade is any sale or exchange of wild animal and plant resources by people. This can involve live animals and plants or a diverse range of products needed or prized by humans including skins, medicinal ingredients, tourist curios, timber, fish and other food products. Most wildlife trade is probably within national borders, but there is a large volume of wildlife in trade internationally. This may start with the illicit exploitation of natural resources, such as the poaching of an elephant, uprooting of a rare orchid, unauthorized logging of trees, or unlicensed netting of sturgeons. It may also include subsequent acts, such as the processing of fauna and flora into products, their transportation, offer for sale, sale, possession, etc. It also includes the concealment and laundering of the financial benefits made out of these crimes. Endangerment and Extinction Endangered species are populations that are at risk of becoming extinct. The IUCN maintains a list of endangered animals. That list is called the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and it assigns a specific category to each endangered animal based on its vulnerability to extinction. These categories include: Least Concern, Near Threatened, Conservation Independent, Vulnerable, Endangered, Critically Endangered, Extinct in the Wild, and Extinct. 3. Background Information Wildlife crime is interlinked with various fields of serious offenses. It includes financing terrorism, money-laundering, corruption, murder, and extreme violence, contributing to instability and threatening of the world peace. The wildlife crimes refer to violence of national laws and regulations, ranging from illicit exploitation of natural resources (i.e. the poaching of an elephant, uprooting of a rare orchid, unauthorized logging of trees, or unlicensed netting of sturgeons), subsequent acts (i.e. processing of fauna and flora into products, their transportation, offer for sale, sale, and possession), and concealment and laundering of the financial benefits made out of these crimes. Moreover, at the international level, crime also involves violations of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which regulates exports, imports, and re-exports of wildlife.

4 Wildlife and forest transnational organized crime is particularly acute in Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs) as under-resourced governments often lack the capacity to regulate the exploitation of their natural assets and to arrange social systems for effective prevention and solution. Especially in developing countries, the national wildlife agencies encounter many difficulties: inadequate legislation, lack of equipment, limited training opportunities, poor governance, etc. The institutions and countries have been poorly structured in the field of wildlife and forest crimes, often without having a full understanding of the nature or scope of the problem. The issue of wildlife and forest crimes has been raised for several years and there have been many attempts by international community, local communities, and non-governmental organizations to postpone the deterioration and further come up with preventive measures correlated to the development of future generation. The most important factor is the sustainability of solutions. Legislation is thought to be a vital way to control wildlife trade, but to be successful, laws need to be widely understood, accepted and practical to apply. Multilateral conferences and academic researchers are simultaneously being held with participation of nations, NGOs, international organizations, and professionals. UNODC, the department under UN specifically for the drugs and crime issues, is contributing to the arrangement of resolutions and globe-scale cooperation. Nongovernmental organizations and local associations are holding events, workshops and campaigns to raise awareness of the citizens. 4. Major Countries and Organizations Involved United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes (UNODC) The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is a United Nations office established in 1997 as the Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention. It deals with more than ten topics, including drug trafficking, human trafficking, money-laundering, piracy, terrorism prevention, and wildlife and forest crime. The UNODC Global Program for Combating Wildlife and Forest Crime (GP) is a four-year program for linking existing regional efforts in a global system, enhancing capacity-building and wildlife law enforcement networks at regional and sub-regional levels. UNODC takes a large part in providing specific technical assistance, thereby strengthening the capacity of Member States to prevent, investigate, prosecute and adjudicate crimes against protected species of wild flora and fauna. The International Consortium on Combating Wildlife Crimes (ICCWC) The International Consortium on Combating Wildlife Crimes (ICCWC) is the collaboration of five inter-governmental organizations (CITES Secretariat, INTERPOL, UNODC, World Bank, and World Customs Organization) working under the mission of ushering in a new era where perpetrators of serious wildlife and forest crime will face a formidable and coordinated response, rather than the present situation where the risk of detection and punishment is all too low. It seeks to support the development of law enforcement that builds on socially and environmentally sustainable natural resource policies, considering the need to provide livelihood support to poor and marginalized rural communities. ICCWC has coordinated international and regional events on critical issues related to combating transnational organized wildlife and forest crime. For instance, it held a workshop on controlled deliveries in Shanghai, China, and a seminar for heads of police and Customs on tiger crime in Bangkok, Thailand. Moreover, through Conference on the Parties of CITES and UN Commission on

5 Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, it promotes to raise awareness, build cooperation and raise the political profile of wildlife crime. The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Formerly named the World Wildlife Fund, the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international non-governmental organization working on issues regarding the conservation, research, and restoration of the environment. It is the world s largest independent conservation organization with over 5 million supporters worldwide, working in more than 100 countries, supporting around 1300 conservation and environmental projects. Under the mission of to stop the degradation of the planet s natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature, much of its work focuses on the conservation of three biomes that contain most of the world s biodiversity, endangered species, pollution, and climate change. The International Anti-Poaching Foundation (IAPF) The International Anti-Poaching Foundation (IAPF) is a non-profit organization with a military-like approach to conservation, employing tactics and technology generally reserved for the modern-day battlefield. IAPF takes comparatively direct actions: anti-poaching ranger training, conservation security plans, anti-poaching operations, wildlife crime information systems, specialist technology and systems for anti-poaching operations, and field equipment procurement and supply. With partnerships with professionals of community engagement and development, research and development, wildlife rescue and biodiversity management, the foundation protects community assets, creates jobs, promotes training and education, and reduces habitat destruction. International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUNC) The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUNC) is the world s oldest and largest global environmental organization. It is the leading authority on the environment and sustainable development, holding a neutral forum for the governments, NGOs, scientists, business, and local communities to find practical solutions to conservation and development challenges, and funded by governments, bilateral and multilateral agencies, foundations, member organizations and corporations. Currently, the IUCN network has more than 1200 member organizations, 200+ governments and 900+ NGOs. Conserving biodiversity as their central mission, IUCN and the International Ranger Federation (IRF) call for a toughened stance against wildlife crime globally, marking World Ranger Day on July 31. China China recently increased its prosecutions of ivory smugglers, sentencing eight citizens to jail for bringing in over three tons of ivory between 2010 and South Asian countries South Asian countries, including India, have agreed to develop an action plan for the next six years for working collaboratively to fight wildlife crimes. Second Annual Meeting of the South Asia Wildlife Enforcement Network (SAWEN) member countries are the major countries to deal with increasingly organized illegal wildlife trade networks as part of a broader strategic approach to combat transnational organized crime. Chief Enforcement Coordinator of SAWEN emphasized, Minimizing illegal wildlife trade from South Asia is crucial to the conservation of wildlife in the region.

6 5. Timeline of Key Events 1600s England implemented first laws regulating hunting and fishing Late 1800s State legislatures of the United States began to create fish and wildlife protection and conservation agencies 1948 International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) founded as the world s first global environmental organization As a result of Morges Manifesto (1961), World Wildlife Fund (WWF) was established as an international fundraising organization to work in collaboration with existing conservation groups and bring substantial financial support to the conservation movement on a worldwide scale 1973 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) established and later formed International Consortium on Combating Wildlife Crime (ICCWC) with the collaboration of INTERPOL, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the World Bank, and the World Customs Organization TRAFFIC, the wildlife trade monitoring network, founded for biodiversity conservation and sustainable development by investigating and analyzing of wildlife crime trends and patterns Rio Summit was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Here, the Forest Principles was adopted at United Nations, which formed the basis of further negotiations toward a binding agreement Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) established in Indonesia as a non-profit, scientific facility that conducts research on the most pressing challenges of forest and landscapes management around the world 1997 The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) was established. It includes Wildlife and Forest Crime as one of their major topics, leading international community to participate in combating wildlife and forest crimes The Economic and Social Council of the United Nations (ECOSOC) established the United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF) The United Nations General Assembly adopted Non-legally Binding Instrument on All Types of Forests Asia-Pacific Network for Sustainable Forest Management and Rehabilitation (APFNet) was established in Beijing, China. Its goals are expanding forest cover and improving forest ecosystem quality in Asia and the Pacific International Anti-Poaching Foundation (IAPF) was established with entities in four different countries, providing the anti-poaching rangers and establishing the wildlife crime information system 2010 The UN announced the Salvador Declaration on Comprehensive Strategies for Global Challenges: Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Systems and Their Development in a Changing World The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) was held with all stakeholders, including Major Groups, the UN System/IGOs, and Member States invited. More than 100 Heads of State agreed on the Rio+20 outcome document The Future We Want.

7 2012 ICCWC launched Wildlife and Forest Crime Analytic Toolkit to provide Government officials, customs, police, and other relevant enforcement agencies with a framework to analyze, prevent, detect, and combat wildlife and forest offences The Untied Nations (UN) recognized the severity of wildlife crimes and started governments meeting to discuss responses to global crime wave. International society started categorizing the wildlife and forest crimes in similar level with other serious transnational crimes, including drugs UNODC announced Global Program for Combating Wildlife and Forest Crime. 6. Relevant UN Treaties, Resolutions and Events E/RES/2000/35 (2000); It is the Report on the fourth session of the Intergovernmental Forum on Forests that focuses on management, conservation, and sustainable development of policies regarding all types of forests. It also decides how should the international arrangements on forests perform. A/RES/62/98 (2007); General Assembly decided to establish a non-legally binding instrument on all types of forests as a response to the request of E/RES/2006/49 by ECOSOC. E/RES/2008/25 (2008); The ECOSOC concerns international cooperation in preventing and combating illicit international trafficking in forest products, including timber, wildlife, and other forest biological resources. E/RES/2011/36 (2011); It encourages member nations to actively partake in crime prevention and criminal justice responses to illicit trafficking in endangered species of wild fauna and flora through law enforcement and international cooperation. A/RES/66/288 (2012); The future we want is the outcome document adopted at Rio+20 to achieve sustainable development to meet the needs of both people and planet, providing economic transformation and opportunity to lift people out of poverty, advancing social justice and protecting the environment. A/RES/67/189 (2012); General Assembly expresses deep concern about environmental crimes, including trafficking in endangered and, where applicable, protected species of wild fauna and flora, and emphasized the need to combat such crimes by strengthening international cooperation, capacity-building, criminal justice responses and law enforcement efforts. E/RES/2013/40 (2013); ECOSOC adopts it that especially deals with crime prevention and criminal justice responses to illicit trafficking in protected species of wild fauna and flora B7-0013/2014 (2014); It is the European Parliament resolution on wildlife crime.

8 7. Previous Attempts to Solve the Issue Wildlife and forest crimes are one of the hottest issues that aroused since 1990s and are recently recognized as one of the number one tasks for the international community to seek practical solutions. It is now the serious crime that should be dealt with solutions for effective prevention of crimes and conservation of environment and of wild fauna and flora. International organizations, including the UN departments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and governments of nations all have attempted to solve the issue in various approaches. International organizations Figure 2. The Logo of the UN Conference on Sustainable Development at Rio de Janeiro, called Rio+20 ; United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. Web image. Wikipedia, N.p, n.d. Web. Oct The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) and the United Nations Office on Drug and Crimes are the two representative UN departments related to the wildlife and forest crimes. Since 2000, ECOSOC annually discuss and adopt resolutions related to the illicit trafficking of wildlife and forest products in order to promote international cooperation and to make continuous, gradual efforts in solving the problem. Thus, the United Nations holds forums, governments meetings, conferences, and international consortiums, inviting Member States, NGOs, and IGOs for strengthening political commitment to the management, conservation, and sustainable development of the forests and wildlife habitats. Non-governmental organizations The non-governmental organizations are having worldwide campaigns primarily through online website in order to raise people s awareness and activate their fund-raising projects. World Wildlife Fund (WWF) involves actions in more than 100 countries, covering conservation finance, conserving places, empowering countries, food, influencing policies, protecting species, educating for nature, application of science, transforming business, international competitions, and tackling environmental threats. The wildlife trade monitoring network, TRAFFIC specializes in investigation and monitoring, working under the mission of ensuring that trade in wild plants and animals is not a threat to the conservation of nature. International Anti-Poaching Foundation (IAPF) is also serving as the antipoaching ranger, focusing on the technology and tactics for conservation and protection. In addition to the direct attempts to conserve biodiversity and prevent crimes, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) is conducting research on the use and management of forests in less-developed countries. Governments Not only the governments of nations are arranging national policies and signing the international agreement, such as The Future We Want, they also join regional networks to ensure the protection of forests and wildlife animals and plants. The Asia-Pacific Network for Sustainable Forest Management and Rehabilitation (APFNet) and ASEAN Wildlife Enforcement Network are the two well-known associations.

9 8. Possible Solutions Figure 3. World Wildlife Fund(WWF) s online campaigns to protect wildlife animals from illegal poaching and trafficking; Stop Wildlife Crime. Web image. World Wildlife Fund, n.d. Web. 24 Oct The international community has recognized the seriousness of the illegal wildlife and forest crimes and the urgency to come up with an effective strategy. In response to this, The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) with the collaboration of the INTERPOL initiated a Rapid Response Assessment to provide the latest data, analysis, and broadest insights to the phenomenon. The Environmental Crime Crisis generally includes all the related information about wildlife trafficking and previous actions taken by the international society. Most importantly, the assessment suggests several plausible solutions for the international society to consider. This report particularly involves global solutions, covering from cooperation of major entities to financial budget arrangement, specialized system, legislation and investment. Number one task is to establish comprehensive coordinated UN system and national approach to environmental crime in order to have a specialized organization that solely exists for this issue and to directly implement the policies, facilities, and technologies to the nations. Financial supports and establishing fund should also be considered in order to put policies into action smoothly. Calling upon the international and bilateral donor community to recognize and address environmental crime as a serious threat to sustainable development would be one way for this. Thus, the report emphasizes the strengthening of support to INTERPOL, UNODC, World Customs Organization (WCO) and CITES is important to further identify, develop, and implement the most appropriate responses to the environmental crimes. Strong incentives and systemized process for investment in capacity building and technological support to national environment, wildlife, and law enforcement agencies can be also considered to develop practical and long-term actions apart from researches and policymaking. Finally, the global community should attempt to strengthen environmental legislation, compliance, and awareness. Other important solutions to systemize are the solutions for the public. Currently, many different educational programs, campaigns, and donation projects are being done by both global and local nongovernmental organizations. However, it is a high time to welcome and promote international cooperation of organizations, including both local NGOs and International organizations to strengthen people s awareness on the agenda through certification schemes, such as the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). Such certification would facilitate consumer recognition of legal and illegal products. The assessment report suggests that, to this end, both voluntary, market and legislative approaches could enhance collaboration between government, civil society and the private sector.

10 Works Cited UN Recognizes Severity of Wildlife Crimes World Wildlife Fund. Web. 12 Sept, U.N. enlists legal help to crack down on environmental crime Yahoo News. Web. 12 Sept < Wildlife and Forest Crime UNODC. Web. 13 Sept, < Wildlife Crime Kristie R. Blevins & Terry D. Edwards. A reference handbook. < Stop Wildlife Crime World Wildlife Fund, n.d. Web. 14 Sept < The Devastating Effects of Wildlife Poaching One Green Planet. N.p, n.d. Web. 14 Sept < Illegal Wildlife Trade World Wildlife Fund, n.d. Web. 15 Sept < Wildlife Trade: What is it? TRAFFIC. N.p, n.d. Web. 14 Sept < Klappenbach, Laura Endangered Animals About Education. N.p, n.d. Web. 15 Sept < Wildlife and Forest Crime Overview United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. N.p, n.d. Web. 17 Sept < The International Consortium on Combating Wildlife Crimes Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wildlife Fauna and Flora. N.p, n.d. Web. 17 Sept < Wildlife Crime Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wildlife Fauna and Flora. N.p, n.d. Web. 17 Sept < Crime>

11 Aldred, Jessica 2013 in review: the year wildlife crime became an international security issue The Guardian. N.p, n,d. Web. 17 Sept < Illegal Wildlife Trade Coalition Against Wildlife Trading. N.p, n.d. Web. 17 Sept < World Wide Fund for Nature Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 10 May Web. 17 Sept < About the IAPF International Anti-Poaching Foundation. Web. 14 Sept, 2014 < European Parliament takes important step to combat Wildlife Crime The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Web. 14 Sept, < Shover, Neal. Environmental Crime Crisis. Crime and Justice 32 (2005): Web. 17 Sept <

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