Environmental Constraints on the Restoration Success of Black Mangrove Habitats in the Northern Gulf of Mexico
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1 Environmental Constraints on the Restoration Success of Black Mangrove Habitats in the Northern Gulf of Mexico Jonathan M. Willis, Lauren K. Alleman, Christine N. Pickens, Laura C. Hundy, and Mark W. Hester Coastal Plant Ecology Laboratory University of Louisiana at Lafayette Funding provided by Louisiana Board of Regents, CPRA/Sea Grant Coastal Science Assistantship Program NOAA CREST, UL Lafayette & Coastal Plant Ecology Lab
2 Outline Background Review of manipulative experiments Salinity level Water table depth Chilling/freezing Review of field studies Natural propagule establishment Seedling transplant survival at restoration site Conclusion
3 Louisiana Salt Marshes Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass) Dominant emergent macrophyte in Louisiana and throughout salt marshes of the Gulf and Atlantic Coasts of N. America
4 Louisiana Salt Marshes Southern salt marshes and barrier island salt marshes frequently have Avicennia germinans (black mangrove) growing in association with smooth cordgrass
5 Value of Restoring Black Mangrove Habitat Provides critical woody structure & habitat on barrier islands Source: Scott Walters
6 Value of Restoring Black Mangrove Habitat Provides critical woody structure & habitat on barrier islands Black mangrove/smooth cordgrass association may provide added ecosystem resilience to disturbance Source: Mike Osland Source: Scott Walters
7 Black Mangrove Restoration Template ABIOTIC FACTORS BIOTIC FACTORS Hydrology Elevation Tidal Inundation Soil Moisture Water Table Salinity Mangrove Propagule Establishment Nutrients Facilitation Light Level Disturbance Sand Burial Hurricanes Climatic Variance Mangrove Seedling Mangrove Adult Predation Herbivory Fungal Infection Competition Reproduction (per individual) Mangrove Dispersal Accretion Mangrove Population Development Reproduction (per area)
8 Black Mangrove Restoration Template ABIOTIC FACTORS BIOTIC FACTORS Hydrology Elevation Tidal Inundation Soil Moisture Water Table Salinity Mangrove Propagule Establishment Nutrients Facilitation Light Level Disturbance Sand Burial Hurricanes Climatic Variance Mangrove Seedling Mangrove Adult Predation Herbivory Fungal Infection Competition Reproduction (per individual) Mangrove Dispersal Accretion Mangrove Population Development Reproduction (per area)
9 Seedling Response to Salinity Level and Water- Table Depth Alleman, L. K., and M.W. Hester Refinement of the fundamental niche of black mangrove (Avicennia germinans) seedlings in Louisiana: Applications for restoration. Wetlands Ecology and Management. 19:
10 Salinity Level Experiment 2 seedling age classes 12-month old 24-month old 5 salinity levels 0 ppt 12 ppt 24 ppt 48 ppt 96 ppt 5 replicates 50 total experimental units
11 Biomass (g) month old seedlings Salinity Level (ppt) Aboveground Belowground
12 Biomass (g) month old seedlings Salinity Level (ppt) Aboveground Belowground
13 Water Table Depth Experiment 2 seedling age classes 6-month old 18-month old 5 water table depths 0 cm -15 cm -30 cm -45 cm -60 cm 3 hydrologic regimes static fluctuating bi-weekly fluctuating bi-monthly 5 replicates 150 total experimental units Source: L. Alleman
14 6-month old seedlings Aboveground Biomass (g) Water-Table Depth (cm) static biweekly bimonthly
15 Aboveground Biomass (g) month old seedlings Water-Table Depth (cm) static biweekly bimonthly
16 Leaf Characteristics 6-month old seedlings 18-month old seedlings Water Table Depth -30 cm Water Table Depth -60 cm
17 Chilling/Freezing Injury Experiment 3 Early Life History Stages Dispersal (in salt water) Stranded (on moist sand) Seedling (rooted in moist sand) 3 Exposure Temperatures 5.7 C 2.5 C -6.5 C 4 Durations 2 hours 6 hours 12 hours 24 hours 5 Replicates 180 Total Experimental Units Pickens, C. N., and M. W. Hester Temperature tolerance of early life history stages of black mangrove, Avicennia germinans: Implications for range expansion. Estuaries and Coasts. 34:
18 0.8 Significantly greater mortality with: Exposure at -6.5 C 24 hour duration of cold exposure Proportion Dead Temperature ( C) Proportion Dead Duration Exposure (hours)
19 Dispersal stage propagules tended to have greatest overall survivorship May confer advantage to surviving freeze events when still in dispersal stage (in saline water) Survivorship Stranded Stage Propagules Dispersal Stage Propagules Seedling Stage Time (days)
20 Elevation Survey: Natural Population Alleman, L.K. and M.W. Hester Reproductive ecology of Black Mangrove (Avicennia germinans) along the Louisiana coast: propagule production cycles, dispersal limitations, and establishment elevations. Estuaries and Coast. 34:
21 Establishment Elevations: Newly Established Propagules vs. Mature Trees Tree Height (cm) mature trees (>12-months old) n = 218 newly established propagules (<12-months old) n = Elevation (m, NAVD88)
22 Establishment Elevations: Newly Established Propagules vs. Mature Trees Tree Height (cm) mature trees (>12-months old) n = 218 newly established propagules (<12-months old) n = Elevation (m, NAVD88)
23 Mean water level = 0.15 m NAVD88 Mean mangrove elevation (all sites, ages) = 0.23 m NAVD Low water establishment windows? 0.7 Elevation (m, NAVD88) Oct Nov Nov Nov Dec Dec Jan Jan Feb- 09 Date 21- Feb Mar Mar Apr Apr May May May- 09
24 Elevation Survey: Restored Site
25 Sampling Strata at Restored Site Zone 1: Lowest Elevation Zone 6: Highest Elevation
26 Hydrograph of Restored Site
27 Elevation & Hydrology: Restored Site Zone 1-3: Lowest elevations and greatest percentage of time flooded Zone 5-6: Highest elevations and almost non-existent flooding
28 Vegetation Cover of Restored Site
29 Seedling salt tolerance Conclusions 12-month and 24-month old seedlings cannot tolerate 96 ppt Optimal growth between ppt, respectively Hydrology Best seedling growth at water-table depth range of 0 to -0.3 m Propagule and adult elevation ranges of m NAVD88 (34% - 15% flooded, respectively) Tolerance to chilling/freezing High mortality of all life stages following 24 hrs at -6.5 C Propagules have greater survivorship when in dispersal stage Marsh platform elevation and associated hydrology is critical Work with succession Once smooth cordgrass established, hydrology should be conducive for natural black mangrove establishment or assisted propagule dispersal
30 Questions?
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