SPECIES AND STAND DYNAMICS IN THE MIXED-WOODS OF QUEBEC'S BOREAL FOREST: A GUIDE FOR ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT

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1 SPECIES AND STAND DYNAMICS IN THE MIXED-WOODS OF QUEBEC'S BOREAL FOREST: A GUIDE FOR ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT Boreal Mixedwoods 2012 Ecology and Management for Multiple Values June 17-20, 2012

2 A definition of Ecosystem Management «A management approach that aims to maintain healthy and resilient forest ecosystems by focusing on the reduction of differences between natural and managed landscapes to ensure long term maintenance of ecosystem functions and thereby retain the social and economic benefits they provide to society» (Gauthier et al. 2009)

3 Sustainable forest development Act (April 2010) Art 1: (1) implement sustainable forest development, in particular through ecosystem-based development; Art 4: ecosystem-based development means development that consists in ensuring the preservation of the biodiversity and viability of ecosystems by reducing the differences between developed and natural forests;

4 How to maintain biodiversity? Keep forest ecosytems in their natural range of variability is the best hypothesis we have for maintaining biodiversity We should avoid putting species in an environment they never faced

5 To maintain biodiversity, we must retain habitats Most species are retained by the coarse filter Some species need special attention: fine filter

6 Outline Steps required for ecosystem management implementation Reconstruction of the natural disturbance regime and long term evolution of forest stands following a disturbance Comparative analysis of natural and managed landscapes and identification of the main differences Development of management objectives and silvicultural activities to minimize differences between forest management and natural forest dynamics Implementation of silvicultural, social and economic values activities in the context of management plan that take into account social and economic values Monitoring of interventions to evaluate management objectives and modify silvicultural activities if necessary Modified from Jetté, J-P., MRNFQ

7 Boreal mixedwoods across Canada Boreal mixedwood Varying canopy dominance by broadleaf and conifer trees

8 Vegetation zones in Quebec Arctic tundra Taiga Forest tundra Black sprucefeathermoss Boreal Zone 107 million ha Boreal Mixedwood 13,9 million ha Balsam fir white birch Sugar maple 11 million ha

9 Bioclimatic domains Continuous forest in Quebec Maple-Hickory km 2 1 % Maple-basswood km 2 4 % Maple-yellow birch km 2 9 % Fir-yellow birch km 2 13 % Fir-white birch km 2 19 % Black spruce-feather moss km 2 54 % Québec forested km %

10 Balsam fir-white birch domain Main species Abies balsamea Picea glauca Picea mariana Betula papyrifera Populus tremuloides Temperature 0.0 C to 1.0 C Natural disturbances Insect (spruce budworm) Fire Land uses Crown (private) lands

11 Large intense fires control forest dynamics in Canadian boreal forest Fires completely replace forest stands

12

13 The study area ( km2) Stand initiation map Methods 1880-today archives (since ) aerial photographs (since 1920) Before 1880 dating post-fire tree cohorts fire scars Jack pine snags

14

15 Mainly age of living trees or snags

16 % of the area % of the area occupied by stands initiated in each decade 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% mean age: 139 years 57% > 100yrs 23% > 200yrs 0% Time since last fire (10 yr classes)

17 Old-growth forests through the holocene Paleoecological reconstruction of fire frequency using lake sediments Lac à la Pessière Coniferous boreal N 50 N 79 W 78 W Lac Pas-de-Fond Mixed boreal N 49 N Lac Francis Mixed boreal N 48 N (Carcaillet et al. (2001) J. Ecol.)

18 Paleoecological reconstruction Methods Carcaillet et al. (2001) J. Ecol. Laminated lake sediment sampling cm cores Radiocarbon dating 6-9 AMS dates per profile y.-long chronologies Age/Depth models Meso-charcoal profiles Charcoal > 150 μm (local origin) 1cm resolution Equally spaced-time transformation Detrending of charcoal accumulation rate Identification of individual peaks Millenia-scale local fire history

19 Interval between fires (yrs) Paleoecological reconstruction intervals between fires Lac à la Pessière Coniferous boreal N Lac Pas-de-Fond Mixed boreal N Lac Francis Mixed boreal N Years before 2000 AD Carcaillet et al. (2001) J. Ecol.

20 Fire activity since 7650 bp in Abitibi

21 Fire (1)Severity (2)Frequency, (3)Size Boreal mixedwood dynamics Pre-fire composition Landscape composition Site conditions & Climate Availability of reproductive propagules Regeneration microsites Microenvironment Post-disturbance Regeneration Herbivory Competition Insect & disease outbreaks Natural life-span Small-scale disturbances Ongoing stand development

22 Chronosequence Similar environmental conditions Time since fire Images from Wildfire and Wildlife pamphlet, Alaska Department of Fish and Game

23 fire fire fire gaps Hardwood Mixedwood Conifer Basal area (m 2 /ha) Populus tremuloides Abies balsamea Betula papyrifera Prunus Picea glauca Thuja occidentalis Salix Time since fire (years)

24 Natural forest succession in the Lake Duparquet mixedwood boreal forest (Bergeron, 2000)

25

26 < Sites used for Dendro reconstruction

27

28 Prefered micro-sites for conifers

29 Natural stand dynamics Aspen (mesicsubhydric) Fire Fire W. birch (mesic) Fire Fire broadleave mixedwood conifer

30 Mixedwoods in time Young Mixed (broadleaf dominated) Mature Mixed (broadleaf-conifer) Old Mixed (conifer-dominated) Conifer regenration peaks after fire but constant recruitment between fires (Eastern Canada)

31 Mixedwoods in Space Poor conifer regeneration Moderate conifer regen Dense conifer regen Broadleaf Mixed Conifer Most of the conifer regeneration occuring immediately after fire Low conifer recruitment between fire (Western Canada)

32 Spruce budworm outbreaks in the mixedwoods

33 Fire has been intensively studied (frequency, impact, variability in time ) In some parts of Eastern North America, impacts of spruce budworm outbreaks are more important than fire. For example: in Eastern Canada, the last outbreak ( ) has destroyed more than ha of forest and between 139 and 238 millions of m 3 of spruce and fir.

34 Outbreak Identification Index O4 O3 O2 O1 Host Non-host Corrected Pres. Abs.

35 Balsam fir mortality vs basal area vs % of mixed coniferous stands in mosaic

36 Impact on the forest dynamics

37 Natural stand dynamics Aspen (mesicsubhydric) Fire Budworm Fire W. birch (mesic) Fire Budworm Fire broadleave mixedwood conifer

38 Tent Caterpillar on aspen and birch TC Time Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 3 (adapted from Bergeron et al 1999, Harvey et al. 2002)

39 Outbreaks in east-central Canada

40 Impacts of severe tent caterpillar defoliation C1 C2 C3 In absence of conifer regeneration: Lengthtening of the deciduous phase of succession Temps Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 3 C1 C2 C3 Abundant conifer regeneration: Acceleration of transition towards conifer dominance

41

42 m²/ha Basal area over the chronosequence (blue) and over time between samples (red) 16 Balsam fir Time since fire (yrs)

43 m²/ha Basal area over the chronosequence (blue) and over time between samples (red) 16 Balsam fir Time since fire (yrs)

44 m²/ha Basal area over the chronosequence (blue) and over time between samples (red) 16 Balsam fir Time since fire (yrs)

45 m²/ha Basal area over the chronosequence (blue) and over time between samples (red) Trembling aspen Time since fire (yrs)

46 m²/ha Basal area over the chronosequence (blue) and over time between samples (red) Trembling aspen Time since fire (yrs)

47 m²/ha Basal area over the chronosequence (blue) and over time between samples (red) Paper birch Time since fire (yrs)

48 m²/ha Basal area over the chronosequence (blue) and over time between samples (red) Paper birch Time since fire (yrs)

49 m²/ha Basal area over the chronosequence (blue) and over time between samples (red) 7 White spruce Time since fire (yrs)

50 m²/ha Basal area over the chronosequence (blue) and over time between samples (red) 7 White spruce Time since fire (yrs)

51 m²/ha Basal area over the chronosequence (blue) and over time between samples (red) 16 White cedar Time since fire (yrs)

52 m²/ha Basal area over the chronosequence (blue) and over time between samples (red) 16 White cedar Time since fire (yrs)

53 Forest composition in different fire cycles in Canadian boreal forest?

54 Mixedwoods at what scale? E. Macdonald P. Lee

55 Fires tend to be large and well distributed in the landscape

56 Number of fire (%) Fire size distribution ' Number of fires Coniferous (N=68) Mixedwood (N=1060) Area (%) '1-10 Fire size classes (ha) 0 Coniferous (area: ha) Mixedwood (area: ha) Area burned (Bergeron et al Ecology)

57 Steps required for ecosystem management implementation Reconstruction of the natural disturbance regime and long term evolution of forest stands following a disturbance Comparative analysis of natural and managed landscapes and identification of the main differences Development of management objectives and silvicultural activities to minimize differences between forest management and natural forest dynamics Implementation of silvicultural, social and economic values activities in the context of management plan that take into account social and economic values Monitoring of interventions to evaluate management objectives and modify silvicultural activities if necessary Modified from Jetté, J-P., MRNFQ

58 Nb stems Nb stems Clear-cut with advance growth protection (claag/cprs) dbh Residual stems < 10cm dbh Skid tracks dbh Skid tracks 25 % of the cutting area

59

60 Modern myth Given that the boreal forest is controlled by fires, large scale clear-cutting with short rotations adequately emulates natural forest mosaics

61 Fire cycle vs forest rotation period 100 yrs Fire cycle 100 yrs forest rotation period 37% Mean stand age = 100 yrs Stands > 100 yrs = 37% Mean stand age = 50 yrs Stands > 100 yrs = 0%

62 Age distribution of managed vs natural forests 45% 40% 35% Fire cycle = 140 yrs Forest rotation = 100 yrs 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Early seral stage (0-35yrs) Young forest (35-75 yrs) Mature forest ( yrs) Overmature ( yrs) Old growth (> 180 yrs) Average age of natural forests = 140 yrs Average age of managed forests = 50 yrs

63

64 Old-growth forest were abundant during all the Holocene Current conditions are outside Natural range of variability (NRV)

65 A wave from south to north Logging limit 2000

66 Steps required for ecosystem management implementation Reconstruction of the natural disturbance regime and long term evolution of forest stands following a disturbance Comparative analysis of natural and managed landscapes and identification of the main differences Development of management objectives and silvicultural activities to minimize differences between forest management and natural forest dynamics Implementation of silvicultural, social and economic values activities in the context of management plan that take into account social and economic values Monitoring of interventions to evaluate management objectives and modify silvicultural activities if necessary Modified from Jetté, J-P., MRNFQ

67 Mixedwood stand dynamics and emulation sylviculture Fire Clear cutting Gaps Selection cutting Succession Partial cutting 1st cohort Hardwood 2nd cohort Mixedwood 3rd cohort Softwood

68 1600- Fitting FEM principles into 80km Fire size X Forest age structure FERLD Forest composition Stand dynamics in silviculture Forest microcosm

69 Forest-level targets for each cohort based on fire cycle and maximum harvest age (Adapted from Bergeron et al. 1999) Maximum harvest age FIRE CYCLE cohort (%) cohort (%) cohort (%) cohort (%) cohort (%) I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III Alberta Abitibi Labrador

70 Percentage of landscape Setting cohort objectives Mean forest age (139 yrs) fire cycle Negative exponential age distribution Cohort structure: ƒ (cycle & rotation age) 45-55% Age of stands 23-26% % Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohorts

71 Integrating forest-level and stand-level objectives Uneven-aged silviculture 45 % partial cut (succession) 50 % partial cut (succession) 33 % selection cut (succession) 1st cohort % 2nd cohort % 3rd+ cohort % 55 % clear-cut (fire) 50 % clear-cut (fire) Even-aged silviculture 67 % clear-cut (fire)

72 Integrating forest-level and stand-level objectives Uneven-aged silviculture 45 % partial cut (succession) 50 % partial cut (succession) 33 % selection cut (succession) 1st cohort % 2nd cohort % 3rd+ cohort % 55 % clearcut (fire) 50 % clearcut (fire) Even-aged silviculture 67 % clear-cut (fire)

73 Partial harvesting in winter of fire-origin (1923) aspen stands Control 1/3 low thin 2/3 crown thin

74 Xeric-mesic thin tills, sands Xeric v.thin tills, sands Xerix v.thin tills, sands COHORT 1 (45-55%) COHORT 2 (23-26%) COHORT 3+ (20-30%) Years since stand initiation A Even-aged silviculture 55% 45% 50% 33% Uneven-aged silviculture Aspen/Aspen-J.pine B.fir-W.spruce-Aspen B.fir-W.spruce-W.birch A1 A2 A3 A4 B.fir-W.cedar B Aspen (B.poplar)-B.fir-B.spruce B.fir-B.spruce-Aspen (B.poplar) B.fir-B.spruce-W.birch B1 B2 B3 B4 B.fir-B.spruce C C1 W.birch C2 B.fir-W.spruce-W.birch C3 B.fir-W.spruce-W.birch C4 B.fir-W.cedar D D1 Mixed J.pine D2 B.fir-J.pine-B.spruce D3 B.fir-B.spruce-W.birch D4 B.fir-B.spruce-W.birch E E1 J.pine/J.pine-B.spruce E2 B.spruce-J.pine E3 B.spruce (uneven-open) E4 B.spruce (uneven-open) F F1 B.spruce (even) F2 B.spruce (irregular) F3 B.spruce (uneven-open) F4 B.spruce (uneven-open) G G1 B.spruce/B.spruce-Larch G2 B.spruce (irregular) G3 B.spruce (uneven-open) G4 B.spruce (uneven-open) H I H1 All sites Larch/Mixed Larch H2 50% Larch-W.cedar-B.fir Even-age silviculture 67% Even-age silviculture H3 W.cedar-B.fir H4 W.cedar-B.fir (Source: Harvey et al FE&M)

75 Conclusions Current forest management is driving eastern mixedwood boreal forest outside its natural range of variability Mixedwoods should be maintened both in space and time Important diversification of silvicultural treatments is needed to meet sustainable forest management objectives

76 Thanks to students and collaborators

77

78 Effects of climate change

79 Future fire frequency will remain in the natural range of variability

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