AMA ZON. Hydropower and a Living Amazon. The reflection of our choices. Cláudio C. Maretti 2015 Apr. 13
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1 Adriano Gambarini / WWF Brazil AMA ZON The reflection of our choices Hydropower and a Living Amazon Tarsicio Granizo, Head of Strategy on Protected Areas; Indigenous Territories and Policy March 2014 WWF LAI SET LAI, Meeting Santa Cruz, Bolivia Cláudio C. Maretti 2015 Apr. 13
2 The Amazon 100,000+ Km rivers Macedo & Castello 2015
3 The Amazon 250+ planned dams Macedo & Castello 2015
4 The Amazon deforestation F LAI cessing); data Maryland Un., 2 for all countries trends, fronts, accesses and attractions (incl. by hydrop.)
5 Different Amazons basin, biome, political countries million km2 (1.5 times EU-27) (including 1 overseas territory)
6 Ecuador Colombia Venezuela Guyana Suriname French Guiana Peru Brazil Bolivia Biome, grossly around 60% in Brazil more 30% in Andean- Amazon countries less 10% in Guianas
7 Hydropower? But might be needed, for the development not clean, but better than others (fossil fuels and nuclear) hydropower potential in the Amazon
8 Amazon: No. 1 in biodiversity! It is estimate that Amazon Biome holds around 10% of total biodiversity on Earth
9 Importance for climate processes Amazon: largest carbon stock! New IPCC Tier-1 Global Biomass Carbon Map for the Year 2000; Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center It is estimated that the Amazon jungle holds around 10% of total carbon stocked in terrestrial ecosystems
10 Valuable services Drives the atmospheric circulations in the tropics by absorbing energy and recycling half of the rain which falls on it. It also provides biodiversity resources (food, building houses, making tools and utensils). Marengo et alii, 2004 Among services essential for humanity are: hydrological cycles climate regulation carbon sequestration oxygen production soil conservation erosion control
11
12 We simply cannot forget the provision of ecosystem services by the Amazon Socially Economically Ecologically
13 Therefore How can we have a greener, socially more responsible, more sustainable hydropower in the Amazon?
14 Reduce the need for new dams energy efficiency (generation, transportation, consumption) diversification (solar, wind, biomass...) decentralisation (small villages; urban production...)
15 If really needed Consultations and rights of local communities and indigenous peoples Accommodate the different social and economic interests Infrastructure and energy should contribute to the local economy and social life
16 If really needed Plan hydropower exploration it in integration with biodiversity and ecosystem services Inventories and project proposals should not only look for the energy needs
17 If really needed Vulnerable areas to deforestation (km2) Distance from hydropower plants (km) Assess cumulative social and ecological impacts considering other infrastructure and projects associated and the indirect impacts Potential deforestation (km2) MPA, no hydropower plants MPA, with hydropower plants MPA, with hydropower plants and roads EPA, no hydropower plants EPA, with hydropower plants EPA, with hydropower plants and roads Apply truly the mitigation hierarchy not too late Mantainance of Protected Areas Exclusion of Protected Areas
18 More recently Santo Antônio and Jirau (Madeira river), and Belo Monte (Xingu river) Bad case of Tocantins
19 If really needed Work at the basin level - for assessing cumulative impacts and - allowing flexibility in negotiations Meso-scale river basins ,000 sq Km - such as Tapajós (Brazil), Marañon (Peru), Madeira (Bolivia), Trombetas, Negro (Brazil) Mcclain & Naiman (BioScience)
20 If really needed Follow national and regional, an Amazon-wide vision Macedo & Castello 2015
21 All together, difficult but possible Tapajós basin case 44 dams assessed through DDS integrating biodiversity in the hydropower planning
22 All together, difficult but possible Tapajós basin case Vulnerability for Deforestation Scenarios of deforestation (in the basin; including indirect impacts)
23 All together, difficult but possible Tapajós basin case Scenarios of deforestation
24 All together, difficult but possible Tapajós basin case Brazilian National Energy plan have cancelled or put on hold most damaging dams to protected areas and indigenous territories Missing public transparent debates, particularly with local communities
25 We present our contributions But we know we do not hold the truth alone and we are not the most important decision makers we propose to work together, for jointly define proposals to improve (governmental) policies and voluntary standards
26 In the recent decades Progressive importance of the Amazon and climate change Even for the economy, as the drought in Brazil Water, food and energy security, for all, foverver
27 The most vulnerable Not you or me the indigenous peoples and local communities in the Amazon Poor communities in the favelas in the slopes of Rio in the dry outskirts of Lima
28 Amazon 1 new spp every 3 days in the last 14 years (no insect or microorganism) Potamotrygon tatianae Apistogramma cinilabra Tometes camunani
29 Amazon 1 new spp every 3 days in the last 14 years (no insect or microorganism) Callicebus miltoni Callicebus caquetensis
30 What do you want to leave to your grandchildren? My granddaughter
31 We make our choices! Thanks! WWF Living Amazon Initiative work of WWF - regional team, offices, global programmes and collaborators cláudio@wwf.org.br
32 Extras Not presented
33 Amazon countries basin, biome Country % of Basin % of Biome Bolivia Brazil Colombia Ecuador French Guiana Guyana Peru Suriname Venezuela Guyana; 3,2 French Guiana; 0 Ecuador; 1,8 Suriname; 2,1 Colombia; 7,3 Venezuela; 5,9 Peru; 11,8 % of Biome Bolivia; 6,6 Brazil; 60,1 Guyana; 0,2 Ecuador; 1,9 Colombia; 5,1 Bolivia Brazil Colombia Ecuador French Guiana Guyana Peru French Guiana; 0 Suriname Venezuela Suriname; 0,0 Venezuela; 0,8 Peru; 14,3 % of Basin Bolivia; 10,6 Brazil; 67,0 Bolivia Brazil Colombia Ecuador French Guiana Guyana Peru Suriname Venezuela
34 Dialogues Governments authorities Finance and private sectors Civil society Indigenous peoples and local communities Academia Energy (hydropower, oil and gas) Transportation Agriculture Mining Forestry Security agenda (water, natural hazards, food, energy, health, land, natural resources )
35 Threats: Fragmentation of rivers and basins Mark Edwards / WWF Canon Adriano Gambarini / WWF Brazil Increasing conversion of free flowing rivers into artificial lakes (or fragmentation of freshwater ecosystems due to dams) Accelerated lost of biodiversity (some ecoregions under strong conversion
36 Threats: Fragmentation of rivers and basins Belo Monte Mark Edwards / WWF Canon Madeira Adriano Gambarini / WWF Brazil Increasing conversion of free flowing rivers into artificial lakes (or Some fragmentation dams already existing of freshwater (older ones) or ecosystems in construction in due the new to dams) cycle (Madeira, Belo Monte ) Accelerated lost of biodiversity (some ecoregions under strong conversion
37 Threats: Fragmentation of rivers and basins Belo Monte Tapajós Mark Edwards / WWF Canon Madeira Adriano Gambarini / WWF Brazil Marañon Increasing conversion of free flowing rivers into artificial lakes (or Some fragmentation dams already existing of freshwater (older ones) or ecosystems in construction in due the new to dams) cycle (Madeira, Belo Monte ) Accelerated Upcoming concessions lost in of river biodiversity basins (Tapajós, (some Marañon...) ecoregions under strong conversion
38 Threats: Fragmentation of rivers and basins Colombia? Ecuador? Negro? Guianas? Trombetas? Belo Monte Peru? Tapajós Marañon Mark Edwards / WWF Canon Madeira Adriano Gambarini / WWF Brazil Increasing conversion of free flowing rivers into artificial lakes (or Some fragmentation dams already existing of freshwater (older ones) or ecosystems in construction in due the new to dams) cycle (Madeira, Belo Monte ) Accelerated Upcoming concessions lost in of river biodiversity basins (Tapajós, (some Marañon...) ecoregions under strong conversion Future hydropower frontier (Trombetas, Negro, Ecuador, Guianas, Madeira, Colombia, Peru...) to face! (hydropower planning, avoid priority conservation areas, reducing social impacts...),
39 The Amazon deforestation Yet concentrated, but no longer only one (Brazilian) deforestation arc (front coming from south and east)
40 Deforestation TOTAL DEFORESATION in the AMAZON BIOME Annual deforestation (Hectares)
41 Deforestation Brazil Other countries Deforestatiom (km2)
42 Deforestation rate by country 1,00% Deforestation rate by country 0,90% 0,80% 0,70% 0,60% 0,50% 0,40% 0,30% 0,20% Brasil Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Guyana Guyane Francesa Perú Suriname Venezuela Exponencial (Brasil ) Exponencial (Bolivia) 0,10% 0,00%
43 Deforestation rate by country (without Brazil and Bolivia) Deforestation rate by country 0,35% 0,30% 0,25% Colombia 0,20% 0,15% 0,10% Ecuador Guyana Guyane Francesa Perú Suriname Venezuela 0,05% 0,00%
44 Protected areas and indigenous territories
45 Ecological representation of terrestrial ecoregions in PAs and ITs
46 Ecological representation of terrestrial ecoregions in PAs (only)
47 Ecological representation of aquascapes in PAs and ITs
48 Ecological representation of aquascapes in PAs (only)
49
50 Partnering National Protected Areas Systems Implementation of (pan)-amazon Vision on protected areas 9 governments, including Amazon PAs vulnerability to climate changes and their roles in adaptation strategies.
51 Strategy for Holistic Management of Amazon Indigenous Territories World Parks Congress Nov Amazon Indigenous REDD+ at UNFCCC CoP-20 By COICA (Amazon Indigenous Coordination), with WWF Living Amazon Initiative and partners
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