Design and Best Practices for Community Carbon Poverty. Reduction Projects. V.P. Singh and Lou Verchot
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1 Design and Best Practices for Community Carbon Poverty Reduction Projects V.P. Singh and Lou Verchot
2 Agroforestry An old practice, but a new science Agroforestry can contribute to resolving major development problems. Agroforestry can contribute to resolving global environmental problems
3 Agroforestry Multiple plant components Interaction (economic, biophysical) between woody and non-woody components Usually produces multiple products Provides environmental services
4 Climate change adaptation Yield (t ha -1 ) Seasonal rainfall (mm) Sole maize Maize + sesbania
5 AF in the Humid Tropics & C Stocks Primary Forest Managed forest Tree-based systems Crops, Pastures, Grasslands Soil Carbon (Mg ha (Mg ha -1 ) Vegetation Carbon From ASB Climate Change Working Group,Palm et al.
6 There are significant mitigation potentials through sinks Source: IPCC LULUCF Report Wetland restoration Restoration degraded lands Agroforestry Forest management Grazingland management Rice management Cropland management Gt CO 2 e
7 We believe that ICRAF can contribute to CPR partners in several ways Access to innovative science products, tools and services to facilitate project development and implementation Access to policy relevant information to facilitate the creation of enabling environments in countries where projects will be implemented Strategic capacity building to train CPR science innovators and field practitioners for successful implementation of projects.
8 A System for Community CA Participatory Measurement and Modeling Protocol Protocols, Models, Monitoring and Participatory involvement Use remote sensing and GIS to create a novel landscape-wide approach that captures net carbon for an entire landscape Provide a means for carbon accounting that considers time and space averaging
9 Stock Difference Method ΔC = (C t2 C t1 ) / (t 2 t 1 ) ΔC = annual carbon stock change in the pool, tonnes C yr -1 C t1 = carbon stock in the pool at time t 1, tonnes C C t2 = carbon stock in the pool at time t 2, tonnes C
10 Gain-Loss Method ΔC = ΔC G ΔC L ΔC = annual carbon stock change in the pool, tonnes C yr -1 ΔC G = annual gain of carbon, tonnes C yr -1 ΔC L = annual loss of carbon, tonnes C yr -1
11 Carbon measurement
12 Why are Earth Observation Systems as Measuring & Monitoring Tools Possible Now? High resolution data are available via satellites and enables greater and more accurate information Detailed land use information is available at the global level allowing access to remote areas Increased numbers of satellites means higher resolution images at lower cost
13 Role of Remote Sensing Basis for area accounting, national or community level Use remote sensing as a measurement and monitoring tool. Measurement basis LUC: e.g. forest to non forest conversion Forestry: plots to area extrapolation Forestry: degradation/aggredation Landscape management
14
15 Applying Remote Sensing to Land Use Change Forest Burning Slashed Agriculture, grass Agriculture, bare soil
16 Carbon Accounting Remote sensing monitors for permanence and tracking carbon in biomass Plantation plot New trees Mature tress Natural forest
17 It is straight forward to make the link between high resolution satellite monitoring of projects and project level C accounting. New plantings Older trees
18
19 Reflectance Spectroscopy for Rapid Soil Characterization
20 Prediction of Soil Organic Carbon for Kenya Lake Victoria Basin ph = 4.5 9, Clay = 20 80, CEC clay = Calibration set Hold-out validation set y = 0.993x R 2 = 0.98 SEC = 3.21 mg g y = 1.04x R 2 = 0.90 SEP = 6.86 mg g DRS predicted [SOC] DRS predicted [SOC] Analytical [SOC] Analytical [SOC]
21 Leaf Area Index can be used as an Input to NPP-Carbon models LAI vs. FC (in GLA2.0) LAI-4 vs. FC(%) LAI-5 vs. FC Fractional Cover LAI
22 Biophysical measurements Forest density and type mapping in Thailand
23 Soil Type Vegetation Topography (Slope) Prisca Chapuis, LEAD Project, IWMI 2004 Developing Land Management Tools Erosion Risk Elevation Erosion risk Cover J-Rampur 0.89 Saswihal 0.47 Advibhavi 0.92 Jumlapur 1.16 Idlapur 1.93 Livestock Intensity Nandapur 0.67 Myadardokki 0.41 Julakunti 1.20 Garjanal 1.05 Narinal 1.35 Kilarhatti Tanda 1.10 U-Rampur 3.32 Livestock intensity Livestock Pressure Livestock pressure Kanakanala Watershed Secondary Elevation Data Koppal District State of Karnataka 76 25' E 'N India Livestock distribution Ox Cows Buffalo female Buffalo male Sheeps Goats Livestock intensity N Km Settlements Streams Tanks Erosion risk Roads Contours 1 (low risk) (high risk) Livestock pressure 1 (low risk) (high risk)
24 Monitoring multiple communities
25 Quality planting material is essential for the success of the C sequestration projects National authorities often have seeds of commercial (exotic) species, but lack the ability to supply indigenous species. Indigenous species often do not have tested propagation protocols. Seed collection by communities needs appropriate capacity building
26 Seed and seedling supply ICRAF has developed Tree Seeds for Farmers Toolkit ICRAF will work with partners to test sustainable seed supply models Documented experience will be incorporated into seed toolkit and made available to CPR partners.
27 Linking space mapping to carbon accounting models and databases Models provide systematic accounting for carbon
28 Market value For reference: Current ODA = 85 Billion Billion Billion Billion Trillion (Financial Times) Goldman Sachs 10% stake in Chicago Climate Exchange 50% stake in European Climate Exchange
29 Potential of sustainable land management projects in the offset market 600 million ha of unproductive cropping and grazing land converted to high carbon high production agroforestry 300 million ha of existing agroforestry converted to higher productive and higher carbon systems Equivalent to 25% of total existing forest lands
30 What is holding us back? Rigor of impact measurement and monitoring Tools for project implementers Policies and institutions Landscape scale projects Capacity
31 A quick introduction to ICRAF Mission: We use science to generate knowledge on the complex role of trees in livelihoods and the environment, and foster use of this knowledge to improve decisions and practices impacting on the poor.
32 A quick introduction to ICRAF 225 scientists and technicians Agronomists Foresters Ecologists Geneticists Economists Social scientists 22 countries Africa (West, Southern Eastern) South Asia Southeast Asia South America
33 Our Work Plan Measuring and monitoring and management Toolbox of best practices Institutional and policy innovations and reforms Influence carbon markets Develop demonstration projects Institution-building and strengthening
34 Best Practices Toolbox Provide advisory services for best management practices, species selection, agroforestry systems. Link baseline data with project implementation Update advisory package with CPR project experience
35 Other Areas for ICRAF contribution Strong community based institutions are essential to successful C marketing. ICRAF economists will work with projects to develop successful models of community institutions. AF tree product marketing: there is more to market in a project than carbon. Extension methods: how to explain C finance to rural communities
36 Human capacity building Problem: The human capacity to undertake these projects is lacking in developing countries. Formal training: Clinton fellows Technical training: CPR partners International partners National partners DNAs etc.
37
38 Environmental impacts assessment: Water Problem: Ill designed projects could have a negative impact on water availability in some environments due to increased ET by trees. ENCOFOR Land suitability model will be used to help projects evaluate potential impacts on water resources and identify critical areas within project boundaries
39 We propose to work with partners to implement the DFID 5-capital analysis of communities to ensure sustainability Financial capital Project development Learning lessons Vulnerability assessment Strength assessment Physical capital Natural capital Sustainable development Social capital Human capital
40
41
42 Trade-offs & C stocks (Cameroon) High C/Low profit High C/High profit Medium C/Low profit Low C/Low profit Medium C/High profit Low C/High profit Carbon (Mg C ha -1 ) Profitability ( ha -1 ) (Gokowski et al. 1999)
43 Forest Cover Change: Inter-annual Shifting Cultivation Transitions in Laos Land cover Area (ha) V-V-V V-V-NV 2579 NV-NV-V 3409 NV-NV-NV 1189 NV-V-V 2788 NV-V-NV 603 V-NV-V 2897 NV-NV-NV 1772
44 In Situ: GPS, Digital Photos, Forest Mensuration (DBH, height, etc)
45 Biodiversity monitoring in agricultural landscapes requires new approaches New ICRAF model for Biodiversity measurement and monitoring in agroforestry landscapes uses an ecological approach Environmental filter Habitat species pool Total species pool Ecological species pool Internal filter Geographical species pool Dispersal filter Actual species pool
46 Biodiversity monitoring Need new sub-models for economic filtering Need to spatialize the model Need to build in SRES analysis capability to help climate proof projects Environmental filter Habitat species pool Total species pool Ecological species pool Geographical species pool Dispersal filter Internal filter Actual species pool
47 We are interested in non-co 2 GHGs for accounting New work from Sumber Jaya F WF RCL 1y 3y LS 7y 10y R MSC GF N 2 O Emissions (kgn ha -1 y -1 )
48 Opportunities from Converging Technologies Technology Convergence APPLIED TO: Global Environmental Services (Earth observation (EO) systems, Global Positioning Systems, web-enabled Geographic Information Systems, location-based services, large mass data storage) (Climate change, natural resources, biodiversity)
49 Woody Perennials Crops Agroforestry Systems Pastures Animals
50 The Greenhouse Effect 100 Backscattering 30 Atmosphere 70 IR emitted to space Atmospheric absorption 20 Reflected energy and Latent heat GHG 25 Longwave radiation Absorbed Earth Heat Longwave radiation
51 Other Areas for ICRAF contribution Best practices in project design and implementation for equity and gender issues Adaptation to climate change: best practices for climate proofing the projects Biophysical research on AF systems Agents-based economic modeling AF system development: working with partners for development of novel systems
52 Example Multiple Benefit Projects Restoration planting Biofuels Agroforestry Community Forestry
53 Satellite Database Data Analysis Earth Observation System Carbon Models Carbon Accounts Community WWW Markets Buyers Managers
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