1 Biodiversity and Sustainability In t h e w o r l d s many ecosystems whether desert valleys, coral reefs, riverbanks,

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1 1 Biodiversity and Sustainability In t h e w o r l d s many ecosystems whether desert valleys, coral reefs, riverbanks, or backyard gardens are unique assortments of. The vary in s and in how closely or distantly related they are to one another. Also within each are variations in the genetic compositions of individuals. The combination of these levels of variability is referred to as biological diversity or more commonly, biodiversity. Biodiversity is a characteristic of many ecosystems on Earth. 415

2 Science & Global Issues/Biology evolution Ecologists and evolutionary biologists study the biodiversity in ecosystems and how it changed in the past and might change in the future. They examine how environmental factors, including human activities, influence biodiversity and how the sustainability and biodiversity of an area are linked. Sustainability is the ability to meet a community s present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some conservationists track the levels of biodiversity in ecosystems in an effort to establish priorities for saving threatened. One of their approaches is to identify and focus on hotspots, which are areas with a large that are experiencing an extraordinary loss of habitat. Endemic are those that are found exclusively in one area. In this activity you will examine the biodiversity on the fictitious island of Kapikua and explore some of the factors affecting biodiversity. You will be responsible for managing one ecosystem on the island. Your decisions and responses to events will have consequences for the many and people in and around your ecosystem. Challenge 00How are the biodiversity of an ecosystem and the sustainability of human communities related? Materials For each group of four students 4 sets of 26 Species Cards one for each ecosystem set of 18 Event Cards 4 Protected Area Cards set of 50 transparent, colored plastic Money Chips set of 50 opaque, colored plastic Social Chips cube For each student Student Sheet 1.1, Biodiversity Challenge Rules Student Sheet 1.2, Species Card Record Student Sheet 1.3, Sustainability Scores Student Sheet 1.4, Biodiversity Challenge Reflection 416

3 Procedure 1. The map below shows the island of Kapikua, which is located near the equator. There are four major ecosystems on the island. After reading the information about the four ecosystems, have each group member choose one to manage. The ecosystems are: Tropical Montane Cloud Forest This ecosystem is in the higher altitudes of the mountain range running through the island. It is densely forested but the trees are generally much smaller than those found in the lowland rainforest. The air is always damp from the clouds and fog that envelop the area. Lowland Tropical Rainforest This area is a mix of primary and secondary forest. The primary forest is mainly undisturbed and consists of well-spaced tall trees that let little light through to the forest floor. The secondary forest has grown where sections of the primary forest were previously cleared. It has smaller trees that create a dense and tangled jungle environment. biodiversity and sustainability Activity 1 The Island of Kapikua coral reef lowland tropical rainforest north tropical montane cloud forest mangrove forest lowland tropical rainforest south KapiKua island South Sea 417

4 Science & Global Issues/Biology evolution Mangrove Forest This is an area of mangrove trees and shrubs along the coast where the forest floor is muddy and often covered by brackish water. There exist in this forest varied living conditions for the organisms that inhabit the ecosystem. Coral Reef This region lies just offshore from the mangrove forest and close to where the island s largest river flows into the sea. Here the ocean is shallow and much of the reef is easily accessible to swimmers and divers. 2. Once you have determined which ecosystem you will manage, read Student Sheet 1.1, Biodiversity Challenge Rules. If you did not draw at least two forest or two coral Species Cards, exchange a different Species Card for either a forest or a coral Species Card. If you have questions, discuss them as a group before asking your teacher. 3. Before you begin playing the game, make a list of your eight on Student Sheet 1.2, Species Card Record. You will also record your cards at the end of each round on this sheet. 4. Look at the information on your cards, and note on Student Sheet 1.2, Species Card Record, any relationships you see between the on the cards. For example, an organism of one may rely on an organism of another for food or shelter. These relationships will be important as you play the game. 5. On Student Sheet 1.3, Sustainability Scores, calculate and record your initial sustainability score. You will recalculate this score at the end of each round and at the end of the game. 6. Play the game for the three rounds indicated in the Biodiversity Challenge Rules. Your goal is to finish with as high a sustainability score as possible. 7. Follow the instructions at the end of Student Sheet 1.1, Biodiversity Challenge Rules, to adjust your third-round sustainability score to produce a final score. 8. Follow your teacher s directions for discussing this activity with the class. 9. Follow your teacher s directions for discussing the hotspots on the map at the end of this activity. 418

5 biodiversity and sustainability Activity 1 Analysis 1. What levels of biodiversity did you investigate in this activity? 2. Describe how the levels of biodiversity you investigated changed within your ecosystem on Kapikua. 3. Ecosystem services can be broadly defined as the benefits received from ecosystems, including natural resources and processes that humans and other rely on for survival. What types of ecosystem services did your group encounter in the game? 4. Give examples of relationships you observed between ecosystems. Cite one of those examples to explain why what happened in one ecosystem affected others. 5. How is the sustainability of a region tied to its biodiversity? 6. a. Describe how the biodiversity of the ecosystems in your group changed during the game. b. How might the biodiversity of various regions of the earth have changed in the past? c. How might the biodiversity of various regions of the earth change in the future? Key vocabulary biodiversity biological diversity ecosystem services endemic hotspot sustainability trade-off 419

6 Science & Global Issues/Biology evolution Biodiversity Hotspots California Floristic Province Area in unchanged condition: 25%. Protected area: 37% of Plants 3,488 2,124 Mammals Birds Reptiles 69 5 Amphibians Extinct * Polynesia/Micronesia Area in unchanged condition: 21%. Protected area: 7% of Plants 5,330 3,074 Mammals Birds 1, Reptiles Amphibians Extinct * 43 1, Mesoamerica Area in unchanged condition: 20%. Protected area: 13% of Plants 17,000 2,941 Mammals Birds 1, Reptiles Amphibians Extinct *

7 biodiversity and sustainability Activity 1 HotSpot areas MarKed are appro imate caucasus Mediterranean basin South central china indo Burma polynesia MicroneSia philippines West african forests eastern arc Mountains and coastal forests of tan ania Kenya Western Ghats Sri lanka Sundaland Wallacea Succulent Karoo MadaGaScar new caledonia cape floristic region Southwestern australia Madagascar Area in unchanged condition: 50%. Protected area: 3% of Plants 13,000 11,600 Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibians Extinct * Sundaland new ealand Area in unchanged condition: 5%. Protected area: 10% of Plants 25,000 15,000 Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibians Extinct *

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