GEOG 402. Forests and Clearings

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1 GEOG 402 Forests and Clearings

2 Microclimate

3 DEFORESTATION What difference does it make when forest is cleared? Forests differ from cleared land in two hydrologically-significant ways. Forests promote: High Evapotranspiration (ET) Rapid Infiltration

4 FORESTS High Evapotranspiration High R net : Low albedo & low daytime T sfc Low r a : High aerodynamic roughness Low r c : High leaf area High RF interception: High leaf area and roughness High soil water capacity: Deep roots

5 Evapotranspiration Penman-Monteith Equation λe = Δ(R n G) + ρc p r a (e s e) Δ + γ ( r a + r c r a )

6 Net Radiation R net = ( ) ( 4 ) 1 α K + ε L σtsfc ALBEDO: fraction of sunlight reflected by the surface

7 Aerodynamic Resistance Brutsaert and Stricker (1979): r a = ln z a z 0 d k 2 ln u z a z d 0h ROUGHNESS LENGTH: a function of the vegetation height and roughness

8 Canopy Resistance r c = r s LAI Mean stomatal resistance Leaf Area Index

9 Global Deforestation Hotspots Central and South America Southeast Asia Congo Basin In these regions, cleared land is often abandoned after a few years. Secondary vegetation becomes the dominant land cover in many deforested areas.

10 Secondary Vegetation Broad land-cover category with characteristics that change rapidly with time: Albedo initially high Rnet initially low ET initially low Ks initially low

11 Albedo of Secondary Veg Albedo Based on field measurements in eastern Amazon Basin and northern Thailand Typical forest albedo Albedo Years since abandonment

12 R net of Secondary Veg Rnet/Kd Amazonian rainforest value Radiation Efficiency Based on field measurements in eastern Amazon Basin and northern Thailand Years since abandonment

13 ET of Secondary Veg λe/rnet Amazonian rainforest value Evaporative Fraction Based on field measurements in eastern Amazon Basin and northern Thailand Years since abandonment

14 Importance of the Scale of Heterogeneity In deforested tropical landscapes, land cover is distributed in patches. Through time, these patches are becoming smaller. Does patch size have an influence on hydrological processes?

15 Landscape Fragmentation

16 Field Site

17 Ban Tat Hamlet

18 Effects of Fragmentation Transpiration edge effect Overland flow buffering

19 Does patch size influence regional latent energy flux?

20 Edge Effect: Higher rate of evapotranspiration for trees near the forest edge due to: advection of warm dry air from clearing (horizontal transfer of sensible energy) greater turbulent mixing at the boundary between short and tall vegetation

21

22

23 Flux = Velocity x Sapwood Area Transpiration = Flux/Crown Area

24 Granier Probes: Sample ΔT Time Series Δ T (K) ΔT (K)

25 Soil Moisture Clearing Area Forest Clearing Area SAP FLOW STATION SAP FLOW STATION CLEARING STATION EDGE STATION FOREST STATION EDGE STATION Depth (m) Day Day Day Day

26 TRANSPIRATION BASED ON SAPFLOW BAN TAT FOREST PATCH EXPERIMENT HOA BINH, VIETNAM Edge = 1.126Interior r 2 = min Transpiration (W m2) (1:1) Edge Interior

27

28 Day-to-Day Variability

29 Make Sense of the Spatial Patterns What factors are associated with strong edge effect patterns? Expectation 1: Edge effect stronger when conditions produce dry, hot surface in surrounding clearings Expectation 2: Edge effect stronger when wind blows into the edge Is the transpiration pattern responsive to rapid variations in external conditions? Expectation 3: Patterns may be more evident for short interval data

30 Humidity

31 Net Radiation

32 Southwest Wind

33 Does transpiration in the stand vary during the day in response to rapid fluctuations in external conditions? Can the edge effect pattern be seen more clearly during short intervals when conditions are favorable for enhancing transpiration along the forest edge?

34 Let s take a look at the change pattern of transpiration during selected days.

35 Effects on Transpiration Edge effect was observed within the study area and influenced the ET pattern to a distance of at least 100 m from the edge of the patch Edge effect more apparent when dry, hot conditions prevailed in adjacent cleared area Transpiration pattern was responsive to wind direction Edge effect can significantly increase patch ET Greater fragmentation could result in less deforestation-related reduction in regional ET

36 Effect of Clearing Forest Higher albedo Reduced evapotranspiration Reduced aerodynamic roughness Higher daytime temperature If land cover is highly fragmented, horizontal energy exchange may reduce the regional impacts of deforestation on ET and energy balance

Course Description: Course Web Page: ourses/geog402.

Course Description: Course Web Page: ourses/geog402. GEOG 402 (Forest and) Agricultural Climatology: Land-Atmosphere Interaction Geography Department, University of Hawai i at Manoa Fall 2009 Tom Giambelluca Course Web Page: http://climate.socialsciences.hawaii.edu/courses/geog402

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