Alternatives for Invasive Landscape Trees in Georgia:

Transcription

1 Alternatives for Invasive Landscape Trees in Georgia: A Guide for Homeowners and Community Tree Managers Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences

2 Alternatives for Invasive Landscape Trees / i Contents Introduction...1 What is the Danger of Invasive Species?...1 The Benefits of Going Native...2 Coder Planting Zone Map for the State of Georgia...2 Right Tree Right Place...3 Invasive or Non-native Trees Acer palmatum (Japanese maple) Ailanthus altissima (tree-of-heaven) Albizia julibrissin (mimosa) Broussonetia papyrifera (paper-mulberry)...4 Cinnamomum camphora (camphor tree) Citrus trifoliata (trifoliate orange) Cornus kousa (Chinese dogwood) Cunninghamia lanceolata (Chinese fir)...5 Firmiana simplex (Chinese parasoltree) Koelreuteria paniculata (goldenrain tree) Lagerstroemia indica (crapemyrtle) Melia azedarach (chinaberry)...6 Morus alba (white mulberry) Paulownia tomentosa (royal paulownia or princesstree) Phellodendron amurense (amur corktree) Pyrus calleryana (callery pear cultivars)...7 Quercus acutissima (sawtooth oak) Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust) Salix babylonica (weeping willow) Triadica sebifera (Chinese tallowtree)...8 Ulmus parvifolia (Chinese or lacebark elm) Vitex agnus-castus (lilac chastetree) Zelkova serrata (Japanese zelkova)...9 Acer floridanum (Florida maple or Southern sugar maple) Alnus serrulata (hazel alder)...10 Betula nigra (river birch) Carpinus caroliniana (American hornbeam)...11 Cercis canadensis (Eastern redbud) Celtis laevigata (sugarberry)...12 Cladrastis kentukea (yellowwood) Cornus florida (flowering dogwood)...13 Cretaegus viridis (green hawthorn) Diospyros virginiana (persimmon)...14 Gleditsia triacanthos (honeylocust) Helisia diptera (two-winged silverbell)...15 Ilex opaca (American holly) Ilex vomitoria (yaupon)...16 Juniperus virginiana (Eastern redcedar) Liriodendron tulipifera (tulip poplar or yellow-poplar)...17 Magnolia virginiana (sweetbay magnolia) Morus rubra (red mulberry)...18 Nyssa sylvatica (black gum) Ostrya virginiana (Eastern hophornbeam)...19 Pinus echinata (shortleaf pine) Pinus taeda (loblolly pine)...20 Platanus occidentalis (American sycamore) Prunus serotina (black cherry)...21 Quercus alba (white oak) Quercus falcata (Southern red oak)...22 Quercus lyrata (overcup oak) Quercus michauxii (swamp chestnut oak)...23 Quercus phellos (willow oak) Quercus shumardii (Shumard oak)...24 References...25

3 Introduction Alternatives for Invasive Landscape Trees / 1 Homeowners and community tree managers are on the forefront of a fight against introduction of invasive species. Every landscape decision has a direct impact on surrounding ecosystems, so citizens must be aware of introducing invasive plants into urban landscapes near natural areas. Shade and street trees are an indispensable component of any landscape planting, especially in the South where they provide relief from summer sun and heat. These urban trees also contribute other ecosystem services like adding monetary value to properties, softening harsh urban hardscapes, providing psychological relief, and reducing heating and cooling costs, as well as reducing soil erosion, controlling and filtering storm water, and providing wildlife habitat and food. What is the danger of invasive species? Invasive species are not native to an ecosystem and live free from natural predators, parasites, and competitors. As a result, their populations may increase rapidly, causing harm to the economy, environment and human health. Native trees can be weedy, but introduction of exotic tree species has potential to cause greater damage due to a lack of effective biological and climatic control factors. Invasive species can out-compete, displace or kill native species and disrupt vital ecosystem functions such as wildlife food and habitat, water flow, nutrient cycling and soil health. Desirable traits of urban and suburban trees are fast growth- to provide quick shade and visual impact- small to medium mature size- to accommodate small urban spaces- and aestheticscanopy shape, showy flowers, etc. Unfortunately, many fast-growing species could also be nonnative or even invasive, and uninformed homeowners and landscape designers may choose such invasive species based on the aforementioned desired qualities, not knowing the ecological dangers of their decision. Planting certain species of trees also invites disaster in the form of invasive insects or diseases for which these particular species may serve as habitat, food or host. For instance, tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima) is a preferred reproductive host for an invasive agricultural pest known as brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys). Even some native species such as ash (Fraxinus spp.) should be avoided due to the danger of the invasive emerald ash borer beetle (Agrilus planipennis), and non-resistant cultivars of American elm (Ulmus americana) due to the danger of Dutch elm disease (caused by fungal pathogen Ophiostoma spp.). Figure 1: Callery pear cultivars (Pyrus calleryana), a favorite among homeowners and landscapers, are known for spreading along roadsides and other disturbed areas. Image: B. Slattery, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Bugwood.org. Figure 2: Chinaberry (Melia azedarach) was a popular imported ornamental in the mid-1800s and now outcompetes native trees and vegetation on disturbed sites. Image: D. Moorhead, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org.

4 2 / Alternatives for Invasive Landscape Trees Alternatives for Invasive Landscape Trees / 3 Right Tree Right Place Benefits of Going Native Native species of trees are adapted to their ecosystem. They have had millennia to develop alongside fellow species, and have their ecological niche and role to play in wildlife habitat and the food net. Native trees frequently have comparable characteristics to invasives, without the danger of ecosystem damage. They are well-suited for the local climate of their geographical region and benefit native animals. With urban areas expanding at an unprecedented rate, and the introduction of invasive and/or non-native plant species in landscaping of new developments, local ecosystems can use all the help they can get from citizens. It is extremely important to mimic natural landscapes in our green spaces so as to preserve local ecosystems. The native trees suggested for planting in this publication will do well in the state of Georgia, according to the planting zone map below. However, this does not guarantee success. Use of local genetic planting stock ( provenance ) is your best bet. Be sure to work with your local nursery, ask about the source of their stock, and request locally-adapted trees. If you can find trees genetically adapted to your local climatic region, you will maximize growth and vigor, and minimize heat stress, winterkill, frost damage, and insect and disease problems. It is also important to select the proper native tree species to fill a particular planting spot, taking into consideration: above- and below-ground space, light levels, soil moisture/drainage, rooting space, and other potential conflicts. A tree may be suited to the local climate, but still not thrive due to issues with where it is planted. The most expensive planting is a failed planting- perhaps a tree that does not survive to maturity to provide full ecosystem benefits, or a mature tree causing significant infrastructure damage as it grows in size. Figure 3: Coder Tree Planting Zones of Georgia. Map based upon average temperature and precipitation cluster analysis. Image: E. Moss, based on Coder, K. D Native Trees Found Statewide Across Georgia. University of Georgia. Pub No p. Figures 4 & 5: The structure of these trees has been compromised due to extensive pruning, which could have been avoided had such large trees been placed away from overhead utilities. These trees will not provide full ecosystem benefits due to missing canopy, and hazardous decaying branches may develop over time from many pruning wounds. Images: Stephen F. Austin State University, Bugwood.org Figures 6-9 (clockwise from above): Trees not given enough rooting space will be stressed and can become hazards as their size increases; improperly placed trees can cause significant infrastructure damage; trees can also engulf obstructions, which can compromise their structural stability. Images: R. Cyr, Greentree; J. O Brien, USDA Forest Service; W. Fountain, University of Kentucky; J. LaForest, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org

5 tree, the next most important step is proper a leg up in the competitive urban environment. tablishment, which ensures your tree will get eep, at least 1 to 2 feet wider than the root ball, hould be firm so that the root collar (flared d line after planting, and the soil around the ow for a slow taper. Any native soil that is mendments before backfilling. hole, with sloping sides. culture, Bugwood.org. s for the the root des at midments after (Figure the size of oil moisture up against the tree s d pests to g on opposite w into wood; ter ring e root flare and holds moisture against the trunk. e; A. Koeser, International Society of Arboriculture; P. 4 / Alternatives for Invasive Landscape Trees Alternatives for Invasive Landscape Trees / 5 Non-native or Potentially Invasive Trees Non-native or Potentially Invasive Trees Acer palmatum Japanese maple (many varieties) Cinnamomum camphora camphor tree Invasive potential Spreads by over-planting and prolific seeding Invasive Spreads by prolific seeding Laurel wilt Images: T. Davis Sydnor, The Ohio State University; J. Ruter, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org Images: J. H. Miller, USDA Forest Service; F. and K. Starr, Starr Environmental, Bugwood.org Ailanthus altissima tree-of-heaven Citrus trifoliata trifoliate orange Invasive Host to invasive pests Spreads by prolific sprouting and seeding Invasive Spreads as root grafts for other citrus trees and by prolific seeding Forms thickets Large thorns Images: C. Bargeron, University of Georgia; C. Bargeron, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org Images: N. Loewentstein, Auburn University; J. H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org Albizia julibrissin mimosa Cornus kousa Chinese dogwood Invasive Spreads by prolific seeding Weak wood Non-native Spreads by over-planting Images: J. H. Miller, USDA Forest Service.; L. Ingram, Bugwood.org Images: W. M. Ciesla, Forest Health Management International; R. Webb, Bugwood.org Broussonetia papyrifera paper-mulberry Cunninghamia lanceolata Chinese fir Invasive Spreads by prolific seeding and sprouting Weak wood and shallow roots Images: C. Evans, University of Illinois; F. and K. Starr, Starr Environmental, Bugwood.org Non-native Invasive potential Spreads by planting Images: R. Vidéki, Doronicum Kft.; J. Ruter, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org

6 6 / Alternatives for Invasive Landscape Trees Alternatives for Invasive Landscape Trees / 7 Non-native or Potentially Invasive Trees Non-native or Potentially Invasive Trees Firmiana simplex Chinese parasoltree Morus alba white mulberry Invasive Spreads by prolific seeding (self-fertilizes) Invasive Messy fruit Spreads by prolific seeding and hybridizing with native species Images: F. Bonner, USFS; K. A. Rawlins, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org Images: R. Vidéki, Doronicum Kft.; T. D. Sydnor, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org Koelreuteria paniculata goldenrain tree Paulownia tomentosa royal paulownia (princesstree) Non-native Invasive potential Spreads by planting Invasive Colonizes marginal habitats Extremely fast-growing Spreads by prolific seeding and sprouting Images: T. D. Sydnor, The Ohio State University; T. D. Sydnor, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org Images: L. J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut; L. J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org Lagerstroemia indica crapemyrtle Phellodendron amurense amur corktree Non-native Spreads by over-planting, prolific seeding and sprouting Invasive potential Invasive potential Inhibits oak regeneration Spreads by over-planting and prolific seeding Images: T. Davis Sydnor, The Ohio State University; T. English, USDA APHIS PPQ, Bugwood.org Images: P. Breen, Oregon State University; P. Breen, Oregon State University, Bugwood.org Melia azedarach chinaberry Pyrus calleryana callery pear (many cultivars) Invasive Poisonous seeds Releases chemical that prevents growth of other plant species (allelopathy) Spreads by prolific seeding and forming thickets Images: K. A. Rawlins, University of Georgia; J. M. Randall, The Nature ervancy, Bugwood.org Invasive Poor structure Susceptible to storm damage Spreads by over-planting and prolific seeding Images: C. Bargeron, University of Georgia; L. J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org

7 8 / Alternatives for Invasive Landscape Trees Alternatives for Invasive Landscape Trees / 9 Non-native or Potentially Invasive Trees Non-native or Potentially Invasive Trees Quercus acutissima sawtooth oak Ulmus parvifolia Chinese (lacebark) elm (many cultivars) Invasive potential Spreads by over-planting and prolific seeding Images: C. Bargeron, University of Georgia; R. Gardner, UMES, Bugwood.org Invasive potential Spreads by over-planting and prolific seeding Brittle wood Poor structure Susceptible to storm damage Images: K. A. Rawlins, University of Georgia; K. A. Rawlins, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org Robinia pseudoacacia black locust Weedy native Short life span Many insect and disease issues Brittle wood Susceptible to storm damage Spreads by prolific seeding Vitex agnus-castus lilac chastetree Non-native Invasive potential Spreads by seeding and over-planting Images: C. Evans, University of Illinois; V. Wilkins, Indiana University, Bugwood.org Images: K. A. Rawlins, University of Georgia; R. F. Billings, Texas A&M Forest Service, Bugwood.org Salix babylonica weeping willow Zelkova serrata Japanese zelkova Non-native Brittle wood; susceptible to storm damage Aggressive rooting behavior; disrupts and damages stream health Spreads by sprouting and seeding Images: J. M. DiTomaso, University of California- Davis; J. O Brien, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org Triadica sebifera Chinese tallowtree Invasive Spreads by prolific seeding Fallen leaves release chemicals that inhibit growth of native plants Images: J. H. Miller, USDA Forest Service; C. Evans, University of Illinois, Bugwood.org Invasive Over-planted Poor structure Susceptible to storm damage Images: R. Webb; R. Webb, Bugwood.org

8 10 / Alternatives for Invasive Landscape Trees Alternatives for Invasive Landscape Trees / 11 Acer floridanum Florida maple (Southern sugar maple) Betula nigra river birch Easily found in nurseries Winter interest Tolerates drought once established Full sun to partial shade GA planting zones: 1-7 Messy- sheds bark Full sun to partial shade Tolerates moist to dry soils GA planting zones: 1-7 Tolerates drought once established No serious pest or disease issues Easily found in nurseries Beautiful fall color Images: R. D. Wallace, University of Georgia; J. Ruter, University of Georgia; J. Ruter, University of Georgia; J. Ruter, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org Images: K. A. Rawlins, University of Georgia; S. Katovich, USDA Forest Service; R. Webb; V. Wilkins, Indiana University, Bugwood.org Alnus serrulata hazel alder Carpinus caroliniana American hornbeam No serious insect or disease issues Slow-growing Shade Prefers moist soils GA planting zones: 1-7 No serious insect or disease issues Tolerates poor soils Weak wood Multi-stemmed; needs pruning for form Full sun to partial shade Prefers moist soils Good for stream rehabilitation GA planting zones: 1-7 Images: D. Stephens; K. A. Rawlins, University of Georgia; J. O Brien, USDA Forest Service; J. Ruter, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org Images: R. Routledge, Sault College; T. Davis Sydnor, The Ohio State University; P. Wray, Iowa State University; B. Cook, Michigan State University, Bugwood.org

9 12 / Alternatives for Invasive Landscape Trees Alternatives for Invasive Landscape Trees / 13 Celtis laevigata sugarberry Cladrastis kentukea yellowwood Tolerates dry soils once established Showy flowers Susceptible to sunscald Fragile branches Full sun GA planting zones: 1-6 Tolerates drought once established Tolerates air pollution, flooding and poor soils Fast-growing May self-seed and become weedy Surface roots Weak wood Full sun to partial shade GA planting zones: 1-7 Images: F. Bonner, USFS; C. Evans, University of Illinois; T. Davis Sydnor, The Ohio State University; C. Evans, University of Illinois, Bugwood.org Images: P. Wray, Iowa State University; T. Davis Sydnor, The Ohio State University; T. Davis Sydnor, The Ohio State University; J. Ruter, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org Cercis canadensis Eastern redbud Cornus florida flowering dogwood (many cultivars) Showy flowers Small size Easy to find in nurseries Showy flowers Small size Easy to find in nurseries Prone to cankers, wilts and diebacks May self-seed Messy seed pods Prone to anthracnose Intolerant of heat and drought Full sun to partial shade GA planting zones: 1-7 Must be planted in partial shade Requires moist, well-drained soil GA planting zones: 1-7 Images: J. Ruter, University of Georgia; T. Stancec, Plantscape, Inc.; K. A. Rawlins, University of Georgia; D. Stephens, Bugwood.org Images: F. Bonner, USFS; K. A. Rawlins, University of Georgia; J. Blimline; T. Davis Sydnor, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org

10 14 / Alternatives for Invasive Landscape Trees Alternatives for Invasive Landscape Trees / 15 Crataegus viridis green hawthorn Messy fruit Thorns Insect and disease issues similar to apple trees Sun to partial shade GA planting zones: 1-4 Small size Tolerates drought, dry soils and pollution Winter King variety easy to find in nurseries Gleditsia triacanthos honeylocust Tolerates drought, rocky soils and pollution Easy to find in nurseries- choose thornless varieties Winter interest Showy flowers Susceptible to pests and disease, locust leafminer Messy seed pods, may become weedy Over-planted in the past Full sun Wide crown best-suited for large lawns GA planting zones: 1-6 Images: T. Davis Sydnor, The Ohio State University; T. Davis Sydnor, The Ohio State University; T. Davis Sydnor, The Ohio State University; R. D. Wallace, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org Images: R. Vidéki, Doronicum Kft.; T. DeGomez, University of Arizona; C. Evans, University of Illinois; V. Wilkins, Indiana University, Bugwood.org Diospyros virginiana persimmon Halesia diptera two-winged silverbell Showy flowers Small size No insect or disease issues May be difficult to find in nurseries Multi-stemmed; needs pruning for shape/structure Partial sun to partial shade Prefers moist soil GA planting zones: 1-7 Tolerates drought, rocky soils and pollution Edible fruit No serious insect or disease issues Easy to find in nurseries Winter interest Dioecious- female and male trees needed for fruit Full sun to partial shade GA planting zones: 1-7 Images: R. D. Wallace, University of Georgia; T. Davis Sydnor, The Ohio State University; T. Davis Sydnor, The Ohio State University; T. Davis Sydnor, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org Images: G. Wade, University of Georgia; G. Wade, University of Georgia; G. Wade, University of Georgia; N. Loewenstein, Auburn University, Bugwood.org

11 16 / Alternatives for Invasive Landscape Trees Alternatives for Invasive Landscape Trees / 17 Ilex opaca American holly Juniperus virginiana Eastern redcedar Evergreen Easily found in nurseries Slow-growing Dioecious- needs female and male trees for fruit Sun to partial shade Needs moist soil and shade in hot climates GA planting zones: 1-7 Rust diseases, bagworms Allergy issues for certain people Dioecious- needs female and male trees for fruit Full sun GA planting zones: 1-7 Images: J. Ruter, University of Georgia; R. Webb; D. Stephens; J. H. Miller and T. Bodner, Southern Weed Science Society, Bugwood.org Tolerates drought and heat Good for screens Evergreen Easy to find in nurseries Images: B. Cook, Michigan State University; B. Cook, Michigan State University; F. Bonner, USFS; P. Wray, Iowa State University, Bugwood.org Ilex vomitoria yaupon holly Liriodendron tulipifera tulip- or yellow-poplar Showy flowers Fast-growing Intolerant of hot, dry sites Winter interest Tolerates drought once established Good screen Smaller size (up to 25ft tall) May self-seed or sprout Dioecious- needs female and male trees for fruit Full sun to partial shade GA planting zones: 1-7 Images: C. T. Bryson, USDA ARS; C. Evans, University of Illinois; C. Evans, University of Illinois; M. Dowdy, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org Full sun Prefers moist, organically rich soil Large tree best-suited for large lawns GA planting zones: 1-7 Images: K. A. Rawlins, University of Georgia; K. A. Rawlins, University of Georgia; C. Evans, University of Illinois; V. Wilkins, Indiana University, Bugwood.org

12 18 / Alternatives for Invasive Landscape Trees Alternatives for Invasive Landscape Trees / 19 Magnolia virginiana sweetbay magnolia Nyssa sylvatica black gum Showy flowers Leaves have pleasant lemon scent when crushed Does not tolerate colder winter temperatures Partial Shade Prefers moist soil GA planting zones: 1-7 Slow-growing Dioecious- female and male trees needed for fruit Full sun to partial shade Prefers moist to wet soils GA planting zones: 1-7 Tolerates extremes of soil moisture No serious insect or disease issues Beautiful fall color Images: C. Evans, University of Illinois; R. Webb, T. Davis Sydnor, The Ohio State University; V. Wilkins, Indiana University, Bugwood.org Images: F. Bonner, USFS; R. Webb; R. D. Wallace, University of Georgia; K. A. Rawlins, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org Morus rubra red mulberry Ostrya virginiana Eastern hophornbeam Tolerates drought and air pollution No serious insect or disease issues - edible fruits May self-seed Messy fruit (avoid females) Male trees can cause allergy issues for certain people Full sun to partial shade Prefers moist, well-drained soils GA planting zones: 1-7 Slow-growing Slow to establish following transplanting May be difficult to find in nurseries Full sun to shade GA planting zones: 1-7 Images: V. Wilkins, Indiana University; T. Davis Sydnor, The Ohio State University; D. Stephens; C. Evans, University of Illinois, Bugwood.org Tolerates drought once established No serious insect or disease issues Medium-sized tree for smaller spaces Winter interest Images: S. Katovich, USDA Forest Service; P. Wray, Iowa State University; R. Routledge, Sault College; T. Davis Sydnor, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org

13 20 / Alternatives for Invasive Landscape Trees Alternatives for Invasive Landscape Trees / 21 Pinus echinata shortleaf pine Platanus occidentalis American sycamore Fast-growing Tolerates flooding and some drought Winter interest Messy pollen, needles and cones Messy leaves, bark and fruit; surface roots Allergy issues for certain people Full sun to partial shade GA planting zones: 1-7 Tolerates drought and dry soil Fast-growing Good screen Evergreen All Images: C. Evans, University of Illinois; V. Wilkins, Indiana University; V. Wilkins, Indiana University; A. Moss, Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College, Bugwood.org Full sun to partial shade Prefers moist soils Large tree best-suited for large lawns GA planting zones: 1-7 Images: R. Routledge, Sault College; R. Webb; A. Bridgman, SC Department of Natural Resources; T. Davis Sydnor, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org Pinus taeda loblolly pine Prunus serotina black cherry Tolerates drought and dry soil Fast-growing Good screen- evergreen Showy flowers Fast-growing Messy pollen, needles and cones Surface roots Susceptible to fusiform rust and pine beetles Susceptible to several pests and diseases Foliage is poisonous if eaten in large quantities Messy fruit Full sun Good for areas with drainage problems GA planting zones: 1-7 Full sun Large tree best-suited for large lawns GA planting zones: 1-7 All Images: A. Moss, Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College; P. Bolstad, University of Minnesota; R. Webb; E. G. Vallery, USDA Forest Service SRS, Bugwood.org Images: R. Vidéki, Doronicum Kft.; G. Wojciech, Polish Forest Research Institute; K. Kanoti, Maine Forest Service; V. Wilkins, Indiana University, Bugwood.org

14 22 / Alternatives for Invasive Landscape Trees Alternatives for Invasive Landscape Trees / 23 Quercus alba white oak Quercus lyrata overcup oak No serious pest or disease issues Slow-growing Messy fruit litter Full sun to partial shade Prefers moist soil: good for areas with drainage problems GA planting zones: 1-7 No serious pest issues Tolerates drought once established Slow-growing Anthracnose and oak leaf blister Messy fruit litter Full sun to partial shade Moist to dry soils Large tree best-suited for large lawns GA planting zones: 1-7 Images: P. Wray, Iowa State University; T. Davis Sydnor, The Ohio State University; T. Davis Sydnor, The Ohio State University; C. Evans, University of Illinois, Bugwood.org Images: C. Evans, University of Illinois; C. Evans, University of Illinois; V. Wilkins, Indiana University; V. Wilkins, Indiana University, Bugwood.org Quercus falcata Southern red oak Quercus michauxii swamp chestnut oak No serious pest or disease issues Drought tolerant once established Messy fruit litter May need pruning for form Full sun Tolerates dry soils Large tree best-suited for large lawns GA planting zones: 1-7 Tolerates drought once established Showy bark and fall color No serious insect or disease issues May take years to produce Acorns Messy fruit Full sun to partial shade Tolerates wet soils Large tree best-suited for large lawns GA planting zones: 1-7 Images: T. Davis Sydnor, The Ohio State University; D. Stephens; F. Bonner, USFS; T. Davis Sydnor, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org Images: F. Bonner, USFS (ret.); V.Wilkins, Indiana University; D. Stephens; D. Stephens, Bugwood.org

15 24 / Alternatives for Invasive Landscape Trees Quercus phellos willow oak Fast-growing Tolerates pollution Good pest resistance Chestnut blight, anthracnose, oak leaf blister, cankers Messy fruit litter Full sun to partial shade Prefers moist to wet soil Large tree best-suited for large lawns GA planting zones: 1-7 Images: F. Bonner, USDA Forest Service; D. Stephens; D. Stephens; D. Stephens, Bugwood.org Quercus shumardii Shumard oak No serious pest or disease issues Fast-growing Tolerates drought once established May need pruning for form Messy fruit litter Full sun to partial shade Tolerates a variety of soil conditions GA planting zones: 1-7 Images: C. Evans, University of Illinois; C. Evans, University of Illinois; F. Bonner, USFS; V. Wilkins, Indiana University, Bugwood.org Alternatives for Invasive Landscape Trees / 25 References Burns, R. M. and B. H. Honkala (Tech. Coords.) Silvics of North America: 1. Conifers; 2. Hardwoods. Agriculture Handbook 654. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Washington, D.C. Vol p. Chappell, M. R., K. D. Coder and G. Peiffer Rev Shade Trees for Georgia. University of Georgia Extension. Circular p. Coder, K. D Drought Resistant Trees. Warnell School, University of Georgia. Pub. No. WSFNR p. Coder, K. D Invasive Trees of Georgia. Warnell School, University of Georgia. Pub. No. WSFNR p. Coder, K. D Native Trees Found Statewide Across Georgia. Warnell School, University of Georgia. Pub No p. Coder, K. D Native Tree Species of Georgia by Hardiness Zones. Warnell School, University of Georgia. Pub. No p. Florkowska, M. and R. Westerfield Rev Great Plants under 20 feet for Small Spaces. University of Georgia Extension. Circular p. Gilman, E. F. and D. G. Watson Rev Southern Trees Fact Sheets. University of Florida IFAS Extension. Pub No. #ENH Midcap, J. T. and K. D. Coder Rev Shade and Street Care. University of Georgia Extension. Bulletin p. Midcap, J. T. and N. Weatherly, Jr Rev Landscape Plants for Georgia. University of Georgia Extension. Bulletin p. Missouri Botanical Garden. Plant Finder. Plant ervation Alliance s Alien Plant Working Group. Least Wanted: Alien Plant Invaders of Natural Areas Fact Sheets for Trees. University of Connecticut. Plant Database. Virginia Tech. Virginia Tech Dendrology Factsheets. factsheets.cfm. Wade, G., E. Nash, E. McDowell, B. Beckham and S. Crisafulli Rev Native Plants for Georgia, Part I: Trees, Shrubs and Woody Vines. University of Georgia Extension. Bulletin p. USDA Forest Service. Invasive Plants Fact Sheets. weeds/index.shtm.

16 Moss, E. J., K. D. Coder, D. J. Moorhead and C. Bargeron. Alternatives for Invasive Landscape Trees in Georgia: A guide for homeowners and community tree managers. University of Georgia. Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health, Tifton, GA. BW pp. Cover image: International Society of Arboriculture, Bugwood.org. The University of Georgia offers educational programs, assistance and materials to all people without regard to race, color, national origin, age, gender or disability. The University of Georgia is committed to principles of equal opportunity and affirmative action.