Design of Open-Channel Waterways
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1 Design of OpenChannel Waterways Open channels can be designed using the concept of maximum permissible depth of flow. The fundamental premise of this approach is that for any selected channel there exist a limiting depth of flow above which scour will occur. Any depth less than the limiting depth is noneroding. This limiting depth is termed the maximum permissible depth of flow. For a particular lining material, the maximum permissible depth of flow is determined by the channel gradient and the erodibility of the underlying soil. Alternately, the design could also be based on the concept of the maximum permissible velocity. Both concepts are connected through the Manning Equation. Design Steps 1. Perform hydrologic computations and select design flows. 2. Estimate soil erodibility. 3. Define type of channel lining material desired. 4. Define channel slope and any restrictions on channel geometry. 5. Determine maximum permissible depth of flow, or maximum permissible velocity of flow, for lining material. 6. Select channel geometry and channel lining suitable for the design flows being considered. 7. Consider other possible factors. Hydrologic Computations Waterways are normally sized to carry the runoff from the 24hour rainfall with a 10year return period. If a vegetative lining is feasible, and a temporary lining is to be used during the establishment period, a lower return period might be considered for the design of the temporary lining. Temporary linings include bare soil, or straw with erosionet. The materials for temporary linings are usually biodegradable.
2 Soil Erodibility Use of the design charts for maximum permissible depth of flow requires specification of the soil erodibility class characteristics of the underlying soil. A soil may be identified as being highly erodible, very erodible, moderately erodible, slightly erodible, or erosion resistant. In general, sandy noncohesive soils tend to be highly erodible, large grained gravelsiltclay mixtures are erosion resistant, and colloids are moderately erodible. Estimates of erodibility class may be based on soil erodibility determinations used in conjunction with the Universal Soil Loss Equation. Channel Lining Material The lining material determines factors such as the hydraulic and scour resistance of the waterway. Choice should be based on economic considerations, such as initial capital outlay, and the cost of labor and machinery required for maintenance. Rock riprap specifications should include not only rock size, thickness of riprap, toe trench dimensions, but also durability, hardness, angularity, and resistance to weathering. Restrictions on Channel Geometry It is important to identify restrictions or constraints that must be placed on channel geometry. The constraints may have the effect of limiting or increasing the size (depth, width, or both) of the channel. On the one hand, the presence of roads, buildings, or established property lines may limit the available space, and hence, restrict the waterway width and/or side slopes. A stable channel design of relatively narrow width and steep side slopes can often be achieved with the use of more rigid lining materials that incorporate some "retaining wall" features (gabion baskets, sheet piling, concrete). On the other hand, for purposes of safety, erosion resistance, construction or maintenance ease, channel side slopes involving flexible linings should be kept relatively flat. For erosion resistance, it is suggested that side slopes be no greater than 3:2 for mediumtextured soils, 1:1 for cohesive welldrained clay, and 4:1 for noncohesive sands. Ideally, side slopes should be 2:1 or flatter for erosion
3 resistance, and still flatter slopes may be necessary for construction or other reasons. Maximum Permissible Depth of Flow, d max. The maximum permissible depth of flow can be determined for selected lining material(s), channel slope(s), and soil erodibility classes (or rock D 50 ) from the table below. Channel Lining Bare soil Straw mulch and erosionet Grass mixture High Retardance Grass mixture Low Retardance Rock riprap D 50 = 0.25 m Rock riprap D 50 = m Maximum permissible depth of flow as a function of channel slope, channel lining, and soil erodibility Maximum permissible depth of flow (ft) Erosion Resistant Soil s s s s Moderately Erodible Soil s s s s s s 1.0 Highly Erodible Soil s s s s If the d max so determined for particular conditions is not compatible with geometry constraints that have been established, a new lining material should be selected. Maximum nonscouring velocities for open channels Maximum permissible velocities on established cover (ft/s) Material Bare Soil Medium grass cover Good grass cover
4 Light silty sand 1.0 Light loose sand Coarse sand Sandy soil 6.5 Firm clay loam Stiff clay or stiff gravelly soil 8.0 Coarse gravels 5.0 Shale, hardpan, soft rock 7.0 Hard cemented comglomerates 8.0 Channel Geometry The channel geometry can now be determined for selected channel lining materials on the basis of factors such as channel slope, water flow rate, and soil erodibility. Parabolic crosssections most closely approximates natural channels. Trapezoidal and triangular crosssections tend to become parabolic over time. This stage of the design involves one step for unlined channels, channels lined with straw mulch, or channels lined with rock riprap. Two steps are necessary for channels lined with grass mixtures. Except for grasslined waterways, crosssectional characteristics can be determined by using the Manning equation. The hydraulic radius, wetted perimeter, and area are all functions of depth. The channel is sized so as to ensure that the flow depth is less than or equal to d max. For channels lined with grass mixtures, waterway dimension should first be determined for conditions when the channel is most susceptible to erosion, that is when the established vegetation is sparse or dormant. This design step provides a stable waterway cross section for the maximum permissible depth of flow occurring on the established vegetative lining in its most vulnerable condition. The second step is then required for the vegetated channel design to determine the depth of flow required to transmit the design flow rate when the grass mixture is
5 mature and dense. In this condition the channel is less susceptible to erosion, but is providing maximum retardance to the water flow. The depth required to carry the design flow over the increased retardance conditions has been termed the depth for design capacity, d cap, and is based on d max. d cap = d max + (d cap d max ) Comparisons of channel geometries for various lining materials allow confirmation of a suitable lining for the design flows considered. Other Design Considerations ^ Freeboard. Most lining materials should extend to the top of the bank or at least 3 ft above the design water level (measured along the slope). ^ Protection in bends. Extra protection from erosion is often required at bends and corners of channels with flexible linings. Where possible, circular curves should be used. ^ Tile outlets. Where drainage tiles outlet into the waterway, both the outlet portion of the tile and the bank surrounding the outlet pipe require special consideration. ^ Construction and maintenance of equipment. A decision on the final size and shape of the waterway should take into account the type of equipment to be used. The channel design may be widened or curved, and the side slopes may be flattened to facilitate construction, maintenance, or both.
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