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3 Deforestation INTRODUCTIION Forests, the lungs of the planet, are under extreme threat. Up to a fifth of global greenhouse gas emissions come from deforestation and forest degradation. How the land is used following logging is critical to understanding deforestation, because without follow-up fires and cultivation, the land would return to forest. The dominant land use after logging is food production, particularly grazing land (Amazon), and soybean production (southern Brazil) driven by demand for livestock feed. Removing the drivers of deforestation by changing diet away from livestock would have a dramatic impact on this destruction. 148

4 Deforestation / Introduction 15 BILLION TREES ARE CUT DOWN ANNUALLY There are roughly 3 trillion trees on Earth The study also finds that human activity is detrimental to tree abundance worldwide. Around 15 billion trees are cut down each year, the researchers estimate; since the onset of agriculture about 12,000 years ago, the number of trees worldwide has dropped by 46% Nature Journal, 2015 FORESTS CONTRIBUTE TO THE LIVELIHOODS OF 1 BILLION PEOPLE Forests are home to 300 million people around the world and they contribute to the livelihoods of many of the 1.2 billion people living in extreme poverty. Forests provide global food security and resources, food, fodder, fuel and medicine International Union for Conservation of Nature,

5 9 Deforestation Forests Threatened 150

6 Deforestation / Problem / Forests Threatened AN AREA THE SIZE OF GREECE IS DEFORESTED ANNUALLY 50% OF ORIGINAL FOREST GONE IN LAST 50 YEARS 1,300 km2 of the world s tropical forests are being cut down every year, that s an area the same size as Greece United Nations Environment Programme, 2009 Over the past 50 years, about half the world s original forest cover has been lost WWF, TRILLION LESS TREES We now have 3 trillion less trees The Conservation,

7 Deforestation / Problem / Forests Threatened CONVERSION OF ORIGINAL BIOMES, Fraction of potential area converted % MEDITERRANEAN FOREST, WOODLAND, AND SCRUB TEMPERATE FOREST STEPPE AND WOODLAND TEMPERATE BROADLEAF AND MIXED FOREST TROPICAL AND SUB-TROPICAL DRY BROADLEAF FOREST FLOODED GRASSLAND AND SAVANNA TROPICAL, SUB-TROPICAL, GRASSLAND, SAVANNA, AND SHRUBLAND TROPICAL AND SUB-TROPICAL CONIFEROUS FOREST DESERTS MONTANE GRASSLAND AND SHRUBLAND TROPICAL AND SUB-TROPICAL MOIST BROADLEAF FOREST TEMPERATE CONIFEROUS FOREST BOREAL FOREST TUNDRA Conversion of original biomes Loss by 1950 Loss between 1950 and 1990 Projected loss by 2050a According to four scenarios. For 2050 projections, the average value of the projections under the four scenarios is plotted and the error bars (black lines) represent the range of values from the different scenarios. Source: MA United Nations Environment Programme,

8 Deforestation / Problem / Forests Threatened 70% OF BIODIVERSITY IS IN FORESTS 70% of Earth s land animals and plants live in forests National Geographic $ ANNUALLY DEFORESTATION COSTS MORE THAN THE RECENT BANK CRISIS The global economy is losing more money from the disappearance of forests than through the current banking crisis costing the world between $2 & $5 trillion annually BBC, GLOBAL GDP = $73 TRILLION In 2012, global GDP amounted to about US$73.48 trillion Statista,

9 9 Deforestation Deforestation Drives Global Warming 154

10 Deforestation / Problem / Deforestation Drives Global Warming DEFORESTATION RELEASES CARBON INTO THE ATMOSPHERE 20% OF CO2 EMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATION Lost forest cover heats the planet, because trees absorb CO2 while they re alive, and when they re burned or cut down, the greenhouse gas is released back into the atmosphere Almost 20% of all global CO2 emissions are caused by deforestation Time Magazine, 2008 World Bank, 2008 FORESTS ABSORB 40% OF CO2 75% OF BLACK CARBON FROM DEFORESTATION World s forests absorb almost 40% of man-made CO2 Three quarters of black carbon (soot) and ozone pollution come from deforestation fires and open fires The Telegraph, 2011 Journal of Geophysical Research,

11 9 Deforestation 156

12 Deforestation / Cause CATTLE RANCHING RESPONSIBLE FOR 80% OF AMAZON DEFORESTATION Cattle ranching is the number one culprit of deforestation in virtually every Amazon country, and it accounts for 80% of current deforestation WWF,

13 9 Deforestation 158

14 Deforestation / Timeline 1 2 RAINFOREST DEFORESTATION INCREASED BY 25% SINCE THE 90 S 10% MORE RAINFOREST WILL BE DESTROYED IN THE NEXT 35 YEARS Tropical deforestation rates this decade are 8.5% higher than during the 1990 s. However the loss of primary tropical rainforest, the wildest and most diverse swaths, has increased by as much as 25% since the 1990 s Scientific American, 2009 By 2050 cropland will have expanded by 42% and fertilizer use increased sharply by 45% over 2009 levels. A further tenth of the world s pristine tropical forests will disappear over the next 35 years University of Cambridge, RAINFORESTS HAVE 100 YEARS LEFT If the current rate of deforestation continues, the world s rainforests will vanish within 100 years 3 NASA,

15 Deforestation / Timeline MAP: FOREST AREA Forest area in 2000 and projected forest area in 2050 and 2100, as calculated by the Living Forests Model under a Do Nothing Scenario, in which a demand for land increases to supply a population with food, fibre and fuel, and historical patterns of poorly planned and governed exploitation of forest resources continue WWF 160

16 9 Deforestation 161

17 Deforestation / Solution KEEPING FORESTS ALIVE IS CRUCIAL TO SOLVING CLIMATE CHANGE The Nature Conservancy PLANTING TREES WILL STOP GLOBAL WARMING We could make a very significant impact on global warming a few decades from now by planting trees on around 500 million acres. It surely sounds like a lot of land but, by way of comparison, the world has about 10 times that amount in pasture land right now, so it would not be a matter of trying to plant trees in the desert or on lands already used for crop production Union of Concerned Scientists, 2012 SWITCHING FROM ANIMAL PROTEIN TO PLANT PROTEIN CAN STOP DEFORESTATION From now on, the question of whether we get our protein from animals or plants has direct implications for how much more of the world s remaining forest we have to raze Worldwatch Institute,

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