The impact of upland land management on flood generation

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1 The impact of upland land management on flood generation Neil McIntyre Imperial College London Z. Frogbrook, M. Marshall, B. Reynolds, I. Solloway, H. Wheater, B. Jackson, N. Bulygina, C. Ballard

2 Author s Notes Slide Note 2 So why I are we carrying out such work? Well there is growing concern that modern agricultural practises in the UK may be causing a reduction in soil water storage capacity and infiltration rate leading to rapid runoff of water into streams and ditches. as part of the DEFRA/EA flood and coastal defence R&D programme A comprehensive report undertaken to review the impacts of rural land use and management on flood generation highlighted the inadequacies of available data sources particularly regarding upland land use on flood generation. Not only that, but it also reported that most work to date had focused on plot scale impacts whereas understanding the impact at the hillslope and catchment scale is crucial for flood risk management. 14 Now I would like to present data that shows the observed runoff response from the bowl study site. 16 We took measurements in the both the A and B horizons under the improved pasture and adjacent trees area soils. Graph shows values from zero to -100 cm H20 i.e. between saturation and field capacity. We can see that, in the A horizon, saturated moisture content is higher, and there is a greater difference between the 2 extreme values, indicating that there is a greater soil water storage once the soil has drained due to gravity. 17 We also measured soil hydraulic conductivity in the TSBs and adjacent pasture and saw a significant increase (~2.5 times greater) in the trees in that of the A horizon under the trees. DTTs [dye tracer]show preferential movement of water to depth, potentially allowing the water to access deeper soil storage areas 20 I would now like to present some data that shows some observed differences in runoff between unimproved and improved grassland catchments 24 From accessed 25/11/10 The most influencial properties were found to be Base Flow Index (proportion of flow as base flow) and a Wetness Index equal to precipitation divided by potential evaporation. In their work the Base Flow Index (BFI) is estimated using the HOST system of Boorman et al. (1995). The HOST system provides estimates of Base Flow Index (BFIHOST) for each of 29 soil classes as functions of various physical soil properties: depth to gleyed layer, depth to slowly permeable layer, integrated air capacity, presence of peaty surface layer, and soil parent material. Therefore, BFIHOST is non-linearly related to soil properties, with considerable uncertainty. The variance of BFIHOST is specified for each class, representing spatial and temporal variabilities within classes.

3 Some background Concern that modern agricultural practices may be causing a reduction in soil water storage capacity and infiltration rate leading to rapid runoff of water into rivers But very little scientific evidence to support this (Source: O Connell et al., 2004)

4 Some background Have changes in agricultural land management increased flood flows? How can we predict impacts at field and catchment scale?

5 Pontbren 17 km 2 headwater catchment of the Upper Severn Improved grassland Predominately grazed by sheep

6 Pontbren 17 km 2 headwater catchment of the Upper Severn Improved grassland Predominately grazed by sheep

7 Pontbren

8 Effect of tree age on infiltration 120 Infiltration rate mm h Changes in as little as 2 years Carroll et al Age (years)

9 Multi-scale experimental programme M 2 M 1 M H M 4 H M n n Catchment boundary Stream network Stream flow gauging site Rain gauge Instrumented hillslope Manipulation plot

10 Multi-scale experimental programme Quantifying the hydrological response: Plot scale Field scale Catchment Scale

11 Plot scale 4 sets of 3 manipulation plots located across the catchment 10 m 10 m 12 m grazed ungrazed trees 12 m

12 Plot scale 4 sets of 3 manipulation plots located across the catchment C UG 10 m 10 m 12 m grazed ungrazed trees T 12 m

13 Results - Manipulation plots Increase in runoff peaks and volume after treatment in all plots, moreso in treated plots

14 Results - Manipulation plots

15 Results - Hillslope scale Instrumented Hillslope The Bowl AWS Tree planted hillslope T2 T1 Key: AWS Automatic weather station; Rain gauge; Overland flow trap; Instrumented drain; Tensiometer array; neutron probe access tube; borehole; stream flow gauge. Down slope

16

17 Can trees improve soil hydraulic properties? Soil moisture characteristic curves A Horizon - Improved pasture A Horizon - Trees B Horizon - Improved pasture B Horizon - Trees q (cm 3 cm -3 ) y (cm H 2 O)

18 Can trees improve soil hydraulic properties? Increased saturated hydraulic conductivity under trees in A horizon: Trees = 8.34 md -1 Improved pasture = 3.43 md -1 Dye tracer studies indicate preferential flow along both live and dead roots A B

19 Hillslope scale impact of tree shelterbelt Soil remains drier and overland flow is reduced under trees q (cm 3 cm -3 ) T1 T2 Bowl Z (cm) Pasture (Above) Tree area Pasture (Below) S OLF (mm) /01/07 0 Oct/06 Jan/07 Apr/07 Jun/07 Sep/07 Dec/07

20 Hillslope scale drain and surface flow Jan 07 Feb 07 Jul 07 Jul 08

21 Subcatchment differences in runoff response

22 Bowl 5 Fig. courtesy of A. Henshaw

23 Flow replicate measurements

24 Options for modelling of land use effects data-based modelling Gauge no. Catchment area (km 2 ) Improved grassland coverage (%) Open water coverage (%) Woodland coverage (%) Average slope (degrees) BFI- HOST

25 Options for modelling of land use effects data-based modelling

26 Field study some main conclusions Plot scale Improvements in soil structure Reduction in overland flow Hillslope scale Dynamic response attributed to temporal variations in soil physical properties Catchment scale Differences in runoff response observed between catchments: intensely grazed areas produce flashiest responses But difficult to interpret due to differences in soil type

27 Modelling study

28 RECENT UK MODELLING PRACTICE

29 Options for modelling of land use effects physics-based modelling q f x small scale physicalproperties q

30 Options for modelling of land use effects physics-based modelling q x f small scale physicalproperties Q

31 Options for modelling of land use effects physics-based modelling q x f small scale physicalproperties Q

32 Upscaling the physics-based model Meta-model

33 Upscaling the physics-based model Meta-model

34 Meta-model library Class number Class name 1 Grazed improved pasture Tree belt or hedgerow near bottom of slope 3 Tree belt or hedgerow near top of slope 6 4 Tree belt or hedgerow at 90 to contour 2 5 Woodland 10 6 Ungrazed improved grassland 0 7 Grassland with drains removed 0 8 Unimproved grassland/rough grazing 15 9 Marsh/wetland. 3 No. of fields in Pontbren 10

35 Meta-model performance (grazed grassland + shelter belt)

36 Catchment scale performance Flow (cumecs) Flow at gauge 2 Simulated Observed Flow (cumecs) Flow at gauge 5 Simulated Observed Flow (cumecs) Flow at gauge 6 Simulated Observed 0 Jan07 Apr07 Jan07 Apr07 0 Jan07 Apr07 Flow (cumecs) Flow at gauge 7 Simulated Observed Flow (cumecs) Flow at gauge 8 Simulated Observed Flow (cumecs) Flow at gauge 9 Simulated Observed Jan07 Apr07 Jan07 Apr07 Jan07 Apr07

37 Scenarios

38 7 6 Scenarios Flow at Pontbren flow gauge 9 Removal of trees Current day land use Optimally placed tree belts Woodland 5 Cumecs Jan07 Feb07 Mar07 Apr07

39 Flow ( 1 0 Scenarios: uncertainty 15/01 16/01 17/01 18/01 19/01 20/01 21/01 4 Flow (cumecs Shelter belt planting Current day land use 0 15/01 16/01 17/01 18/01 19/01 20/01 21/01 4 Flow (cumecs Woodland Current day land use 0 15/01 16/01 17/01 18/01 19/01 20/01 21/01

40 Median effects Removing all the trees causes 13% increase in flood peaks from the baseline condition for frequent events, 5% for extremes Adding tree shelter belts to all grazed grassland sites causes 29% decrease in flood peaks from the baseline condition for frequent events, 5% for extremes Full afforestation causes 50% decrease in flood peaks from the baseline condition, 36% for extremes.

41 References Ballard C, McIntyre N, Wheater HS Peatland drain blocking Can it reduce peak flood riskflows? British Hydrological Society International Conference, Newcastle, July 2010 Marshall M, Ballard C, Frogbrook ZL, Solloway I, McIntyre N, Reynolds B, Wheater HS The impact of rural land management changes on runoff processes: results from experimental plots in upland Wales. Agricultural Water Management McIntyre, N, and M. Marshall (2010), Identification of rural land management signals in runoff response, Hydrological Processes, 24(24), Bulygina, N., McIntyre, N., Wheater, H Conditioning rainfall-runoff model parameters for ungauged catchments and land management impacts analysis. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 13, 6, Bulygina, N., McIntyre, N., Wheater, H. Bayesian conditioning of a rainfall-runoff model for predicting flows in ungauged catchments and under land use changes. Water Resour. Res., doi: /2010wr009240, in press Marshall, M, Frogbrook, Z, Solloway, I, Reynolds, B, McIntyre, N, Wheater, H, Jackson, B, and Francis, O The impact of upland land management on flooding: results from an improved pasture hillslope. Hydrol. Processes, 23, 3, McIntyre, N., Marshall, M Field verification of bed-mounted Acoustic Doppler Velocity meters. Proc. of Inst. Civil Engineers - Water Management, 161, 4, Jackson B, Chell J, Francis O, Frogbrook Z, Marshall, M, Mcintyre, N, Reynolds, B, Solloway, I, Wheater H The impact of upland land mangement on flooding: insights from a multi-scale experimental and modelling programme. J. of Flood Risk Man.,1, 2, Carroll, Z.L., Bird, S.B., Emmett, B.A., Reynolds, B., Sinclair, F.L., Can tree shelter belts on agricultural land reduce flood risk? Soil Use Manage. 20, Wheater et al. Multi-scale impacts of upland land management on water and sediment runoff. In Flood Management Handbook (in press)

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