Technical Session: Biocomposite Technology. Poster ID: BT1

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1 Technical Session: Biocomposite Technology Poster ID: BT1 Effect of Alkali Treatment of Sugar Palm Fibre on its Tensile and Interfacial Shear Strength Mohd Nurazzi Norizan a*, Khalina Abdan b, Mohd Sapuan Salit c, Dayang Laila Abang Abdul Majid d, Rahmah Mohamed e a,b,c,d Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia b,c Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia e Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia *Corresponding author s zaidharithah66@yahoo.com A study on the effect of treated sugar palm fibre with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) on structural and morphological changes, single fibre strength and interfacial shear strength (IFSS) is presented in this paper. Treatment was carried out using NaOH solution with 1% concentration for 1 hour soaking time. The specificity of functional groups of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin were shows the trend which were almost the same for sugar palm fibre before and after the treatment. For the single fibre strength test, treated sugar palm fibre exhibited better strength compared with untreated fibre and other natural fibres. In comparing with other natural fibres, the single fibre strength of the treated sugar palm fibre is MPa, which is higher than bagasse, bamboo, kenaf and coir fibres and is almost similar to flax and jute. While the tensile modulus of treated sugar palm fibre increased from 4.96GPa to 17.27GPa. The IFSS results shows that, the treated sugar palm fibre exhibited better interfacial adhesion with the unsaturated polyester resin compared with untreated fibre. The effectiveness of the alkali treatment attributed by the removal of impurities, waxy substances which rougher the fibre surface and also effect of fibrillation that improving the available of contact area between the fibre surface and matrix. Keywords : Sugar palm, Single fibre, NaOH, Interfacial shear stress, Microdroplet test

2 Poster ID: BT2 Effect of Nanocrystalline Cellulose Fiber with Different Cellulose Polymorph on Thermal Properties of Jatropha Oil- Based Biopolyurethane Nanocomposites Film Syeed Saiful Azry a *, Luqman Chuah a,c, Paridah Md Tahir a,b, Min Min Aung a,d Sariah Saalah e and Edi Syams Zainuddin a,c a.higher Institution Centre of Excellence Wood and Tropical Fibre (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia b Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia c Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia d Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia e Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia *Corresponding author s saifulazry@upm.edu.my; Tel: Generally, cellulose II is more chemically reactive and thermally stable than cellulose I due to its lattice rearrangement during conversion treatment. With these advantages, cellulose II offers properties improvement when incorporated with matrix. The application of bio-based PU enhanced with modified nanocellulose fiber will offer a new environmentally friendly alternative raw material. A biopolyurethane nanocomposite film from different polymorphs (cellulose I and II) of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) and Jathropa oil-based polyurethane (JOPU) were prepared. Polymorph transformation via mercerization technique was conducted on wood pulp-based microcrystalline cellulose prior acid hydrolyzed to produce NCC fibers. NCC of different polymorps were then incorporated in Jathropha-oil polyol and 4,4 -diphenyl-methane diisocyanate (MDI). Dimethylformamide (DMF) was used as an organic solvent to disperse NCC fiber prior incorporated with JOPU at different ratios. Biopolyurethane nanocomposite films were prepared by casting in Teflon petri dish and cured in vacuum oven. The thermal properties of the films were determined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA) respectively. The analysis showed that different polymorph of NCC had a significant effect on most of thermal properties of film produced. Keywords: nanocrystalline cellulose, cellulose I, cellulose II, biobased polyurethane, Jatropha curcas L.

3 Poster ID: BT3 Effect of Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Treated Kenaf/Epoxy Composites Nur FarhaniIsmail a.*, Abu Bakar Sulong a, Norhamidi Muhamad a, Che Hassan CheHaron a, Dulina Tholibon a, Izdihar Tharazi a, Mohd Khairul Fadzly Md. Radzi a, Zakaria Razak a a Department of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, UniversitiKebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia *Corresponding author s nurfarhaniismail@yahoo.com; Tel: This paper discussed the flexural and tensile properties of composites made from kenaf bast fiber and epoxy resin. The effect of temperature conditions starting from room temperature to 150 C on the static mechanical properties was evaluated. Compression molding process was used in fabrication of untreated and NaOH treated kenaf/epoxy composites. The tensile and flexural properties were tested on the kenaf/epoxy composites under different temperature conditions. Experimental results show that the tensile and flexural specimens under the room temperature condition has better mechanical properties. However, the tensile and flexural properties of the composites decreased with the increasing of temperature conditions. Results shows that the flexural strength and flexural modulus decreased 84% and 90%, respectively. A similar trend was also observed for the tensile strength and tensile modulus where the decreased by 82% and 75%, respectively. Generally, all the treated fiber composites achieved better strength compared to untreated fiber composites. This is due to the alkali treatment that improved the compatibility of the fiber matrix However, reinforcement of the treated kenaf into the epoxy composites produced the low strength in flexural and tensile. In addition, the flexural and tensile strength that conducted at room temperature decreased by 46 % and 79% after surface treatment. The temperature testing conditions and surface treatments show the decrement of the mechanical properties. Keywords: Kenaf thermoset composite, material processing, flexural strength, tensile strength, microstructure

4 Poster ID: BT4 Effect of Temperature and Fiber Orientation on Mechanical Properties of Unidirectional Kenaf/Polylactic-Acid Composites Izdihar Tharazi a *, Abu Bakar Sulong a, Nurhamidi Muhamad a, Che Hassan Che Haron a, Dulina Tholibon a, Nur Farhani Ismail a, a Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor *Corresponding author s izdihar.tharazi@gmail.com This paper presents a study on the effect of temperature and fiber orientations on mechanical properties of unidirectional kenaf reinforced with polylactic-acid composite at 50%wt fiber. The composite is produced using hot press machine through film stacking method. Effect of different fiber orientations (0, 45 and 90 ) on the tensile and flexural properties of the kenaf/pla composites was evaluated at different temperature conditions (27-30 C, 60 C, 90 C, and 120 C). Experimental results show that at ambient temperature, the tensile strength and Young s modulus of 0 fiber orientation were improved by 230% and 630%, respectively. Despite of lower tensile strength at 45 and 90 fiber orientation, the Young s modulus were substantially enhanced about 48% and 27%, respectively as compared to pure PLA. A similar trend was also observed with flexural properties of kenaf/pla composites. At ambient temperature, the flexural strength and modulus of 0 orientation fiber composite were improved by 232% and 524%, respectively. Overall, there is reduction in kenaf/pla composite s mechanical properties with increase in temperature. However, the mechanical properties of 0 oriented kenaf/pla composites were superior compared to pure PLA even at higher temperature of 120 C. The UD kenaf/pla composites have a potential to be used in industrial engineering applications due to its good mechanical properties but only at certain limit of temperature. Keywords: Unidirectional kenaf fiber, Polylactic-acid, fiber orientation, temperature effect, mechanical properties

5 Poster ID: BT5 Material Selections of Natural Fibre Composites: A Review M. Noryani a,b, S. M. Sapuan a,c*, M. T. Mastura a,b a Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia b Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia. c Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia *Corresponding author s sapuan@upm.edu.my; Tel: The annual world car production rate will reach 76 million vehicles per year by Material selection in manufacturing process is the critical part to the design engineer. At the same time, the automotive industry need to produce a green product to utilize the natural sources. In recent years, several multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) technique have been suggested to choosing the best material. Material selection tools for natural fibre composite is studied from past researcher with the summarized of the advantage and disadvantages of them. The new optimization approach in material selection by using statistical analysis such as multiple linear regression (MLR), response surface methodology (RSM) and Taguchi method (TM) is proposed in this study. The proposed method can explained more precise about the criteria or attribute in material selection by analyse the relationship, goodness of fit, correlation, analysis of variance (ANOVA), determination of coefficient and the significant criteria in to the desired goal of the mechanical problem. Keywords: Material selection, natural fibre composites, multiple-criteria decisionmaking, regression analysis, response surface methodology, taguchi method

6 Poster ID: BT6 Production of PUTRA Frame using Biocomposite Materials Ahmad Adlie Shamsuri a*, Mohd Sapuan Salit a, Mohd Hafizie Manap a, Mohd Lufti Mohd Tawil a, Syeed SaifulAzry Osman Al-Edrus a, Hassan Hj. Ali b and Mohd Amil Faesal Fauzi b a Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia b Department of Industrial Design, Faculty of Design and Architecture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia *Corresponding author s adlie@upm.edu.my; Tel: Biocomposite materials have attracted interest from various parties including industries and universities because the production cost of the composite goods can be lessened through utilisation of natural fibres as fillers. Furthermore, the usage of synthetic polymers and/or synthetic fibres can also be decreased, and this possibly can protect the environment. In addition, biocomposite materials have potential to be applied in automotive, construction, furniture and other purposes. In this project, we have produced the exclusive frame called as PUTRA Frame from biocomposite materials. Two different polyolefin matrices have been investigated specifically polypropylene (PP) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE). On the other hand, kenaf core fibre (KCF) was utilised as filler for production of the biocomposite. There are five stages involved in the production of PUTRA Frame; 1. Materials selection, 2. Materials composition, 3. Materials extrusion, 4. Composites injection, 5. Components installation. From the project, it was found that HDPE-based matrix is suitable for production of the frame. This is due to the fact that, it has low cost, easy to find, recyclable, and the most important thing is it possessed low melting temperature compared to PP. Thus, HDPE consumed less energy for processing, and thermal decomposition of KCF at high temperature can also be prevented. Keywords: PUTRA Frame, kenaf core fibre, polyolefin, biocomposite, extrusion process, injection moulding

7 Poster ID: BT7 Effect of PLA/Jackfruit Skin Powder Composites Containing a Natural Agent on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties Nur Farhah Mahmood, Intan S. M. A. Tawakkal*, Rosnita A. Talib, Siti Hajar Othman and Roseliza Kadir Basha Department of Process and Food Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia *Corresponding author s intanamin@upm.edu.my; Tel: This work explores the mechanical and thermal properties of polylactic acid (PLA) composites incorporated with jackfruit skin powder together with the addition of thymol, a natural antimicrobial substance. Composites of PLA incorporated with 30% (w/w) jackfruit skin powder and 5-20% (w/w) thymol were prepared via melt blending and compression molding techniques and compared with the control systems. In general, the tensile strength (TS) and tensile modulus (TM) of the composites decrease with the addition of the thymol. The percentage reduction in the TS was found to be at ca. 70% for composite containing 20% thymol than composite without thymol. Composites containing thymol demonstrated lower tensile strength than those without thymol suggesting a possible plasticizing effect in the presence of the substance. In contrast, the elongation at break (EaB) of the composites increases with the addition of the thymol. Thermogravimetric analyses of PLA/jackfruit skim powder composites incorporated with 5-20 % thymol revealed a slight increment in the decomposition temperature. In general, the presence of thymol to the formulation has a few effect on the thermal stability of the PLA and the presence of fibre reduces the thermal stability of pure PLA. The results suggest that composites containing jackfruit skin powder in particular have the potential for the development of food packaging materials. Keywords: Polylactic acid, jackfruit skin powder, active composites, thymol, antimicrobial

8 Poster ID: BT8 Nano-Clay Asfire Retardant for Polymer/Lignocellulose Fibre Biocomposite: A Review M. Lufti M.T* a, Paridah M.T a, Dayang L.A.M a, b a Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia b Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serda ng, Selangor, Malaysia *Corresponding author s lufti@upm.edu.my, parida@upm.edu.my, dlaila@upm.edu.my Tel: Biocomposite from a combination of lignocellulosic fiber and polymer has becoming more popular as preferred green composite due to its market feasibility and environmental friendly. While studies have highlighted extensively on the mechanical attributes of the biocomposite, their fire properties have rather been left out in literatures. This article will highlights the use of nano-clays as fire retardant (FR) additives in biocomposite. The review also include the fire retarding mechanism, the flammability of polymer and lignocelluloses fiber, factors influencing the extent of fire protection and recent development in nanocalys application. The aim of this article is to reveal the recent state of improvement in using nanoclays in biocomposite industries. Keywords: flammability, fire retardant, polymer, lignocellulose fiber, nano clay, biocomposite

9 Poster ID: BT9 Study on Processing Characteristics of High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)/Bamboo Fibre Biocomposites with Incorporation of Hydrophobic, Hydrophilic Ionic Liquids and Their Mixture Muhamad Imran Awing a, Ahmad Adlie Shamsuri a * and Edi Syams Zainudin ab a Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia b Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malays ia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia *Corresponding author s adlie@upm.edu.my; Tel: One of the alternative solutions to reduce the dependence on non-renewable petroleum-based products is by compounding synthetic polymers with natural fibres to produce biocomposite materials. Biocomposites composed of synthetic polymer such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and natural fibres have gained popularity among academics and industries due to their low production cost, they can easily be prepared, etc. In this research, bamboo fibre (BF) was used as filler for production of biocomposites because it has high specific strength, non-toxic, low specific gravity, renewable, and biodegradable. Ionic liquids were utilized in this research as they are thermally stable, non-volatile, and most importantly they are also environmentally benign liquids. Ionic liquids are also known to have the capability to enhance properties of polymer blends and composites that consisted of synthetic polymers and natural fibres. Hydrophobic, hydrophilic ionic liquids and their mixture were incorporated into the HDPE/BF biocomposites at different percentages (2-20 wt.%). The processing characteristics (processing and stabilization torques as well as stock and stabilization temperatures) of HDPE/BF biocomposites with incorporation of hydrophobic, hydrophilic ionic liquids and their mixture were observed and comprehensively studied as well. It was found that there are many variations of processing characteristics were obtained probably due to different properties of ionic liquids used. Keywords: Biocomposite, bamboo fiber, ionic liquid, processing characteristic

10 Poster ID: BT10 Effects of Weave Designs on the Properties of Woven Kenaf Laminated Epoxy Composites Aisyah H.A.* a, Paridah M.T. a, Khalina A. a,b, Sapuan M.S. a,b, Wahab M.S c and Saiman M.P d a Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. b Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. c Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussien Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia. d Politeknik Seberang Perai (PSP), Jalan Permatang Pauh, Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. *Corresponding author s a.humaira.aisyah@gmail.com Effects of different weave designs on the properties of laminated woven kenaf polymer composite were evaluated. This study evaluate mechanical and morphological properties of plain and satin woven kenaf fabric from yarn of 500tex. Kenaf fabrics and carbon fibres were used in this work, where vacuum infusion technique was selected to prepare the composite and epoxy resin was used as a matrix. The fibre weight content is 40% and four specimens were prepared for each samples. The results show that the composite with plain kenaf fabric possess better mechanical properties than composite with satin kenaf fabric woven composite due to its structure and design. The morphological properties of composites were analysed through scanning electron microscope (SEM) and showed that the morphologies of the fractured surface demonstrated better adhesion properties and less fibre pull-out on plain woven fabric. Keywords: Fabric, kenaf, plain, satin, woven composite.

11 Poster ID: BT11 Effect of biodegradation irradiated poly(butylene succinate)/oil palm biomass for slow release fertilizer composites Harmaen Ahmad Saffian, a Khalina Abdan, a,b Mohd Ali Hassan, c Nor Azowa Ibrahim, d ainstitute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor. Malaysia bfaculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor. Malaysia cfaculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor. Malaysia dfaculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor. Malaysia *Corresponding author s harmaen@upm.edu.my. Tel: In the present work, to produce Bioplastic fertilizer (BpF) composites, neat poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) was compouded with oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibres and NPK fertilizer using twin screw extrusion method. PBS granulars are irradiated at various electron beam absorption doses 50 kgy. It has been found that electron beam irradiation at an appropriate absorption dose plays an effective role in crosslinking or chain scission the PBS molecules. As a result, the irradiation influences the thermal properties of PBS, depending on the electron beam absorption dose applied. The improvement of the bonding and dispersion matric PBS is most significant in the range 50 kgy. The results are consistent with each other, supporting the electron beam irradiation effect on biodegradation of bioplastic fertilizer composites in soil. Keywords: bioplastic, electron beam irradiation, oil palm biomass, fertilizer, composites, degradation

12 Poster ID: BT12 Recycling of Waste Rubber: A review M. Nuzaimah a,b*, S.M. Sapuan a, d, R. Nadlene c and M. Jawaid d a Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia b Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia c Department of Material and Structure, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia d Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia *Corresponding author s nuzaimah@utem.edu.my; Tel: Recently, in line with raising environmental concerns, researchers are now focusing on the uses of recycled product. Waste rubber is one of the waste material that has been recycled and being used in many area such in civil engineering, tyres production, polymer composite, energy source and many more. This paper explained briefly about rubber; its classification, behaviour and usage. Along with general information about rubber production, consumption and trades worldwide and Malaysia s export on the rubber products globally. In addition, this paper thoroughly reviewed on the recycling of waste rubber product that are includes recycling of waste tyres, rubber gloves, rubber condoms, waste stryrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and waste latex product. From the literature, it is clear that extensive research was done on the process to produce the rubber fibers, method on mixing, and the mechanical and physical properties of the product that were added with the rubber fibers, applications of the rubber composite. It also covers the surface treatments of the rubber fibers to enhance its properties in manufacturing of waste rubber reinforced polymer composites. However, research conducted on the surface treatment of the fibers is still limited and the effect of different surface treatment on the waste rubber reinforced polymer composites properties are still inadequate information in this area. It is crucial to better understand the surface treatment process as it affects the performance of the materials and the products that are going to be produced prior to venturing into commercialisation. Keywords: Recycling, waste rubber, rubber fibers, polymer composites

13 Poster ID: BT13 A Study of Mechanical and Morphological Properties of PLA Based Biocomposites Prepared with EJO Vegetable Oil Based Plasticiser and Kenaf Fibers Siti Hasnah Kamarudin ab *, Luqman Chuah Abdullah c, Min Min Aung d and Chantara Thevy Ratnam e a Laboratory of Biocomposite, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia b School of Industrial Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor c Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia d Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia e Radiation of Processing Technology Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency, 43000, Bangi,, Selangor, Malaysia *Corresponding author s sitihas_kam@yahoo.com; Tel: World regulation for all polymer based products maker has increased the usage of green material in their product components. Studies on the fibre reinforced polymer composite had opted as an alternative attempt towards the sustainable and green environment. Moreover, large quantities of vegetable oil available can significantly become the important source of renewable energy in Malaysia including throughout the world. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of producing biodegradable blends of biocomposite by enhancing the properties of natural polymer, poly(lactic acid) (PLA), with the incorporation of epoxidized jatropha oil (EJO) as nonedible types of natural plasticizer, together with impregnating the kenaf fibers to the biocomposite system. The mechanical and morphological properties of the composites were evaluated. The addition of EJO with 30% kenaf fibre loading on PLA had improved the mechanical properties of the polymer composites. SEM micrographs clearly revealed the good physical interlocking for PLA and kenaf fiber at low loading levels (30 wt.%) while higher content (50 wt.%) of kenaf contributed to poor filler-matrix compatibility attributes that leads to filler-related failures which resulted voids. Hence, this research finding can be used for future development of agricultural, automotive and building fibre based industries which could substitute the non-biodegradable products that has great potential to be commercialized in near future. Keywords: polylactic acid, kenaf, epoxidized jatropha oil, non-edible plasticizer, environmental friendly

14 Poster ID: BT14 Mechanical Characteristics of Green Composites of Kenaf Bast Short Fiber Reinforced Cardanol Zahra Dashtizadeh a, K. Abdan a,b,c, Mohammad Behmanesh d, Masoud Dashtizadeh e, Francisco Cardona f a Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTRO), University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. b Aerospace Manufacturing Research Centre, University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangr, Malaysia. c Aerospace Malaysia Innovation Centre, Cyberjaya, Malaysia. d Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang,Malaysia. e Department of Civil Engineering, Islamic Azad University of Gorgan, Iran f Aerospace Manufacturing Research Center (AMRC), Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia *Corresponding author s zdashtizadeh@gmail.com; Tel: Cardanol (phenolic resin derived from cashew nut shell) has been used as a source of polymer derivative such as epoxy, polyester, and etc., or as a filler in the epoxy resins. Cardanol is a novolac phenolic resin that requires hexamethylenetetramine (which is known as hexa, hexamine or HTMA) for cross-linking. In this experiment, cardanol was used as a thermoset resin to produce 100% green composites. Biocomposites of kenaf bast fibers reinforced cardanol with different fiber loadings based on weight ratio (0%,30%,40%,50%and 60%) were fabricated by hand lay-up method followed by compression molding and their tensile, flexural and impact properties were studied to determine that 50%w kenaf/50%w cardanol demonstrates the highest tensile strength, while flexural and impact strength increased up to 60% weight ratio. In addition, to study the effect of fiber length on tensile strength of the composites, different fiber length range (90µm <L< 300µm, 300µm<L< 500µm, 500µm<L<850µm,90µm <L< 850µm) were investigated. Tensile strength of the specimens with the fiber length of 500µm<Length<850µm showed the highest value. Morphology study of the specimen indicate that the poor interfacial bonding results in poor mechanical properties which are caused by fiber pulled-out and fiber broken. Besides, poor interfacial bonding caused the initiation of cracks or micro cracks that also leads to low mechanical strength of the composites. Keywords: Bio-composites, Cardanol, Flexural strength, Impact strength, Kenaf, Tensile strength

15 Poster ID: BT15 Natural Fibres Bi-layer Hybrid Composites: Dimension Stability of Oil Palm EFB and Kenaf Fibre Reinforced Epoxy Resin Composites F.Hanan a*, M.Jawaid a,b and M.T. Paridah a a Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry & Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia b Department of Biological Functions and Engineering, Graduate School of Life Science and System *Corresponding author s faraluf@gmail.com; Tel: In recent years, natural fibres composites have gained increasing interest as a most promising material in different applications due to its attractive properties such as ecofriendly, cost-effectiveness and light weight. Though extensive research has been made on the performance evaluation of natural fibres composite materials, not much data is available on the dimension stability, which restricts their use in exterior applications. In this study, natural fibres bi-layer hybrid composites were fabricated by hand lay-up technique by reinforcing oil palm empty fruits bunch (EFB) and kenaf fibre mats with epoxy matrix. Bi-layer hybrid composites were prepared by hybridizing oil palm EFB and kenaf fibre with keeping the different weight ratio of oil palm EFB and kenaf fibre 4:1, 1:1, and 1:4 with total fibre loading at 40% by weight. Experiments are carried out to study the dimension stability of natural fibres bi-layer hybrid composites of oil palm EFB and kenaf fibre reinforced epoxy resin composites to their suitability in automotive applications. The testing was including water absorption, thickness swelling, density and void content. Keywords: Natural Hybrid Composites, bi-layer, oil palm EFB, kenaf, epoxy, dimension stability

16 Poster ID: BT16 Effect of Cellulose Fiber from Hampas Sago on Mechanical Properties of Starch Based Films Norzita Yacob a,c, Mohd Reusmaazran Yusof a,c, Ainun Zuriyati Mohamed b and Khairiah Hj. Badri c* a Malaysian Nuclear Agency (Nuclear Malaysia) Bangi, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia b Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP) Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia c School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia *Corresponding author s kaybadri@ukm.edu.my An increasing interest in developing biodegradable film using natural biopolymers such as polysaccharides is due to concerns on environmental problems caused by non-biodegradable petroleum based materials. Though the film exhibits low mechanical properties, it can be improved by adding reinforcing agent, for instance cellulose fiber. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of the addition of cellulose fibers extracted from hampas sago on the properties of sago starch based films. Films were prepared by solution casting with 4% of sago starch and 3% of cellulose (starch basis) and were characterized by several techniques namely tensile, x-ray diffraction, TGA, FESEM and hazemeter. The films produced are highly transparent and film reinforced with cellulose fiber displays more crystalline. Tensile test revealed film with fibers had higher tensile strength but lower elongation. On the other hand, the addition of cellulose fibers increased the thermal stability of the film. FE-SEM micrographs of the films showed a homogenous distribution of the cellulose fibers. Therefore, the addition of cellulose fiber has increased the properties of the sago starch film. Keywords: Cellulose fiber, starch film, biocomposites, mechanical properties

17 Poster ID: BT17 Extrusion or Press Molding of Wood Powder Using Cellulose Derivative Takuma Matsuoka a and Hiroshi Nonaka b* a Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu, Mie , Japan b Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu, Mie , Japan *Corresponding author s nonaka@bio.mie-u.ac.jp; Tel: Fiber board and particle board are produced using finer wood not only in Japan but also all over the world. Adhesives are used in the manufacturing process, most of which are chemical synthetic resins such as urea resins and isocyanate resins. However, these resins are poor in recyclability and not environmentally friendly. Furthermore, the health risk of formaldehyde to human being is concerned. Therefore, we focused on cellulose derivatives as an alternative to chemical synthetic resins. Cellulose derivative selected is hydroxylpropyl methylcellulose, a nonionic water-soluble cellulose ether which is prepared from cellulose. Part of hydrogen atoms of the OH groups of cellulose are substituted by methyl groups (-CH3) or hydroxypropyl groups (-CH2CHOHCH3). It is commercially used for industrial, food and pharmaceutical purposes and so on. In this study, it is used as a molding agent or a thickener to form wood powder. Hydroxylpropyl methylcellulose, wood powder and water were mixed and kneaded. The composite was extruded with a noodle making machine and dried or press-molded. Wood powder was successfully molded to three dimensional shapes without using formaldehyde at all. The amount of water added or the ratio of wood powder and cellulose derivative were changed and the strength of each test piece was compared. A large amount of wood scrap is discarded in the lumber process. Wood scraps could be also used as raw materials for molding of this study. Keywords: extrusion, press molding, wood powder, cellulose derivatives, formaldehyde

18 Poster ID: BT18 Effect of ZnO Nanorod, Nano Silica and Nano Clay on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Polyester/Banana Fiber/Silicate Hybrid Nano Composite and their automotive applications Chinnappa Arumugam a, b, Senthilkumar Arumugam c and Sarojadevi Muthusamy a * a Department of Chemistry, Anna University, Chennai b Paavai college of Technology, Pachal, Namakkal c National Center for Flexible Electronics, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur **Corresponding author s msrde2000@yahoo.com Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites have established a huge attraction and considered as innovative material in several applications like automotive, construction, packaging and medical fields. Nanocomposite is a class of composites in which the dimensions of the reinforcing material are in the order of nanometers. Recently, polymer nano-composites have received significant attention as an alternative to conventional filled polymers. Because of their nanometer size dispersion, the polymer- nano-composites exhibit the large scale improvement in the mechanical and physical properties compared with pure polymer or conventional composites. These include increased modulus and strength, decreased gas permeability, increased solvent and heat resistance and decreased flammability. Several chemical modifications are employed to improve the interfacial matrix fiber bonding resulting in the enhancement of tensile properties of the composites. Before making composite, banana fiber were subjected to different chemical treatment such as formic acid, sodium hydroxide, permanganate, hydrogen peroxide and acetic anhydride. This treatment is to improve the interfacial bonding with matrix. The influence of chemical modifications of banana fiber and polyester/banana fiber/silicate/ zinc oxide nanorod composite fabricated by compression moulding technique was investigated. Thermal stability (TGA), morphology (FESEM) and the mechanical properties such as tensile, strength, flexural strength, impact strength, and water uptake properties of these composites have been evaluated. Of the various treatments NaOH treated banana fiber/silicate/zno nano composites showed highest values of tensile, flexural, impact strength and less water uptake properties.similarly the effect of different nanopartilces on banana fiber/silicate and its interaction with polyester resin were studied. These results were discussed in details in this paper. Keywords: Banana fiber, polyester resin, silicate, AgNPs@PVA, CuNPs@PVA, ZnO, nano clay, chemical treatment, nano composite.

19 Technical Session: Bionanomaterials Poster ID: BN1 Effect of Pretreatment Concatenation on the Characteristics of Nanocellulose Liana Noor Megashah a, Hidayah Ariffin a,b *, Mohd Rafein Zakaria a,b, Yoshito Ando c a Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia b Laboratory of Biopolymer and Derivatives, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Uni versiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang UPM, Selangor, Malaysia. c Eco-Town Collaborative R&D Center for the Environment and Recycling, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka , Japan. *Corresponding author s hidayah@upm.edu.my; Tel: This study focus on cascading use of oil palm biomass such as oil palm mesocarp fiber (OPMF), oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) and oil palm frond (OPF). The succession of pretreatment steps for cellulose extraction from lignocellulosic biomass may affect the cellulose characteristics and subsequently the nanocellulose. In this study, pretreatment steps involved in cellulose extraction from oil palm biomass were superheated steam (SHS) treatment, enzymatic hydrolysis and alkaline treatment. SHS treatment was conducted at 260 o C for 30 min on OPMF and OPEFB, while OPF was treated at 300 o C for 9 min. Hydrolysis by xylanase was run at ph 5.5, and it is expected that the treatment could remove the recalcitrant hemicellulose fraction which is not be able to be removed by SHS treatment. Alkaline treatment was done by using 10% NaOH at 90 C. Two pretreatment concatenations were taken place, namely Sequence 1 (SHS-xylanase- NaOH) and Sequence 2 (SHS-NaOH-xylanase). In order to obtain bleached cellulose, peracetic acid which is categorized as totally chlorine free (TCF) chemical was used. Cellulose nanofibrillation was then conducted using a wet disc mill (WDM). It was found that OPMF, OPEFB and OPF produced cellulose with 87.5%, 83.7% and 83.4% purity. In comparison from these three, OPMF are more thermally stable, however OPF has high cellulose recovery. This OPF is used to study the sequence treatment which related to affected by the crystallinity of cellulose produced, in which the crystallinity recorded were 59.2% and 56.7% for sequence 1 and sequence 2 respectively. The characteristics of cellulose eventually affected the nanocelluloses produced, in which nanocelluloses produced from sequence 1 cellulose was more thermally stable, had higher purity and higher crystallinity. In term of morphology, the nanocellulose had diameter size in the range of nm. Keywords: cellulose extraction, superheated steam, enzymatic hydrolysis, alkaline treatment, TCF bleaching, nanocellulose, characterization.

20 Poster ID: BN2 Antimicrobial Effects of Healing-Promoting Materials in a Modern Bio Nanocellulose Wound Dressing Mona Moniri a, Rosfarizan Mohamad a,d *, Raha Abdul Rahim b, Wan Zuhainis Saad c,d and Faride Namvar d adepartment of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia bdepartment of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia cdepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia dinstitute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia *Corresponding author s farizan@upm.edu.my; Tel: Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is known as an ideal wound dressing, but it exhibits no antibacterial efficiency by itself. Hence, in this study BNC was functionalized with green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to make an effective wound dressing with strong antimicrobial properties. AgNPs with different concentrations of Ag precursors were synthesized within BNC using Citrullus colocynthis aqueous extract. The BNC/AgNPs nanocomposites were characterized using FTIR, XRD, and FESEM analyses. XRD and FESEM results showed that spherical and crystalline AgNPs with a mean size of 32± 2.1 nm were generated and well dispersed in the BNC. FTIR spectra revealed the good interaction between AgNPs and BNC. Such hybrid nanostructure inhibited Ag nanoparticles from dropping off BNC network and hence minimized the toxicity of nanoparticles. Moreover, antimicrobial activity was evaluated on three types of gram positive and negative bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus epidermidis by disk diffusion methods. Silver nanoparticles with different concentrations were able to inhibit 5.32 mm to mm size inhibition. Additionally, BNC/AgNPs a ready-to-use wound dressing for the treatment of infected wounds with excellent antibacterial activity. Keywords: Bacterial nanocellulose, AgNPs, Citrullus colocynthis, antimicrobial activity.

21 Poster ID: BN3 Biosynthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles by Locally Isolated Yeast for Biomedical Application Amin Boroumand Moghaddam a, Rosfarizan Mohamad a,b *, Raha Abdol Rahim c, Arbakariya Ariff d and Farideh Namvar b adepartment of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia binstitute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia cdepartment of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia ddepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia *Corresponding author s farizan@upm.edu.my; Tel: There has been a great attention to the development of green synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles due to their potential applications in biomedical uses. The green method for nanoparticle synthesis, which is rapidly replacing traditional chemical synthesis, is of great interest because of eco-friendliness, economic views, feasibility and the wide range of applications in several areas such as nano-medicine and catalysis medicine. The present study relates to a green method for preparing zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) yeast strain and evaluation of their antimicrobial and anticancer activities. The biosynthesized ZnO nanoparticles was characterized using FTIR, ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis), XRD, TEM, and FESEM analyses. According to our results, the polydispersed ZnO nanoparticles were easily prepared by this green method. The XRD results indicated that hexagonal ZnO NPs with a mean size of (23±2.4nm) was crystalline in structures. Moreover, antibacterial tests were evaluated on four types of gram positive and negative bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Helicobacter and E. coli by disc diffusion methods. The ZnO NPs was able to inhibit 10.40mm to 13.50mm size inhibition. Additionally, in vitro anticancer activity on human cell lines (MCF7) will be investigated. The biosynthesized ZnO NPs was shown an excellent antibacterial activity, as compared to those chemical synthesized ZnO NPs. Keywords: Biosynthesis, Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle, antimicrobial, biomedical application.

22 Poster ID: BN4 Isolation of nanocellulose from empty fruit bunch fibre using acid hydrolysis process Fatiha, I.*, Astimar, A.A., Nur Eliyanti, A.O., Noorshamsiana, A.W., Kamarudin, H. Biomass Technology Unit, Engineering & Processing Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang, Selangor *Corresponding author s fatiha@mpob.gov.my; Tel: This study focuses on the isolation of nanocellulose from empty fruit bunch fibre (EFB-fibre) using the acid hydrolysis method, followed by ultrasonication. The important parameters studied are such as concentration of sulphuric acid (10 to 70%), reaction time (2 to 6 hours) and temperatures (40 to 80 C). The resulting nanocellulose was analysed using the Zeta nano-sizer and an electron microscopy. From the results, the particle size of nanocellulose is ranging between 100 and 1000 nm. The morphological features were identified using Scanning Electron microscope (SEM). From the micrograph, the parameters used tend to influence the types of nanocellulose produced. Keywords: empty fruit bunch fibre, nanocellulose, acid hydrolysis, isolation

23 Technical Session: Biopolymer and Derivatives Poster ID: BD1 Natural and Glass Fiber Hybrid Reinforced Polymer Composites Material Selection Using fuzzy VIKOR for Side Door Impact Beam of a Passenger Car Mohd Adrinata Shaharuzaman a,b, Mohd Sapuan Salit a,c, *, Muhd Ridzuan Mansur b and Mohd Zuhri Mohamed Yusoff a a Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malays ia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia b Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia c Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia *Corresponding author s sapuan@upm.edu.my; Tel: Hybrid natural fiber composites which is combinations of both natural fiber and synthetic fiber can offers the opportunity to the performance and sustainability to the automotive structures application. Replacement of the current steel to the hybridized natural fiber reinforced composites can improve the weight of the parts and fuel efficiency of the vehicle. However, the material selection processes are very challenging which to comply with the requirements and criteria s form various of the stakeholders. Therefore, the aim of this study is to implement the multiple criteria decision making of fuzzy VIse Kriterijumska Optimizacija Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) to identify the best suitable natural fiber material to be hybridized with the synthetic composites for the side door impact beam of the passenger s car. The chosen natural fiber material from the fuzzy VIKOR selection shows the potential application of the hybrid natural fiber materials that can be the side door impact beam that can reduce the weight of the beam simultaneously reduce the gas emission of the car without sacrificing the safety. It concludes that fuzzy VIKOR which is one of the multiple criteria decision making can be the solutions in selecting the best natural fiber to combine with the synthetic fiber composites to be the side door impact beam. Keywords: Natural fiber, material selection, multiple criteria decision making, fuzzy VIKOR, side door impact beam.

24 Poster ID: BD2 Mechanical and Barrier Properties of Kappa- Carrageenan/Cellulose Nanocrystals Hydrogel Bionanocomposites Susan Azizi a and Rosfarizan Mohamad a,b * a Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia b Laboratory of Biopolymer and Derivatives, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Put ra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia *Corresponding author s farizan@upm.edu.my The aim of this study is to report the effect of the addition of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) on the mechanical and barrier properties of Kappa-Carrageenan bionanocomposites hydrogel films prepared through the solvent casting process. The characterizations of bio-nanocomposites films were carried out in terms of TEM, SEM, oxygen transmission rate (OTR), and tensile tests. TEM and SEM results showed that at low loading levels, CNCs were dispersed homogenously in the Kappa-Carrageenan matrix. The tensile strength and modulus in films increased from 45.7 MPa to MPa and from 295 MPa to 710 MPa respectively, when CNCs content went from 0 wt% to 1.0 wt%. The oxygen barrier properties of Kappa-Carrageenan matrix were best enhanced at 1.0 wt% of CNCs loading. The enhanced properties attained by incorporating CNCs can be beneficial in various applications. Keywords: cellulose nanocrystals, Kappa-Carrageenan, hydrogels, Mechanical, Barrier

25 Poster ID: BD3 Effect of Solvent Types on the Physical Properties of Tannin- Phenol Formaldehyde Adhesive Paridah Md. Tahir a,b*, Juliana Abdul Halip a, Heather Mah Lixia b, Nur Liyana Mohamad Hafiz a a Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, b Department of Forest Production, Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor *Corresponding author s parida.introp@upm.edu.my The main objective of this study was to determine the effect of solvents on the physical properties of tannin phenol formaldehyde (TPF) resin. In this study, three ratios (20%, 30% and 40%) of tannin solution with five types of solvents (distilled water, ethanol, sodium sulphate, methanol and glycerol) were carried out. The tannin solutions were mixed with commercial PF resin to produce TPF resin. Meanwhile, commercial PF resin was used as a control. Generally, as the tannin ratio increased, the ph and solid content decreased, gel time shorter and viscosity increased in any types of solvents. Apart of distilled water, TPF consists of other solvents had a higher viscosity compared to distilled water. Glycerol offers fast gel time, highest viscosity and solid content properties of TPF resin.