Forest Ecology (Forest Distribution, Forest Change, and Forest Mgt)
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1 Forest Ecology (Forest Distribution, Forest Change, and Forest Mgt) Ryan DeSantis University of California Cooperative Extension
2 What is a natural landscape? 1990 Swift River Valley (Western MA) Forest land percent of total land: Maine 89% New Hampshire 85% Vermont 78% Massachusetts 63%
3 3
4 Today s forest is a result of: Previous human management Natural disturbance* Genetics Seed dispersal strategies Seed size, shape, abundance Competition* Soils Geology Slope/aspect Climate* 4
5 TC W H Annual precipitation H-Hayfork, W-Weaverville, TC-Trinity Center 5
6 California Location, location, location 32 to 42 o north/south latitude (Mediterranean, Australia, New Zealand, S. Africa) Mediterranean climate cool, wet winters and warm, dry summers 6
7 West <<< >>> East 7
8 Our local forest types Riparian Communities adjacent to water Big leaf maple, black cottonwood, dogwood, white alder, willow Important for terrestrial and aquatic wildlife Oak woodland Xeric environment Associated with grass Adapted to frequent low-intensity fire Montane chaparral Most extensive CA vegetation type Manzanita, ceanothus Wildfire important Drought resistant 8
9 Our local forest types Mixed conifer Middle elevations of Klamath-Cascade (3,000-6,000 ft) Greatest conifer diversity in the world Ponderosa pine, Jeffrey pine, sugar pine, incense cedar, white fir, Douglas-fir, black oak, manzanita, ceanothus, bitter cherry, mountain misery Periodic fires Some snow 20 th Century fire suppression changed forest density and composition Douglas-fir-mixed evergreen Douglas-fir dominant throughout much of Pacific Northwest Associated with mixed evergreen hardwood species including California bay, coast live oak, canyon live oak, tanoak, Pacific madrone Adapted to frequent low-intensity fire 9
10 Our local forest types True fir Found along higher elevations in the Klamath-Cascade, between mixed conifer and subalpine forests (6,000-8,000 ft) Heavy snowfall White fir, Jeffrey pine, lodgepole pine, juniper Subalpine Found at highest elevations of the Klamath-Cascade, just below timberline (8,000-11,000 ft) Whitebark pine, mountain hemlock, lodgepole pine, juniper 10
11 Tree species differ in their adaptation to: Shade Frost Temperature Drought Fire 11
12 Shade tolerance most to least tolerant white fir red fir Douglas-fir sugar pine incense cedar ponderosa, jeffrey pine black oak 12
13 ASPECT 13
14 Frost tolerance (seedlings) most to least lodgepole, w. white pine red fir ponderosa, jeffrey pine incense cedar sugar pine white fir Douglas-fir madrone 14
15 Temperature adaptation warm to cold ponderosa pine, black oak, madrone Douglas-fir, sugar pine, incense cedar, bigleaf maple red fir, lodgepole pine 15
16 Ponderosa pine 2000 ft Latitude 40 o Ponderosa pine 3000 ft 38 o Ponderosa pine 3500 ft 36 o 16
17 Drought tolerance least to most tolerant red fir white fir sugar pine Douglas-fir lodgepole pine incense cedar ponderosa pine jeffrey pine black oak 17
18 Fire resistance bark thickness, resin content, foliage flammability. Increasing resistance. lodgepole pine Lodgepole pine incense cedar, western white pine sugar pine, white fir Ponderosa pine Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine 18
19 Jack pine, Minnesota Knobcone pine, California 19
20 Drastic changes to forest ecosystems: knobcone pine and jack pine require large, stand-replacing fires for regeneration 20
21 Forest change Changes to ecosystems occur due to. Displacement Site alteration Colonization 21
22 Forest change How fast does change occur? Depends on How much change must occur Productivity of organisms Longevity of organisms Degree of dominance of site by seral stage 22
23 Forest change Ecological succession: Temporal changes in types, numbers and groupings of organisms occupying an area and concomitant changes in the physical environment 23
24 Ecological succession Primary following catastrophe, start with physical abiotic environment, no biological legacy, e.g. island building in ocean, retreating glacier, volcanic eruption Secondary follows disturbance that leaves a significant biological legacy, e.g. fire, windstorm, clearcut 24
25 Successional gradients Light or shade: high low Water: xeric mesic Nutrients: low high Species diversity: low intermediate high 25
26 Seedling establishment Pioneer species: bare/exposed areas (ponderosa pine) Gap-phase species: under closed canopies and later released by opening of a gap (redwood) 26
27 Stages of succession Pioneer Consolidation Subclimax Climax 27
28 28
29 Competition 29
30 Suppressed seedling Released seedling 30
31 Diameter growth with competition control. 9 yrs. Diameter growth slows with increasing competition. 23 yrs 31
32 Effect of thinning, competition reduction 17 rings 17 rings 32
33 33
34 How did your forest develop? Use tips such as: Current overstory & regeneration Stumps Dead trees (oak, manzanita, etc.) Wolfy (dead, large, understory) limbs Fences Understory vegetation (grass? woody plants?) One or many ages, one or multiple species Opening size 34 Fire scars
35 Disturbances Fragmentation Weather (wind, drought, hail, flood, ice/snow) Fire Alteration of fire regime Diseases Invasive insects Invasive plants Global climate change 35
36 Natural disturbances: wind damage 36
37 Natural disturbances: wind damage Lee Frelich Roy Rich Forest before...and after wind damage 37
38 Disturbance Affects. Energy capture, transfer and storage Biogeochemical cycles Light, temperature, water Soil Species>Population>Community>Ecosystem 38
39 Natural disturbances: insect damage 39
40 Natural disturbances: insect damage 40
41 41
42 42
43 Fire= photosynthesis in reverse Photosynthesis: Fire: CO2 + H2O + energy cellulose + O2 O2 + cellulose + energy CO2 + H2O + energy Similar to organic matter decomposition, but much faster. 43
44 Mediterranean Climate Cool/wet Winters grow fuels, warm/dry Summers fuel annual fire season 44
45 California s Mediterranean Climate Cool/wet Winters grow fuels Warm/dry Summers fuel annual fire season 30%+ of U.S. national wildland fire management expenditures 45
46 Fire Climate - Precipitation Patterns YELLOWSTONE LAKE, WY REDDING, CA Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec NORTH PLATTE, NE FLAGSTAFF, AZ Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 0 46 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
47 Three parts of the fire triangle Fuel (something that will burn) 47
48 CA: historically, fires maintained a variety of vegetation types 48
49 Disturbance Affects energy, competition, succession + & - Fire Wind Drought Ice Insects and disease Anthropogenic (forest management) Harvesting trees, shrubs, other forest products Clearing space for trails, houses, agriculture Prescribed burning, thinning, etc. to control brush, fire hazard, wildlife habitat 49
50 Energy capture, transfer and storage Forest management affects energy in the forest Pest control Clearcutting Site preparation Preparing site to promote future forest Prescribed burning Fertilization All related to natural disturbances 50
51 51
52 Ryan DeSantis Forestry Advisor UC Cooperative Extension Trinity, Shasta, and Siskiyou Counties (530) UC Cooperative Extension in Trinity County: Shasta County: Siskiyou County:
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