Wetland Surveys Ireland

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1 COunty KeRRy InvAsIve species survey 2011 PILOt MAPPIng study OF the RIveR Lee CAtCHMent AtCHMent,, traleet Report for Kerry County Council Prepared by: Patrick Crushell, Peter Foss, Caroline Hurley & Barry O Loughlin October 2011 An Action of the County Kerry Heritage Plan

2 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin This report should be referenced: Crushell, P., Foss, P., Hurley, C. & O Loughlin, B. (2011). County Kerry Invasive Species Survey Pilot Mapping Study of the River Lee Catchment, Tralee. Report prepared for Kerry County Council and The Heritage Council. An Action of the County Kerry Heritage Plan Copyright Kerry County Council & The Heritage Council 2011 Wetland Surveys Ireland Authors: Dr Patrick Crushell Dr Peter Foss Bell Height 33 Bancroft Park Kenmare Tallaght Co Kerry Dublin 24 patrick@crushell.com peterjfoss@gmail.com All rights reserved. No Part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of Kerry County Council. Views contained in this report do not necessarily reflect the views of Kerry County Council. Views contained in this report do not necessarily reflect the views of Kerry County Council or The Heritage Council. Includes Ordnance Survey Ireland data reproduced under OSI Licence number 2011/ 08/ CCMA/ Kerry County Council. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Ordnance Survey Ireland and Government of Ireland copyright. Ordnance Survey Ireland, Photographic Plate Credits All photographs by Patrick Crushell & Peter Foss 2011 unless otherwise stated. Copyright Kerry County Council & The Heritage Council. Report cover photograph: Left: Flowering Himalayan Balsam. Right top: Himalayan Balsam and Japanese Knotweed riverbank infestation in Trelee town. Right bottom: Giant Rhubarb near Ballyseedy Wood visitor car park. Photographs Copyright: Peter Foss.

3 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin Contents 1 INTRODUCTION PROJECT BACKGROUND INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES IMPACTS OF INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT OF INVASIVE SPECIES STUDY AREA METHODOLOGY DESKTOP REVIEW FIELD SURVEY Survey approach and site selection Survey methodology DATA MANAGEMENT AND ANALYSIS KISS Record Database KISS GIS dataset KISS Photographic Record RESULTS INDIVIDUAL SPECIES REPORTS Japanese Knotweed (Fallopia japonica) Himalayan Balsam (Impatiens glandulifera) Giant Rhubarb (Gunnera tinctoria) Rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum) Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) Other alien species HABITATS THAT OCCUR THROUGHOUT RIVER LEE CATCHMENT CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS INVASIVE SPECIES MANAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR THE LEE CATCHMENT PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND AWARENESS KERRY COUNTY COUNCIL FURTHER COUNTY-WIDE SURVEYS REVIEW OF SURVEY METHODOLOGY REFERENCES APPENDICES Page

4 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin List of Tables Table 1.1: Designated sites within the River Lee Catchment, County Kerry Table 2.1: Labels of each data field stored in the KISS Record database Table 2.2: Labels of each attribute in the point dataset of GIS with corresponding field name as in the KISS record database Table 3.1: Summary results on the occurrence of invasive species recorded during the KISS Table 3.2: Summary results on the occurrence of Japanese Knotweed recorded during the KISS Table 3.3: Summary results on the occurrence of Himalayan Balsam recorded during the KISS Table 3.4: Area of different habitat types (m2) that occur within a 50 m radius of KISS 2011 records List of Figures Figure 1.1: Map showing the extent of the River Lee (Kerry) catchment, its main watercourse and smaller tributaries... 5 Figure 2.1: Map showing the extent of the River Lee (Kerry) catchment and its main watercourses... 7 Figure 3.1: Map showing the distribution of all invasive species records as documented during the Kerry Invasive Species Survey Figure 3.2: Number of records per individual species recorded during the course of the KISS Figure 3.3: Extent and distribution of Japanese Knotweed throughout the River Lee (Kerry) Catchment as recorded during the Kerry Invasive Species Survey Figure 3.4: Extent and distribution of Himalayan Balsam throughout the River Lee (Kerry) Catchment as recorded during the Kerry Invasive Species Survey Figure 3.5: Extent and distribution of Giant Rhubarb throughout the River Lee (Kerry) Catchment as recorded during the Kerry Invasive Species Survey Figure 3.6: Extent and distribution of Rhododendron ponticum throughout the River Lee (Kerry) Catchment as recorded during the Kerry Invasive Species Survey Figure 3.7: Distribution of Giant Hogweed throughout the River Lee (Kerry) Catchment as recorded during the Kerry Invasive Species Survey Figure 3.8: Distribution of incidental records of other alien species documented during the KISS Figure 3.9a: Habitat map surrounding KISS 2011 records in the along the tidal section of the River Lee to the South of Tralee town centre Figure 3.9b: Habitat map of area surrounding KISS 2011 records in the vicinity of Ballyseedy Wood SAC.. 31 Figure 3.9c: Habitat map of area surrounding KISS 2011 records in the vicinity at Killduff Figure 4.1: Sub-catchment to the south-east of Ballyseedy wood SAC from the townland of Ballycarty to Ashhill List of Appendices Appendix 1. Summary of the data records from the County Kerry Invasive Species Survey Appendix 2. Survey card used during the County Kerry Invasive Species Survey Appendix 3. Explanation of database fields in the County Kerry Invasive Species Survey 2011 Record Database & GIS 57 Appendix 4. Total data export of the County Kerry Invasive Species Survey 2011 Record Database (Excel format) 66 Appendix 5: Invasive Species Reports & Best Practice Management Guidelines 67

5 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin County Kerry Invasive Species Survey Pilot Mapping Study of the River Lee Catchment, Tralee The project involved a walkover survey of the main watercourses of the River Lee catchment, Tralee, County Kerry to identify the locations where invasive floral species occurred. A pilot methodology for surveying invasive flora species of the catchment was designed and trialed. The data collected on the distribution and extent of invasive species was entered into a record database and mapped using GIS. This report presents the results of the 2011 survey. Recommendations are made in relation to management and control options for the invasive species recorded within the River Lee Catchment.

6 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin Acknowledgements The County Kerry Invasive Species Survey 2011 (KISS 2011) project was made possible through the financial support of Kerry County Council and The Heritage Council. The project is an action of the County Kerry Heritage Plan. The authors of this report wish to extend their thanks to for help and advice during the 2011 invasive species survey: Cathy Fisher, Acting Heritage Officer, Kerry County Council Karen Griffen, Inland Fisheries Ireland Collette O Flynn, National Biodiversity Data Centre Frances Ring and Meadhbh Keegan of the GIS department of Kerry County Council All landowners who allowed access to their land during this survey.

7 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin Executive Summary The primary objective of the County Kerry Invasive Species Survey 2011 project was to undertake a detailed survey of invasive flora species throughout the River Lee catchment, Tralee, county Kerry with the aim of identifying invasive species present and determining their distribution and extent throughout the catchment. The survey focused on the following key species that are regarded as being problematic in Ireland O Flynn (2010): Japanese Knotweed (Fallopia japonica) Hybrid Knotweed (Fallopia japonica x sachalinensis) Himalayan Balsam (Impatiens glandulifera) Rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum) Fringed Water-lily (Nymphoides peltata) African Curly Waterweed (Lagarosiphon major) Slender Pondweed (Elodea nutallii) Giant Knotweed (Fallopia sachalinensis) Himalayan Knotweed (Polygonum polystachyum) Giant Rhubarb (Gunnera tinctoria) Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) Parrot's Feather (Myriophyllum aquaticum) Canadian Pondweed (Elodea canadensis) An extensive field survey was undertaken during July and August The main watercourses throughout the catchment were surveyed together with additional areas in the wider catchment. During the field survey, a new record was documented each time an invasive species was encountered. Information relating to: habitats present, extent and abundance of the individual species, notes on human disturbance together with other site characteristics were recorded. Following the field survey data for each individual encounter was entered into a record database and digitally mapped using GIS. The final report County Kerry Invasive Species Survey 2011 Pilot Mapping Study of the River Lee Catchment, Tralee was prepared. The report summarises the results of the survey by providing: individual species reports which include distribution maps quantifies the extent of each species throughout the catchment elucidates on the possible source, habitat preferences, and methods of spreading of each individual species The collation of information from the survey will form a helpful tool in future heritage conservation planning and eradication programmes in the county and assist in the development of sustainable planning programmes in county Kerry. All data from the KISS 2011 project was submitted to the National Biodiversity Data Centre for inclusion within the National Species Invasive Database, National Parks and Wildlife Service, and to Inland Fisheries Ireland.

8 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin 1 Introduction 1.1 Project Background In July 2011 Kerry County Council and The Heritage Council commissioned Wetland Surveys Ireland to undertake a project entitled County Kerry Invasive Species Survey Pilot Mapping Study of the River Lee Catchment, Tralee (KISS 2011). The main aim of the project was to report on the status of recognised Invasive Alien Species (flora) within the River Lee (Kerry) catchment. The information collected during the study was to be collated in GIS format to allow accurate spatial analysis to be carried out on the extent and distribution of the identified invasive species. In recent years considerable attention is being focused on Invasive Alien Species (IAS) with the establishment of the cross border Invasive Species Ireland project which aims to develop a national strategy to deal with IAS and provide guidance on the management of the more widespread problematic species. Inland Fisheries Ireland have also undertaken considerable work on aquatic IAS. In 2008 the National Biodiversity Data Centre (NBDC) established a National Invasive Species Database to determine the current distribution of the various species and monitor their spread. During 2010 the NBDC prepared a report reviewing the status of established (and potential) invasive species in County Kerry (O Flynn 2010). The report detailed the occurrence of two of the twelve species as occurring within the Lee Catchment, namely Japanese Knotweed (Fallopia japonica) and Himalayan Balsam (Impatiens glandulifera) (O Flynn 2010). Unfortunately, the level of information currently available on the distribution of IAS is limited and does not yet form an adequate baseline of the distribution and abundance of the various IAS throughout the country. At the County level, no coordinated action has yet been conducted due in part to the absence of a national strategy relating to IAS. There are some local isolated actions being undertaken within the county such as the attempted control of Rhododendron within Killarney National Park, eradication of Rhododendron from Ballyseedy Wood and a recent project undertaken by Kerry County Council aimed at controlling the spread of Rhododendron and Japanese Knotweed within Reenagross Woodland in Kenmare. The current study has established a baseline of the distribution and extent of IAS within the River Lee catchment, Tralee County Kerry. It is hoped that this information will aid the development of specific strategies for their control at the catchment level. In addition, the methods adopted during the current project provide a standard approach that could be used for similar catchment based surveys of IAS in the future. 1.2 Invasive Alien Species The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) defines Invasive Alien Species (IAS) as species whose introduction and/or spread outside their natural past or present distribution threatens biological diversity. A wider definition that is often used defines IAS as species whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health. IAS occur in all taxonomic groups, including animals, plants, fungi and microorganisms, and can affect all types of ecosystems. While a small percentage of organisms transported to new environments become 1

9 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin invasive, the negative impacts can be extensive. A species introduction is usually vectored by human transportation and trade. If a species new habitat is similar enough to its native range, it may survive and reproduce. For a species to become invasive, it must successfully out-compete native organisms, spread through its new environment, increase in population density and harm ecosystems in its introduced range. To summarize, for an alien species to become invasive, it must arrive, survive and thrive (CBD website). Characteristics that are often common among IAS include: rapid reproduction and growth, high dispersal ability, ability to adapt to new conditions and the ability to survive in a wide range of environmental conditions Ecosystems that have been invaded by alien species may not have the natural predators and competitors present in its native environment that would normally control their populations. Native ecosystems that have undergone human-induced disturbance are often more prone to alien invasions because there is less competition from native species (CBD website). Islands are especially vulnerable to IAS because they are naturally isolated from strong competitors and predators. Islands often have ecological niches that have not been filled because of the distance from colonizing populations, increasing the probability of successful invasions (CBD website). Most non-native species do not cause problems and many economically important species are not native to Ireland. After habitat loss, invasive species are the second biggest threat to biodiversity worldwide, and represent the biggest threat on islands (Millennium ecosystem Assessment 2005; Invasive Species Ireland website). 1.3 Impacts of Invasive Alien Species IAS can change the structure and species composition of native ecosystems directly by outcompeting indigenous species for resources. They may also cause indirect effects through changes in nutrient cycling, ecosystem function and ecological relationships between native species (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005). There are also major socio economic and human health impacts associated with IAS. They can directly affect human health, for example contact with Giant Hogweed, an invasive plant in Ireland can cause serious skin irritation. IAS may also have indirect health effects as a result of the use of pesticides and herbicides in their eradication, which can infiltrate water and soil. The impacts associated with IAS vary widely and are often particular to the species in question. For example, Japanese Knotweed (Fallopia japonica) which is one of Irelands most common IAS can compromise the integrity of built structures. An estimate of the economic cost of Invasive Species in Europe has been estimated at 12.7 Billion (Kettunen et al. 2008). The most common impacts associated with the IAS recorded during the current study are summarised in the individual species accounts presented in Section 3.1 below. 1.4 Control and management of Invasive Species Ireland s National Biodiversity Plan (2002) addresses the threats and promotes the necessity to document and review introductions that have taken place and the impacts they have had and continue to pose to biodiversity. The second National Biodiversity Plan is currently being prepared and is expected to contain a strong policy statement on invasive species issues with particular emphasis on the control and eradication of IAS (O Flynn 2010). 2

10 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin Ireland is a contracting party to a number of international instruments requiring action on AIS including the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), CITES, Bonn Convention, Ramsar Convention and the Bern Convention. In addition, there are also obligations under legislative drivers including regulations transposed from European Directives and national legislation. The recently enacted European Communities (Birds and Natural Habitats) Regulations 2011 (SI 477/11) contain important new provisions to address the problem of invasive species. The regulations make it an offence to assist the growth and spread of plants and animals that have been classified as invasive species ( Further information relating to international conventions and legislation is presented in Stokes et al. (2006) and Turner (2008). The recommended approach to the management of invasive species in Europe comprises a hierarchical approach involving (The European Commission 2008): 1. Prevention and monitoring: Prevention of introductions is the most cost-effective method against IAS. At a national level governments conduct customs checks, inspect shipments and set quarantine regulations to try to limit the entry of invasive species. The most common method for prevention is to target individual species; however, identifying major pathways that lead to their introduction and spread is a more comprehensive approach. It is also important that the general public be educated to make informed decisions about how to limit introductions. A good understanding of the biology and life cycle of IAS is crucial to determine the best approaches to preventing introduction and spread. 2. Early detection and eradication: Early detection of an introduction is crucial to increase the chances of a successful eradication. Conditions for eradication include; proper planning, a commitment to complete eradication, removing the target species faster than they reproduce and preventing re-invasion. Eradication is preferable and more environmentally acceptable than long-term control or containment. Local eradication may in some instances be possible and in these cases continued follow-up prevention and monitoring will be required. 3. Control and long-term containment: This strategy is often the only feasible option when a species cannot be realistically eradicated. This approach aims to limit the potential for the IAS to move outside of a defined area and typically requires constant intervention and adherence to codes of conduct to avoid further spread. Control measures for IAS vary considerably in their approach and efficiency. Methods of control and local eradication are detailed in Stokes et al. (2004). Best practice guidance for the control of IAS is available on the Invasive Species Ireland Website Guidance in relation to those species recorded during the current study area presented in Appendix Study area The River Lee catchment, county Kerry drains an area of ca 101 km 2 (see Figure 1.1). Altitude within the catchment varies from sea level at Blennerville in the west to over 460 m in the Slieve Mish Mountain range to the South. The catchment extends inland for ca 10 km as far east as Cloghermore. The Stack s Mountains form the North-eastern boundary of the catchment. The total length of mapped watercourses within the catchment as 147 km (OSI Digital dataset of rivers segments). Land use includes sheep grazing in the upper parts of the catchment where acid peat soils are present. Good quality farmland occurs throughout the lowlands which are intensively farmed for cattle and dairy. The major urban centre of Tralee with a population of ca 23,000 is located in the 3

11 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin western part of the catchment. Semi-natural habitats are rare within the catchment being largely confined to the heathland in the upland areas, the narrow riparian zone along the main watercourses and a semi-natural woodland area at Ballyseedy. There are three areas designated as detailed in Table 1.1 and shown in Figure 1.1. Old maps show that there is a long history of human impact on the lower parts of the River Lee (O Neill et al. 2008). However, the upper sections are in relatively good condition with well developed oak - hazel woodland occurring in places along the steep sided valleys in the upper part of the catchment. During the current survey it was noted that the river (temporarily) runs underground for a small section (between Q and Q ) where it is likely to flow through gaps in the underlying limestone when the water table is sufficiently low before reemerging ca 300 metres downstream. A survey undertaken in 2008 demonstrated that the main river channel Lee continues to support a stock of both salmon and trout although juvenile numbers were low (SWRFB 2008). Two main causes identified for low stocking numbers were insufficient depth of suitable spawning gravel and a lack of deep holding pools for adult Salmon and Trout. Table 1.1: Designated sites within the River Lee Catchment, County Kerry. Site Name Description Ballyseedy Wood SAC Alluvial woodland site of high ecological interest. Stacks to Mullaghareirk Mountains SPA Upland site designated for the protection of Hen Harrier Slieve Mish Mountains SAC Upland site of high conservation value due to the presence of several habitats and species listed under Annexes I and II of the EU Habitats Directive. Tralee Bay and Magharees Peninsula, West To Cloghane SAC & pnha This site is of considerable ecological interest, holding a diversity of habitats, many of which are listed under Annex I of the E.U. Habitats Directive. 4

12 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin Figure 1.1: Map showing the extent of the River Lee (Kerry) catchment, its main watercourse and smaller tributaries. Areas designated for Nature Conservations are also shown. All rights reserved: Ordnance Survey Ireland License No: 2011/08/CCMA/KerryCountyCouncil. 5

13 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin 2 Methodology 2.1 Desktop review Immediately following project start-up, consultation with stakeholders was undertaken. A letter including a map of the study area was sent to stakeholders including: National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS), Kerry County Council (KCC) and Inland Fisheries Ireland (IFI). At project commencement, a survey approach and methodology was agreed with Kerry County Council and a field recording sheet designed to record all data gathered in the field. In combination with this a specially designed KISS 2011 Records database and KISS 2011 GIS database were developed to store and manage data during the duration of the project (see Section 2.2 and 2.3 below for further details). A review of literature relating to invasive species and any previous ecological studies of the study area was carried out. Relevant published and un-published reports are referenced throughout the text and listed in a bibliography at the end of the document. 2.2 Field survey Survey approach and site selection The final survey approach and methodology was agreed with Kerry County Council soon after the commencement of the project during July Field surveys were undertaken by four professional ecologists, Dr Patrick Crushell (team leader), Dr Peter Foss (team leader), Ms Caroline Hurley and Mr Barry O Loughlin during July and August Surveys were carried out in teams of two surveyors. Where possible, prior to accessing private land landowners were contacted. In such instances background information on the project was presented and permission to enter lands request. In general landowners were most agreeable and had no problem with surveyors entering lands. Adequate assessments were made of all main watercourses and access, while difficult on occasions did not prevent any sections of watercourse from being surveyed. Each of the fifteen main watercourses that make up the catchment were subject to complete walkover surveys (see Figure 2.1). The survey mainly concentrated on the riparian zone either side of the main watercourses, however regular checks were also carried out of the aquatic zone to determine the presence of aquatic invasive species. Following completion of walkover surveys, further inspections were undertaken at certain target areas along minor tributaries within the catchment taking into consideration preliminary results, site access and habitat type and condition. In general these surveys comprised a visual check of watercourses in the vicinity of public roads. Where invasive species were recorded or where habitat conditions appeared suitable for invasives more extensive surveys of the surrounding watercourse were undertaken. During the field survey, whenever a population of invasive species was encountered a new record sheet was completed (see Section for details documented for each record). The more 6

14 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin extensive stands were recorded in the field as linear (or river section) features or polygon features depending on their extent following guidance for habitat mapping as outlined in Smith et al. (2011). In summary, the approach taken was that when a stand was estimated to be less than ca 400 m 2 (20 X 20 m) then it was recorded as a point feature. Where a stand was recorded along a continuous length of river (or roadside) exceeded 20 metres then it was recorded as a linear feature so long as the average width remained less than ca 10 metres. In practice, the width of a particular record was often difficult to estimate as it would vary greatly along the length of an affected river section. In addition to surveys along watercourses, incidental records of invasive species in the wider catchment were also documented. These records were mainly made when driving between survey sites, where invasives were often seen along road verges and elsewhere in the wider countryside. Figure 2.1: Map showing the extent of the River Lee (Kerry) catchment and its main watercourses. Solid red lines indicate the main water courses which were subject to walkover surveys. The red circles indicate the smaller tributary streams beyond the main watercourse which were sampled for the occurrence of invasive species. All rights reserved: Ordnance Survey Ireland License No: 2011/08/CCMA/KerryCountyCouncil. 7

15 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin Survey methodology At the commencement of the field survey a joint training day with all team members was undertaken to ensure consistency of field procedures and data recording. Materials and equipment that was used during the field survey included: data recording sheets, site maps and aerial photography, binoculars, mobile phone, camera and portable GPS unit. A field recording sheet presented in Appendix 2 was used to document survey data. Data recorded in the field met all of the necessary criteria and recording formats of the various stakeholders that have an interest in invasive species (NBDC; IFI; NPWS; KCC). Furthermore data fields were selected so that they would be in a format suitable for both GIS and database capture. At each location where invasive species were recorded the following data was documented in the field, with one card completed for each species identified (standard recording card is presented in Appendix 2; detailed explanation of the each fields is provided in Appendix 3): Survey date Surveyor Townland River section code Nature of record (point or section) Location (downstream extent) grid reference (where relevant) Location (upstream extent) grid reference (where relevant) Species recorded Additional alien species Abundance - the abundance of invasive varied widely between (and within) individual records depending on habitat suitability. In many cases two different densities are provided for individual records to indicate that the plant occurs at varying density. Area covered by infestation (A x B m) this was often a crude estimate in the field especially in the case of large stands. In these cases, the data was often updated following completion of the digital mapping which allowed for more accurate determination of extent. Number plants / m 2 this often varied greatly within single records where plants occurred at different densities along a particular section of river and therefore a range was often provided. Photographic record numbers Substrate type Damage and impacts noted on the site (eg. evidence of waste disposal etc) Fossitt habitats on invasive site (within 10 m radius) Adjacent Fossitt habitats (within 100 m radius) Comments (target notes) Hard copy maps and aerial photographs were annotated in the field with appropriate data including the extent of infestations (where possible) and coded according to the habitats present surrounding each invasive record. These field maps together with the information recorded in the survey datasheets were used to populate the main KISS record database and in produce maps in the KISS GIS (see Section 2.3 below). 8

16 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin 2.3 Data management and analysis A key requirement of the project was to store and manage all data recorded during the field survey. This data included: Individual record information collected on the field recording sheets recorded in the KISS Record database and imported into the KISS GIS dataset (see Section below); annotated maps and aerial photographs used in the field digitised by mapping record details and habitats in the KISS GIS dataset (see Section below); associated photographic images taken of individual records all digital photographs from the survey were stored and geotagged in a designated folder (see Section 2.3.3) KISS Record Database A records database was designed and developed using File Maker Pro 11 software to manage and store all data relating to individual records collected during the survey. This software is a useful means of managing and storing ecological datasets and is directly compatible with more widely available software such as Microsoft Excel. The layout of the database was designed to match the field recording sheet of the project and containing identical data fields (see Table 2.1 below). Further information on the structure of the database and the content of data fields is presented in Appendix 3. Each individual record that was entered into the database was assigned a unique Record Code. This unique record code identifies each record across the different datasets (Record database; GIS dataset and Photographic record). At the end of the project all the data was exported from the database to an excel spreadsheet as presented in Appendix 4. This excel spreadsheet was in turn imported into the GIS to enable all records (and associated data) to be digitally mapped (see Section below). The original KISS Record database accompanies this report on the final project CD Rom together with the complete excel export (Appendix 4). The database was used throughout the project for running queries and carrying out data analysis to summarise the findings of the survey. Table 2.1: Labels of each data field stored in the KISS Record database. These equate to the column titles of the complete Microsoft Excel export (Appendix 4). Further details on the content of each data field are presented in Appendix 3. Data field name Record code Species Recorded latin Species Recorded english Other aliens present at record location Other aliens recorded Surveyors Grid Ref E Grid Ref N Survey Date Townland Name Site Description Water body isolated connected Abundance on site Area covered in m 2 Description Unique code identifying the record number Latin name of relevant invasive species English name of relevant invasive species Yes or No Names of other alien species that were recorded at location Names of surveyors Easting in ING format recorded with portable GPS unit Northing in ING format recorded with portable GPS unit Date of survey (D/M/Y) Townland name Brief description of the record making reference to potential sources and site characteristics Isolated or Connected (hydrologically) Scale as recommended by NBDC (Abundant / Scattered / Sparse / Isolated) Calculated area covered by invasive based on estimate of dimensions in field 9

17 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin Data field name Description and often enhanced using GIS Number plants m 2 Estimate of number of plants / m 2 Area covered by invasive Downstream Grid Ref E Downstream Grid Ref N Upstream Grid Ref E Upstream Grid Ref N Estimate dimensions of stand from field sometimes enhanced using GIS Easting in ING format recorded with portable GPS unit or using GIS Northing in ING format recorded with portable GPS unit or using GIS Easting in ING format recorded with portable GPS unit or using GIS Northing in ING format recorded with portable GPS unit or using GIS Fossitt Habitats on invasive site Name of habitat at record location according to Fossitt (2000) Fossitt Habitats on invasive site short code Code of habitat at record location according to Fossitt (2000) Adjacent site habitats Fossitt Name of surrounding (ca 100 metres) habitats according to Fossitt (2000) Adjacent habitats Fossitt habitats short code Code of surrounding (ca 100 metres) habitats according to Fossitt (2000) Impacts damage Comments on impacts Photo code Record on watercourse Record type River Bank Location River section code OSI River section code WFD Substrate type Damage recorded according to EU damage category codes Additional comments on damaging activities relating to potential source of invasive This refers to name of photographs illustrating the record Yes or No Point / Section (linear) / Polygon depending on the estimated dimensions of stand North / South / East / West River section code as listed in OSI digital dataset River section code as recorded for Water Framework Directive purposes Mineral soil / Alluvial deposits / Peat etc. Project title River Lee (Kerry) Invasive Species Survey 2011 Location of record Contact information County Determiner River Lee Catchment, Tralee. Wetland Surveys Ireland; patrick@crushell.com Kerry Patrick Crushell & Peter Foss KISS GIS dataset KISS Record GIS dataset The GIS comprises three individual datasets, a point, a polygon, and a polyline dataset. The point dataset included point locations of all identified stands of invasive species for which a record has been made, irrespective of whether the stand was included in the polygon or polyline dataset as outlined below. Where an individual stand (irrespective of density) extends along a section of river or roadside exceeding 20 metres in length it was mapped in the polyline dataset. Similarly where an invasive stand exceeds 400m2 (20 X 20 m), it was mapped in the polygon dataset (with the exception of linear stands that may have exceeded 400 m 2 but the average width remained less than 10 metres). Where individual stands of invasive species did not exceed these thresholds they were mapped only in the point dataset of the GIS. Background data extracted from the main KISS Records database relating to each record is attributed to the point dataset as shown in Table 2.2. More detail on the content of each data field is presented in Table 2.1 and Appendix 3. The GIS was used to carry out spatial analysis of the data collected during the survey and to present the results of the survey in illustrative map format. 10

18 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin Table 2.2: Labels of each attribute in the point dataset of GIS with corresponding field name as in the KISS record database. Further details on the content of each data field are presented in Table 2.1 and Appendix 2. Attribute name in GIS Data field name in KISS record database (see Table 2.1) Attribute name in GIS Data field name in KISS record database (see Table 2.1) Record_num Record Code Fossitt_Ha Fossitt Habitats on invasive site Grid_Ref Grid Ref E Fossitt 1 Fossitt Habitats on invasive site short code Grid_Ref_1 Grid Ref N Adjacent_h Adjacent site habitats Fossitt Adjacent habitats Fossitt habitats short Species_Re Species Recorded english Adjacent_s code Species 1 Species Recorded latin Impacts d Impacts damage Other aliens present at record Other_alie location Comments_o Comments on impacts Other_al_1 Other aliens recorded Photo_numb Photo numbers Surveyor_s Surveyors Record_on Record on watercourse Survey_Dat Survey Date Record_typ Record type Site_Name Townland River_Bank River Bank Location Site_Descr Site Description River_sect River section code OSI Water_body Water body isolated connected River_se_1 River section code WFD Abundance Abundance on site Substrate Substrate type Area_cover Area covered in m2 Project_ti Project title Number_pla Number plants m2 Location_o Location of record Area_cov_1 Area covered by invasive Contact_in Contact information Downstream Downstream Grid Ref E County County Downstre_1 Downstream Grid Ref N Determiner Determiner Upstream_G Upstream_1 Upstream Grid Ref E Upstream Grid Ref N KISS Habitat GIS datasets During the field survey habitats present at and surrounding the site of each invasive record were documented on the field datasheet and annotated on aerial photographs. Following the completion of field work, habitats that occur within 50 metres of each record were digitally mapped using GIS. Habitats were classified according to Fossitt 2000 and mapping was carried out following best practice guidance outlined by Smith et al (2011). Previous habitat mapping that was carried out on behalf of Kerry County Council (O Hora et al. 2010) has been incorporated into the habitat datasets and is referenced there as such. Two datasets containing habitat data were constructed: KISS 2011 Habitats Polygon: This dataset shows the distribution of habitats occurring within 50 metres of each invasive record. Further details on the data attributes attached to this file are presented in Appendix 3. KISS 2011 Habitat Polyline: This dataset shows the distribution of linear habitats within 50 metres of each invasive record. Further details on the data attributes attached to this file are presented in Appendix KISS Photographic Record All photographs taken during the course of the survey were collated and stored in a designated 11

19 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin KISS Photographic Record folder. Following the completion of surveys and collation of all data within the KISS Record database, photographs were tagged according to the surveyor who had taken the photograph and re-named according to the relevant record code as generated by the KISS Record database. Photographs were geo-tagged to the location where they were taken (using ArcPhoto), thus allowing the location to be instantly displayed in GIS applications and online mapping such as Google Map and IPhoto. All record photographs are referenced in both the KISS record database and GIS dataset according to photo name. 12

20 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin 3 Results Field work was undertaken during July and August A total of 149 individual records of invasive species were documented during the course of the study. Detailed information relating to each of these records is stored in the KISS Record database and the GIS point dataset. Summary data of each record is presented in Appendix 1 while a full export of all data is presented in Appendix 4. A map showing the distribution of all records is presented in Figure 3.1. Figure 3.1: Map showing the distribution of all invasive species records as documented during the Kerry Invasive Species Survey Yellow circles indicate the location of point records for invasive species, while river sections in red signify a continuous cover by invasive species. All rights reserved: Ordnance Survey Ireland License No: 2011/08/CCMA/KerryCountyCouncil. Notes: 1 Duplicate records are not illustrated on the map (e.g. where two IAS were recorded at one location). 2 Records are labeled according to record number although some labels are not shown due to reduction in scale. 13

21 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin Of the 149 records, 115 were from the riparian zone of watercourses within the catchment (some of which may relate to a section of watercourse up to 1.1 km long). The remaining 34 records relate to incidental records in the wider catchment. The most commonly recorded species was Japanese Knotweed (Fallopia japonica) which was recorded at 85 different locations. This was followed by Himalayan Balsam (Impatiens glandulifera) recorded at 51 different locations. The number of records relating to the different species recorded is illustrated in Figure 3.2 and presented in Table 3.1. Although Japanese Knotweed was recorded at more locations that Himalayan Balsam, the average extent of each record was 233 m 2 and 643 m 2 respectively demonstrating that Himalayan Balsam occurs in more extensive stands. The total area occupied by IAS was estimated to be 5.3 hectares while over 12.3 km of watercourses within the catchment are affected by IAS (see Table 3.1). The most widespread invasive species recorded along watercourses was Himalayan Balsam, documented from ca 10.1 km of watercourse (see Table 3.1). More detailed information on the distribution and extent of each species is presented in the following section which presents a brief report of each invasive species. Surveys of the aquatic zone were regularly carried out during the course of the field work to determine whether aquatic invasive species were present within the watercourses of the Lee catchment. No aquatic IAS were recorded during the course of the current study. Figure 3.2: Number of records per individual species recorded during the course of the KISS Only 8 of the other alien species refer to unique records, the remaining 39 are associated with one of the main invasive species. 14

22 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin Table 3.1: Summary results on the occurrence of invasive species recorded during the KISS Number of records in KISS Record Database 1 Area (m 2 ) occupied by each species recorded Length of watercourse (m) occupied by each species recorded 2 Invasive Species Recorded Japanese Knotweed (Fallopia japonica) 85 18,573 (1.9 ha) 2,116 (2.1 km) Himalayan Balsam (Impatiens glandulifera) 51 33,791 (3.4 ha) 10,127 (10.1 km) Giant Rhubarb (Gunnera tinctoria) Rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum) Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) Other alien species (incidental records) Total ,449 (5.3 ha) 12,322 (12.3 km) Notes: 1 Number of sites surveyed was extracted from KISS Record database. 2 Area (ha) and Length (m) were calculated from KISS GIS dataset. The density of plants varies from scattered to dense 3 The alien species includes 8 individual alien records that are not associated with a main invasive record. The area calculated refers only to these 8 records as the extent of other aliens was not recorded where they were associated with a main invasive records. 15

23 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin 3.1 Individual species reports Japanese Knotweed (Fallopia japonica) Background (Taken from Invasive Species Ireland Website) Status: Established Habitat: Terrestrial Threat: Reduction of species diversity. Habitat: Can tolerate wide range of conditions, including full shade, high temperatures, high salinity and drought. It is found near water sources, such as along river banks, low-lying and disturbed areas. It can colonize coastal shores and islands. Description: This is a relatively large plant that can grow up to 2 3 m in height and can dominate an area to the exclusion of most other plants. It can form an extensive network of rhizomes (roots) which cause problems when managing this species. Small pieces of rhizomes are capable of rejuvenating the plant. The rhizomes also allow the plant to survive over winter when the over ground conspicuous leafy part of the plant dies back to a brown wasted stem. The leaves are shield or heart shaped usually with a pale stripe down the middle. Flowers are creamy and arise from the tips of stems. Origin and Distribution: A native of Japan, Korea, Taiwan and China where both male and female plants are known. This species is now widespread in continental Europe and Britain but only female plants have been recorded to date. Impacts: F. japonica is a threat in open and riparian areas where it spreads rapidly to form dense stands, excluding native vegetation and prohibiting regeneration. This reduces species diversity and alters habitat for wildlife. Once stands become established, they are extremely persistent and difficult to remove. Japanese Knotweed is also of concern to developers and private citizens. This plant has the ability to grow through tarmac and concrete (in some cases within dwellings) and therefore must be cleared completely before starting to build or lay roads. How did it get here? The date of first introduction to Ireland is not know for certain. It is believed that this plant arrived in the mid to late 1800 s. Regardless of the date of introduction, this plant has spread from gardens into the environment and is now a pest species. Where is it found in Ireland? Japanese Knotweed is very common right across Ireland. It occurs 16

24 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin in numerous different types of habitats from road sides to river corridors to waste ground in urban areas Distribution and extent of Japanese Knotweed within the River Lee Catchment Japanese Knotweed (JK) is widespread throughout the catchment occurring from the tidal sections of the River Lee at Tralee (record 102) to the upper parts of the catchment such as at Ballintobeenig in the Stacks Mountains (record 146) where it was recorded growing on the roadside at an altitude of ca 230 m (see Figure 3.3). Figure 3.3: Extent and distribution of Japanese Knotweed throughout the River Lee (Kerry) Catchment as recorded during the Kerry Invasive Species Survey Inset shows the distribution throughout Ireland (NBDC 2011). All rights reserved: Ordnance Survey Ireland License No: 2011/08/CCMA/KerryCountyCouncil. JK was recorded growing at 85 locations within the catchment and occupied a total area of ca 1.9 ha. The most extensive stands were recorded along the lower sections of the Big River where the plant was recorded growing in varying abundance along three river sections measuring 722 m (record 130 abundant ca 7220 m 2 ), 275 m (record 098 scattered ca 2750 m 2 ) and 226 m (record 100 abundant, ca 904 m 2 ). Elsewhere within the catchment the plant tends to occur in dense more restricted stands as demonstrated by the median area of a record being 28 m 2 (see 17

25 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin Table 3.1). It is clear from the results of the survey that JK is associated with watercourses, most commonly recorded growing in open conditions and where some disturbance (natural or anthropogenic) has taken place. JK was also recorded throughout the wider catchment where it was often recorded growing on roadsides and other ground prone to disturbance such as building sites and derelict ground. The plant is largely absent or grows very sparsely in areas of high shade. Table 3.2: Summary results on the occurrence of Japanese Knotweed recorded during the KISS Total number of records 85 Number of records on watercourse 61 Number of records in wider catchment 23 Length of watercourse affected within catchment 2.1 km Median area occupied by individual stand 28 m Potential impacts on habitats of conservation importance The occurrence of JK poses a threat to the ecological status of the streams and rivers along which it occurs by shading out native riparian vegetation, altering the light conditions of the aquatic habitat, and by making banks more prone to erosion. Eight individual records of JK were recorded from within Ballyseedy Wood SAC. However these records were restricted to small areas adjacent to the watercourse and are not currently impacting on the woodland habitats for which the site is designated Management recommendations for Japanese Knotweed occurring throughout Lee Catchment An eradication programme should be established in an attempt to control the spread of the species throughout the catchment and remove the threat posed by the species on the ecological status of the catchment. Those areas up-stream and within Ballyseedy Wood SAC (which also represent the most upstream populations in the catchment) should initially be targeted as they represent a source that will continue to pose a threat to the conservation status of the SAC (see Section 4.1 below for further details). Best practice guidance on the management of Japanese Knotweed has been prepared by Kelly et al. (2008, currently in revision) and is presented in Appendix 5. It is important that these guidelines be closely adhered to in any future attempts to eradicate or control the species within the catchment. 18

26 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin Himalayan Balsam (Impatiens glandulifera) Background (Taken from Invasive Species Ireland Website) Status: Established Habitat: Terrestrial Threat: Competition with native plants. Habitat: riverbanks and areas of damp ground Description: It can form dense monospecific stands where individual plants can reach 2 3 m in height (one of the tallest annual plants in Ireland). The stem of the plant is smooth, hairless and hollow. They grow upright, easily broken and are usually purple in colour with many large ovalshaped pointed leaves bearing teeth around the edges. The flowers of this plant can vary in colour but are usually shades of white, pink or purple. Flowering usually takes place from June to October. Seed capsules arise where the flowers were and when mature and dry, the slightest touch causes these fruits to split open explosively dispersing seeds up to 20 feet from the parent plant. Seeds are capable of further dispersal by water and animal and human aid. Origin and Distribution: The plant is native to the western Himalayas but is now invasive in many parts of continental Europe. In Britain, Himalayan balsam is regarded as one of the top-ten most wanted species that have caused significant environmental impact. Impacts: This species grows in thick monospecific stands, shading out native plants such as grasses. From October onwards, the plants die back leaving the soil more exposed to erosion because of the loss of native plants earlier in the year. It has also been shown to produce more nectar in its flowers than native species making the plant more attractive to bumblebees resulting in less pollination of our native species. How did it get here? Originally brought into Ireland as a garden plant. Where is it found in Ireland? The species is now found throughout the island of Ireland suitable habitats. 19

27 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin Distribution and extent of Himalayan Balsam within the River Lee Catchment Himalayan Balsam (HB) is widespread throughout the lower parts of the catchment (see Figure 3.4). It occurs continuously along the main watercourses to the North and East of Tralee town centre including the Big River as far north as Rahoonane, the River Lee as far east as Manor East and along two smaller tributaries of the River Lee to Ballybeggan in the North and Ballyseedy to the South. Figure 3.4: Extent and distribution of Himalayan Balsam throughout the River Lee (Kerry) Catchment as recorded during the Kerry Invasive Species Survey Inset shows the distribution throughout Ireland (NBDC 2011). All rights reserved: Ordnance Survey Ireland License No: 2011/08/CCMA/KerryCountyCouncil. HB was recorded growing at 51 locations within the catchment and occupied a total area of ca 3.4 ha. The most extensive stands were recorded along the lower sections of the Big River and the River Lee. It is clear from Figure 3.4 that HB distribution is clustered around four main watercourses of the catchment. It has not been recorded amongst the upper parts of the River Lee north-east of Ballyseedy. It is clear from the results of the survey that HB is heavily associated with watercourses, growing most abundantly in areas of open habitat along the edge of streams. There are only five records of the plant growing in the wider catchment removed from watercourses. In these instances the plant 20

28 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin was always associated with disturbed ground. Table 3.3: Summary results on the occurrence of Himalayan Balsam recorded during the KISS Total number of records 51 Number of records on watercourse 46 Number of records in wider catchment 5 Length of watercourse affected 10.1 km Median area occupied by individual stand 60 m Potential impacts on habitats of conservation importance The occurrence of HB poses a threat to the ecological status of the streams and rivers along which it occurs by shading out native riparian vegetation, altering the light conditions of the aquatic habitat, and by making banks more prone to erosion. Six individual records of HB were recorded from within Ballyseedy Wood SAC. However these records were restricted to small areas adjacent to the watercourse and are not currently impacting on habitats for which the site is designated. HB also occurs upstream of Ballyseedy Wood along the tributary that originates in the South-east of the catchment Management recommendations for Himalayan Balsam occurring in Lee Catchment A programme should be established in an attempt to control the spread of the species throughout the catchment and remove the threat posed by the species on the ecological status of the catchment. Those areas up-stream of Ballyseedy wood should initially be targeted as a trial area as they represent a source that will continue to pose a threat to the conservation status of the SAC (see Section 4.1 below for further details). Best practice guidance on the management of Himalayan Balsam has been prepared by the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (2004) and is presented in Appendix 5. It is important that these guidelines be closely adhered to in any future attempts to eradicate or control the species within the catchment. 21

29 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin Giant Rhubarb (Gunnera tinctoria) Background (Taken from Invasive Species Ireland Website) Status: Established Habitat: Terrestrial Threat: Competition with native plants. Habitat: coastal cliffs, waterways, roadsides, wet meadows and derelict gardens and fields. Description: Gunnera tinctoria or giant rhubarb is not related to rhubarb, but as its name implies it is similar in appearance. This is a much larger plant with thorny leaves and stems. This is a large herbaceous plant that forms dense colonies and shades out other plants. This plant is most conspicuous in spring and summer when it can grow up to 2 m tall with large umbrella shaped leaves that arise from sturdy stalks or petioles. Gunnera over winters as large buds accumulating on the rhizomes (roots) above the surface, while the leaves die back, exposing these buds. Origin and Distribution: Native to South America but is now invasive in Europe, North America, New Zealand and Australia. Impacts: Gunnera reduces the biodiversity value of infested sites. It can lead to the local extinction of some species with the formation of almost monospecific stands of Gunnera. Elsewhere, this species has also caused problems by blocking drainage ditches and also access ways for people. How did it get here? The plant arrived in Ireland as an ornamental plant for gardens. Where is it found in Ireland? The species is currently considered invasive on the west coast of Ireland, although it is also found on the east coast to date it is not considered invasive. It is considered to be having a significant impact on Achill Island, County Mayo, where is has spread throughout Distribution and extent of Giant Rhubarb within the River Lee Catchment Giant Rhubarb (GR) was only recorded from three isolated locations within the catchment. The most extensive stand was recorded at Clahane where it was recorded growing along a 25 metre section of watercourse (record code 110). Each of the three records appears to be associated with adjacent garden planting. Based on the restricted distribution of the species within the catchment it is not currently considered invasive. 22

30 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin Figure 3.5: Extent and distribution of Giant Rhubarb throughout the River Lee (Kerry) Catchment as recorded during the Kerry Invasive Species Survey Inset shows the distribution throughout Ireland (NBDC 2011). All rights reserved: Ordnance Survey Ireland License No: 2011/08/CCMA/KerryCountyCouncil Potential impacts on habitats of conservation importance Based on the limited distribution of the species within the catchment, this species does not currently pose any threat to habitats of ecological importance within the catchment. Any potential impacts are localized. The species is not established within any site of known ecological importance although it is present nearby Ballyseedy Wood (Record 047) Management recommendations for Giant Rhubarb occurring in Lee Catchment Eradication of existing Giant Rhubarb stands within the catchment should be considered. Monitoring of the species at its current stations should continue to ensure that it does not spread from its current locations. Any future eradication programme should refer to the Invasive Species Action Plan prepared for this species by Armstrong et al. (2009) and presented in Appendix 5. 23

31 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin Rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum) Background (Taken from Invasive Species Ireland Website) Status: Established Habitat: Terrestrial Threat: Competition with native plants. Habitat: Mixed deciduous forest. Temperate heaths. Raised and blanket bogs. Description: This species was first introduced to parks, gardens, and demesnes in Britain and Ireland in the 1700 s. Rhododendron ponticum is readily recognised by its distinctive attractive flowers and large dark green coloured, oval leaves. It can grow quite tall with specimens regularly attaining 8 m. Origin and Distribution: The species is native to both Europe and Asia. It is believed that the current populations of Rhododendron in Ireland have been introduced from material taken from both the Iberian Peninsula populations and the Asian populations of this species. Rhododendron has a complex history. Impacts: Rhododendron can from very dense thickets and out-compete native plants for space and resources, especially for sunlight. Other impacts on fish and invertebrate communities have been recorded. Rhododendron can also prevent access to sites by the shear mass of plant material blocking paths and right of way. How did it get here? Natural dispersal by seed and vegetative means and planted by people. Where is it found in Ireland? Planted in gardens, parks and demesnes Distribution and extent of Rhododendron within the River Lee Catchment Rhododendron was only recorded as an invasive from a single location within the catchment, within mixed woodland in the vicinity of Lismore House, Lismore (record 134) (see Figure 3.6). The species is likely to have been planted at this location in the past. Elsewhere within the catchment Rhododendron was only recorded as an associated non-native species and was recorded from private gardens. It was not typically associated with the watercourses of the catchment. 24

32 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin The species has previously been recorded as invasive within Ballyseedy wood in the past and recent eradication work has been undertaken as part of the woodland management plan for the site (O Neill et al. 2008). During the course of the KISS 2011 Rhododendron was not recorded as an invasive within Ballyseedy wood, however the area targeted for survey was along the watercourse in the Northern part of the site. Figure 3.6: Extent and distribution of Rhododendron ponticum throughout the River Lee (Kerry) Catchment as recorded during the Kerry Invasive Species Survey All rights reserved: Ordnance Survey Ireland License No: 2011/08/CCMA/KerryCountyCouncil Potential impacts on habitats of conservation importance Rhododendron has adversely impacted on the ecological status of part of Ballyseedy wood in the past. Recent clearance has successfully removed the species from the woodland. On-going monitoring will be required to ensure that it does not re-establish within the woodland. Elsewhere within the catchment Rhododendron does not pose a significant threat to habitats of ecological importance Management recommendations for Rhododendron occurring in Lee Catchment Monitoring of the recently cleared area within Ballyseedy wood should continue on an annual basis and if necessary, measures taken to prevent it from re-establishing. Elsewhere within the catchment Rhododendron is not considered problematic. Any future control should refer to best practice guidance prepared by McGuire et al. (2008, in revision) and presented in Appendix 5. 25

33 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) Background (Taken from Invasive Species Ireland Website) Status: Established Habitat: Terrestrial Threat: Public health hazard. Competition with native species. Habitat: Riparian zones, ruderal/disturbed, water courses. Description: This species is a member of the parsley or carrot family, Apiaceae. It is a large herbaceous plant that can grow up to 5 6 meters tall and can be either biennial or perennial. Plants are generally capable of flowering and setting seed only once in a lifetime (termed monocarpic). The seeds produced are easily dispersed by wind, water, animal or human influence. The seeds can start to sprout in early spring and can continue to do so throughout the growing season. Seeds are known to be viable for several years. The tall stem produced is rigid and hollow, up to 10cm in diameter with purple blotches on the surface. The leaves are deeply lobed and sharply pointed with soft hairs appearing on the under surface. Flowers are white and borne in clusters on a large umbrella shaped head. Origin and Distribution: Giant hogweed is native to Asia but is now invasive in North America, continental Europe and Britain Impacts: This species represents a public health hazard. The toxins in giant hogweeds sap react with sunlight / UV rays. When the sap produced comes in direct contact with the skin can cause the skin to blister. This species has a high competitive advantage over native plants. It can out compete for space and resources by shading out native and desirable plants. There is also a loss in invertebrate diversity as the plants these animals depend on become scarcer. Other impacts include a significant increase in riverbank erosion. In summer time rights of way and access points for water users such as fishermen may become impassable due to high infestation rates of giant hogweed. How did it get here? Initially the species was brought to Ireland as an ornamental plant of parks and gardens. Where is it found in Ireland? The species is wide spread throughout the island of Ireland. 26

34 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin Distribution and extent of Giant Hogweed within the River Lee Catchment Giant Hogweed (GH) was only recorded from a single location within the catchment, adjacent to a small watercourse nearby the railway line at Ballinorig South (see Figure 3.7). The individual plant was growing in shade at the edge of a conifer plantation and was in flower. The species has not previously been reported from the catchment (Preston et al. 2002; O Flynn 2010). Figure 3.7: Distribution of Giant Hogweed throughout the River Lee (Kerry) Catchment as recorded during the Kerry Invasive Species Survey Inset shows the distribution throughout Ireland (NBDC 2011) Potential impacts on habitats of conservation importance Based on the results of the current study GH is not currently impacting on habitats of conservation importance. The specimen recorded was in flower at the time of survey therefore the seed produced could provide a means of spreading. The species is not known to be established within any site of ecological importance. 27

35 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin Management recommendations for Giant Hogweed occurring in Lee Catchment Eradication of the individual plant recorded during the current study should be considered to prevent it spreading and becoming problematic in the future. Best practice guidance on the management of Giant Hogweed has been prepared by McGuire et al. (2008, in revision) for Invasive Species Ireland and is presented in Appendix 5. It is important that these guidelines be closely adhered to in any future attempts to eradicate or control the species within the catchment Other alien species An introduced, neozoon, alien, exotic, non-indigenous, or non-native species, or simply an introduction, is a species living outside its native distributional range, which has arrived there by human activity, either deliberate or accidental. Some introduced species are damaging to the ecosystem they are introduced into, others have no negative effect and can, in fact, be beneficial. Over the last 200 years or so, nearly as many alien plants have been recorded in Ireland as there are native taxa (Reynolds 2002). Although many were and are only of temporary occurrence, others such as Sycamore and Montbretia are characteristic plants in the Irish landscape. Alien plants now form an important part of the country s biological diversity. The publication A Catalogue of Alien Plants in Ireland (Reynolds 2002) lists approximately 920 alien plant taxa recorded in Ireland, past and present. Selected alien species that were regularly recorded in association with the main invasive species records on the KISS 2011, and outlined above included: Bamboo Butterfly Bush (Buddleja davidii) Cherry Laurel (Prunus laurocerasus) Dogwood (Cornus sericea) Fuchsia (Fuchsia magellanica) Montbretia (Crocosmia x crocosmiflora) Privet (Ligustrum ovalifolium) Red Rambling Rose (Rosa rugosa) Red Bistort (Polygonum amplexicaule) Shrubby Honeysuckle (Lonicera nitida) Snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus) Winter Heliotrope (Petasites fragrans) One or more of the above species were associated with 39 of the main KISS records (see Figure 3.8) while 8 individual incidental records were made where the species was not associated with a recognized IAS. The more widespread species that were recorded during the course of the survey include Montbretia (18 records), Snowberry (9 records), Cherry Laurel (8 records), and Winter Heliotrope (7 records). These species are likely to be more widespread throughout the catchment as they were not systematically surveyed during the current study but only recorded where they occurred alongside one of the target invasive species. Those records where other alien species were recorded in association with a recognized IAS are illustrated in Figure

36 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin Figure 3.8: Distribution of incidental records of other alien species documented during the KISS All rights reserved: Ordnance Survey Ireland License No: 2011/08/CCMA/KerryCountyCouncil. 3.2 Habitats that occur throughout River Lee Catchment Habitats that occur within 50 metres of each IAS record identified during the KISS 2011 were mapped comprising a total area of ca 195 hectares. The total area of each habitat type (or habitat mosaic) identified and the percentage of total habitat cover is presented in Table 3.4, providing an indication of the prominent habitats within the study area. In summary the habitats that occur most commonly include modified, artificial and disturbed habitats including Improved grassland (41%), buildings and artificial surfaces (11 %), amenity grassland (gardens) (4%), and disturbed habitats such as recolonising bare ground and spoil which often occur in a mosaic with the aforementioned habitats. Semi-natural habitats are less common with wet grassland, scrub, and various woodland habitats being most widespread. Those woodland habitats in the upper part of the Lee catchment (oak ash hazel woodland) and associated with Ballyseedy wood (riparian woodland) represent the more intact semi-natural habitats of conservation interest that occur in proximity to KISS 2011 records. Sample habitat maps of three contrasting areas within the catchment are presented in Figure 3.9a, b and c to illustrate the habitat mapping undertaken on the project. 29

37 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin Table 3.4: Area of different habitat types (m2) that occur within a 50 m radius of KISS 2011 invasive species records. Habitat / Habitat Mosaic Area (m 2 ) or Length* (m) % Cover of area surveyed BC1 Arable crops 21, BL3 Buildings and artificial surfaces \ GS2 Dry meadows and grassy verges 1, BL3 Buildings and artificial surfaces \ WS3 Ornamental / non native shrubs 29, BL3 Buildings and artificial surfaces 211, BL3 Buildings and artificial surfaces \ ED2 Spoil and bare ground 2, BL3 Buildings and artificial surfaces \ ED3 Recolonising bare ground 5, BL3 Buildings and artificial surfaces \ GA2 Amenity grassland (improved) 142, CW2 Tidal rivers 618* NA ED2 Spoil and bare ground 7, ED2 Spoil and bare ground \ ED3 Recolonising bare ground 26, ED3 Recolonising bare ground 25, FL8 Other artificial lakes and ponds FS1 Reed and large sedge swamps 6, FW1 Eroding upland rivers 7449* NA FW2 Depositing lowland rivers 12317* NA FW4 Drainage ditches 351* NA GA1 Improved agricultural grassland 803, GA1 Improved agricultural grassland \ BL3 Buildings and artificial surfaces 2, GA1 Improved agricultural grassland \ GS4 Wet grassland 6, GA2 Amenity grassland (improved) 76, GA2 Amenity grassland (improved) \ BL3 Buildings and artificial surfaces 144, GS Semi-natural grassland 8, GS2 Dry meadows and grassy verges 32, GS2 Dry meadows and grassy verges \ WS1 Scrub 8, GS4 Wet grassland 138, WD1 (Mixed) broadleaved woodland 22, WD1 (Mixed) broadleaved woodland \ WN5 Riparian woodland 49, WD2 Mixed broadleaved - conifer woodland 4, WD3 (Mixed) conifer plantation WD4 Conifer plantation 18, WL1 Hedgerows 4211* NA WL2 Treelines 1133* NA WN2 Oak-ash-hazel woodland 35, WN2 Oak-ash-hazel woodland \ GS4 Wet grassland 1, WN5 Riparian woodland 1, WN6 Wet willow-alder-ash-woodland 19, WN6 Wet willow-alder-ash-woodland \ GA2 Amenity grassland 12, WS1 Scrub 50, WS1 Scrub \ WS3 Ornamental / non-native shrub 3, WS2 Immature woodland 7, WS3 Ornamental / non-native shrub 1, WS4 Short rotation coppice 12, Total 1949,

38 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin Figure 3.9a: Habitat map surrounding KISS 2011 records along the tidal section of the River Lee to the South of Tralee town centre. Ordnance Survey Ireland License No: 2011/08/CCMA/KerryCountyCouncil. Figure 3.9b: Habitat map of area surrounding KISS 2011 records in the vicinity of Ballyseedy Wood SAC. Ordnance Survey Ireland License No: 2011/08/CCMA/KerryCountyCouncil. 31

39 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin Figure 3.9c: Habitat map of area surrounding KISS 2011 records in the vicinity at Killduff in the northeastern part of the catchment. Ordnance Survey Ireland License No: 2011/08/CCMA/KerryCountyCouncil. 32

40 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin 4 Conclusions and recommendations The two most widespread and problematic invasive species recorded throughout the Lee Catchment, County Kerry as part of the County Kerry Invasive Species Survey 2011, were Japanese Knotweed (Fallopia japonica) and Himalayan Balsam (Impatiens glandulifera). Detailed information on their distribution and extent within the catchment has been collated and summarised in the results section. This baseline information should prove valuable to Kerry County Council and other stakeholders in any future plan to control and contain spread of these species throughout the catchment. Furthermore, the data should prove useful in monitoring the occurrence of invasive species into the future. The following sections discuss various recommendations in relation to invasive species based on the findings of the current study. 4.1 Invasive species management strategy for the Lee Catchment As outlined in the species reports (section 3.1 above) a number of recommendations are made with regards the management of the five IAS recorded throughout the catchment. It is recommended that a sub section of the Lee Catchment should be used to trial a management, control and eradication programme for both Japanese Knotweed and Himalayan Balsam. Based on the results of the current study, an area proposed for this trial is the sub-catchment upstream to the south-east of Ballyseedy wood (from Record 34 to Record 118) as shown in Figure 4.1. This area was chosen because: it contains the most upstream population of Himalayan Balsam and Japanese Knotweed within the catchment and therefore represents a potential source of infestation to a large portion of the catchment downstream including the ecologically sensitive Ballyseedy Wood SAC should the trial be successful there is a lower chance of the species re-establishing in the area due to the absence of an up-stream populations stands of varying type and density along watercourse sections (and removed from watercourses) are present therefore allowing different control methods to be trialed depending on the local conditions Subject to the trial being successful, it is recommended that the next phase of the programme should be an attempt to eradicate the plant from all locations within and upstream of Ballyseedy Wood SAC (all records upstream of Record 84, see Figure 4.1) using appropriate methods as experimented during the initial trial, and in consultation with the NPWS. Prior to the start of works, a detailed work programme and costing should be drawn up with input from specialists in the eradication of invasive species and other stakeholders (Kerry County Council, Fisheries groups, local landowners/ifa inter alia). Such a trial programme would be a useful means of increasing public awareness surrounding the issue of invasive alien species. Consideration should be given to designating a number of demonstration sites so land managers (farmers, farm contractors, foresters, local authority employees etc) could become familiar with the control of invasive species. Public information displays on the eradication programme and the threat from invasive species should be erected at these demonstration sites. 33

41 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin Figure 4.1: Sub-catchment to the south-east of Ballyseedy wood SAC from the townland of Ballycarty to Ashhill (Record 34 to Record 118). Based on the outcome of the KISS 2011 a local eradication programme for both Japanese Knotweed and Himalayan Balsam is recommended for this area. All Rights Reserved: Ordnance Survey Ireland License No: 2011/08/CCMA/KerryCountyCouncil. 4.2 Public participation and awareness In order to address the further spread of invasive species within the county it is important to have participation of the general public and raise awareness of the issues surrounding invasive species. The aim of any public awareness campaign should aim to: explain the problems posed by the spread of invasive species increase public understanding and recognition of the most widespread and unwanted species explain the means by which these species spread detail how landowners, land managers and the construction sector can assist in preventing the spread of invasive species encourage the public to report records of invasive species to Kerry County Council or the National Biodiversity Data Centre 34

42 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin Individual project elements that might be considered as part of a public awareness campaign on invasive species in Kerry could include: general Public / Landowner/ Schools information leaflet on invasive species distribution of invasive species recording cards in local libraries and public offices a heritage week event focusing on invasive species in Kerry and Kerry County Councils management and eradication plan a dedicated section on Invasive Species and Kerry County Councils management and eradication plan on the County Council website public information signs at demonstration sites where management and eradication works are planned 4.3 Kerry County Council It is recommended that an audit of Kerry County Council properties (e.g. yards; hardcore storage facilities; roads division properties etc.) be undertaken to quantify and assess the status of invasive species throughout the properties managed and owned by the local authority. Any properties found to contain invasive species should be prioritised for eradictaion programmes so as to prevent accidental spread of these species to other sites. In association with this survey, a formal Code of Best Practice (CoPs) should be established in consultation with Invasive Species Ireland. Included in this CoP should be the adoption of policies relating to the sourcing and transport of clean material used in road construction and other works undertaken by the local authority. 4.4 Further county-wide surveys Further baseline surveys should be undertaken throughout other catchments in County Kerry to establish the status of invasive species on a county level. The methodology used in any future survey should follow that developed during the KISS 2011 project. 4.5 Review of survey methodology Methodology developed during the current study provides a suitable template for undertaking surveys of invasive flora species using a catchment based approach. It is recommended that a standard survey methodology / approach should be agreed so that outputs from any future surveys are consistent and comparable across different study areas. 35

43 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin 5 References Anonymous (2004) Himalayan Balsam, The Dingle (Nant y Pandy) Nature Reserve. Isle of Anglesey County Council, pp. 7. Armstrong, C., Osborne, B., Kelly, J. and Maguire, C.M. (2009) Giant Rhubarb (Gunnera tinctoria) Invasive Species Action Plan. Prepared for Northern Ireland Environment Agency and NPWS as part of Invasive Species Ireland, pp. 18. Bailey, J.P., Child, L.E. & Conolly, A.P. (1996) A survey of the distribution of Fallopia x bohemica (Chrtek & Chrtkova) J. Bailey (Polygonaceae) in the British Isles. Watsonia 21: Barron, C. (2006) The control of Rhododendron in native woodlands. Native woodland scheme information note no. 3. Forest Service, Dublin. Caffrey, J.M. (1994) Spread and management of Heracleum mantegazzianum (Giant Hogweed) along Irish River Corridors. In: DeWaal, L.C., Child, L.E., Wade, M. & Brock, J.H. (eds), Ecology and management of riverside plants.. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, England. pp CEH (2004) Information Sheet 3: Himalayan Balsam. Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Natural Environment Research Council IK. pp 2. Cross, J.R. (1981) The establishment of Rhododendron ponticum in the Killarney oakwoods, SW Ireland. Journal of Ecology, 69; Cross, J.R. (1982) The invasion and impact of Rhododendron ponticum in native Irish vegetation. Journal of Life Sciences Royal Dublin Society, 3; Crushell, P. & Foss, P. (2010) Reenagross Park, Kenmare, Co. Kerry. Baseline Ecological Surveys and Biodiversity Conservation Plan. Report prepared by Wetland Surveys Ireland for Kenmare Tidy Towns Association. pp. 51. Crushell, P., Foss, P., Hurley, C. & O Loughlin, B. (2011) County Kerry Invasive Species Survey Pilot Mapping Study of the River Lee Catchment, Tralee. Report for Heritage Office, Kerry County Council and The Heritage Council, Ireland. (in press). Dadds, N. & Bell, S. (2008) Invasive non-native plants associated with fresh waters. A Guide to their identification. Species Action Framework Prepared on behalf of: Plantlife, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Scottish Natural Heritage, Scottish Environment Protection Agency, Scottish Water. Edwards, C. & Morgan, J.L. (1996) Control of Rhododendron ponticum by stump applications of herbicides following mechanical clearance. Proceedings Crop Protection in Northern Britain II: Fossitt, J. (2000) A Guide to Habitats in Ireland. The Heritage Council, Ireland. IFI (2008) Report on Electro-Fishing of the River Lee, July-August Kerry County Council, pp. 3. Jay, M. (2011) The Myths of Japanese Knotweed: A critical appraisal/review of the UK Knotweed Industry. Bulletin of the Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management, In Practice No. 72, pp Kelly, J., Maguire, C.M. and Cosgrove, P.J. (2008) Best Practice Management Guidelines Japanese knotweed Fallopia japonica. Prepared for Northern Ireland Environment Agency and NPWS as part of Invasive Species Ireland. Kettunen, M., Genovesi, P., Gollasch, S., Pagad, S., Starfinger, U. ten Brink, P. & Shine, C. (2008). Technical support to EU strategy on invasive species (IS) - Assessment of the impacts of IS in Europe and the EU (Final module report for the European Commission). Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP), Brussels, Belgium. 40 pp. + Annexes., 36

44 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin May 2008 (DG ENV contract). Kerry County Council (2008) Heritage and Biodiversity Plan Kerry County Council. Lucey, J. (1994) Records of the Giant Hogweed Heracleum mantegazzianum Somm. & Lev., along southern Irish rivers and streams with a revised distribution map for the region. Bulletin of the Irish Biogeographical Society, 17; 2-6. Maguire, C.M., Cosgrove, P.J. and Kelly, J. (2008) Best Practice Management Guidelines Giant Hogweed Heracleum mantegazzianum. Prepared for Northern Ireland Environment Agency and NPWS as part of Invasive Species Ireland. Maguire, C.M., Kelly, J. and Cosgrove, P.J. (2008) Best Practice Management Guidelines Rhododendron Rhododendron ponticum and Cherry Laurel Prunus laurocerasus. Prepared for Northern Ireland Environment Agency and NPWS as part of Invasive Species Ireland. MCC (2009) Invasive Alien Plant Giant Rhubarb (Gunnera tinctoria ). Mayo County Council and Invasive Species Ireland. Murphy, J (2009). Clare Invasive Alien Species Project: the establishment of a baseline on invasive alien species in County Clare and the development of a draft county-level management strategy. Report prepared for Clare County Council. NNSS (2010) Control of invasive non-native species Himalayan Balsam (Impatiens glandulifera). GB Non-Native Species Secretariat. O Flynn, C. (2010) Report on the Dirty Dozen non-native invasive species, Co. Kerry. Report compiled by National Biodiversity Data Centre to Kerry County Council. O Hora, K, Delaney, E and Smith, G. and O Donoghue, P. (2010) Urban Habitats and Biodiversity Survey in Caherciveen, Tralee, Ballybunion and Tarbert. Final Report prepared for Kerry County Council. Atkins, Cork. O Neill, F., Perrin, P. & Barron, S. (2008) Ballyseedy Wood: A 50-Year Management Plan. BEC Consultants for Kerry County Council. pp. 76. Proctor, K. and Rafferty, T.F. (2004) Survey of Giant Hogweed, Japanese Knotweed and Himalayan Balsam on five major Lothian rivers. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 223 (ROAME No. F02L J01). Prout, M. (2011) Invasive Weeds: A Barrier to Development, Environmental Catastrophe or Manageable Nuisance?. Bulletin of the Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management, In Practice No. 72, pp Reynolds, S.C.P. (2002) A catalogue of Alien Plants in Ireland. National Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin, Ireland. Roebuck, P. (2011) The Age of Aliens - Human Perception and Management of Invasive Species. Bulletin of the Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management, In Practice No. 72, pp Shuster, W.D., Herms, C.P., Frey, M.N., Doohan, D.J. & Cardina, J. (2005) Comparison of survey methods for an invasive plant at the subwatershed level. Biological Invasions (2005) 7: Simpson, D.A. (1988) Phenotypic plasticity of Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) H. St John and Elodea Canadensis Michx in the British Isles. Watsonia 17: Smith, G.F., O Donoghue, P., O Hora, K. & Delaney, E. (2011) Best Practice Guidance for Habitat Survey and Mapping. The Heritage Council, Kilkenny, pp Stokes, K., O'Neill, K. & McDonald, R.A. (2004) Invasive species in Ireland. Unpublished report to Environment & Heritage Service and National Parks & Wildlife Service. Quercus, Queens University Belfast, Belfast. 37

45 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin SWRFB (2008). Report on Electro-fishing of the River Lee, July August Webb D.A., Parnell, J. & Doogue, D. (1996) An Irish Flora. Dundalgan Press Ltd., Dundalk. Wishart, F. (2009) Invasive Species Survey River Carron, Carron Glen, Falkirk. Falkirk Council Ranger Service. 38

46 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin 6 Appendices In the report appendices which follow, the PDF layouts (produced from Excel or Word files) have been formatted and reduced to allow printing of tables at A4 page size. The original Excel spreadsheets from which some of these PDF s were created are included on the CD rom that accompanies this report. List of Appendices Page County Kerry Invasive Species Survey Main Report Appendix 1. Summary of the data records from the County Kerry Invasive Species Survey 2011 Appendix 2. Survey card used during the County Kerry Invasive Species Survey Appendix 3. Explanation of database fields in the County Kerry Invasive Species Survey Record Database & GIS Appendix 4. Total data export of the County Kerry Invasive Species Survey 2011 Record 66 Database (Excel format) Appendix 5: Invasive Species Reports & Best Practice Management Guidelines

47 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin Appendix 1: Summary Data Export from the County Kerry Invasive Species Survey 2011 Record Database The appendix is sorted by survey record number and formatted so as to print on A4 page. The summary database record export from the KISS record database (in Excel format) is included on the final project disc (see KISS_Summary_Database_Export.xls). Summary data presented here for each record includes: Record number; Invasive Species recorded - Latin name; Grid reference E & N; Date of Survey; Site Name Townland; Water body isolated or connected; Abundance on site; Abundance - Area covered in m 2, Site description. For an explanation of the data fields in the database and Excel file, please see Appendix 3 in this report. This dataset represents the key data required by the National Biodiversity Data Centre for inclusion of records in the National Invasive Species Database, when the following data which applies to all records is included: Project title: County Kerry Invasive Species Survey Pilot Mapping Study of the River Lee Catchment, Tralee. Contact information / Data Provider: In the case of the KISS project data provider was listed as: Wetland Surveys Ireland patrick@crushell.com. Determiner: In the case of the KISS project the determiner was listed as: Patrick Crushell & Peter Foss. County: Kerry Location of record: In the case of the KISS project all sites recorded as: River Lee Catchment, Tralee. Specific townland within the catchment in which record was made is provided in the summary data export table. Surveyed by: Crushell, Patrick; Foss, Peter; Hurley, Caroline & O Loughlin, Barry. 40

48 41 County Kerry Invasive Species Survey 2011 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin KISS Record number Species Recorded Latin name Grid Ref E Grid Ref N Survey Date Site Name Townland Water body isolated or connected Abundance on site Area covered in m2 Site Description 001 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 CARRIGNAFEELA (O'BRENNAN) Connected Sparse (just a few plants here and there) 1 Fast flowing river circa 4 m wide with stony substrate. Knotweed occurring as individual plants on bankside. River lined by Sycamore and Alder with Ivy and ferns abundant in ground layer. 002 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 KILDUFF (ED O'BRENNAN) 003 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 CARRIGNAFEELA (O'BRENNAN) N/A Abundant (a Connected Abundant (a 004 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 KNOCKAVINNANE Connected Abundant (a 005 Impatiens glandulifera 006 Impatiens glandulifera 007 Impatiens glandulifera 008 Impatiens glandulifera 009 Impatiens glandulifera 010 Impatiens glandulifera /07/2011 BALLYBEGGAN Connected Abundant (a /07/2011 KNOCKAWADDRA MIDDLE Connected Scattered (more widely spaced) /07/2011 BALLYBEGGAN Connected Scattered (more widely spaced) /07/2011 BALLINORIG EAST Connected Sparse (just a few plants here and there) /07/2011 KNOCKAWADDRA EAST N/A Sparse (just a few plants here and there) /07/2011 BALLINORIG EAST Connected Isolated (just one plant) 011 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 BALLYAUKEEN N/A Abundant (a 168 Incidental record of JK along eastern side of road. Forming dense stand. 16 Small stand of JK growing adjacent to river channel. 8 Fast flowing river with stony substrate. Local infilling of hard core in attempt to support bank of river on which JK occurs HB is abundant throughout this section with varying densities. Generally restricted to river bank/channel. HB spreads out to adjacent marsh area with Iris/Bramble/Bindweed with Salix viminalis canopy. 2 Field drain leading down to main watercourse. HB occurs as scattered plants along base of steep sided drain Individual plant growing on edge of stream. 36 JK on roadside with Snowberry also present.

49 42 County Kerry Invasive Species Survey 2011 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin 012 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 TURSILLAGH Connected Abundant (a 013 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 TURSILLAGH Connected Abundant (a Scattered (more widely spaced) 014 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 TURSILLAGH Connected Abundant (a 015 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 BALLYAUKEEN Connected Abundant (a 168 comprises conifers. 131 m above sea level. along river bank. 130 m Above sea level. Fuchsia and Honeysuckle at Q Along roadside at Bridge. Treeline in area 50 Dense to diffuse stands of JK occurring 16 Diffuse stands of JK overhanging the watercourse. 128 m ASL. 24 Three individual stands of JK overhanging the river. JK present throughout disused quarry at Q and Q m ASL. 016 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 BALLYAUKEEN Connected Abundant (a 017 NA (see Site Description) 018 Impatiens glandulifera NA (see Site Description) NA (see Site Description) /07/2011 KILDUFF (ED O'BRENNAN) Connected Sparse (just a few plants here and there) /07/2011 BALLINORIG EAST Connected Scattered (more widely spaced) /07/2011 BARRAKILLA N/A Abundant (a /07/2011 CARRIGNAFEELA (O'BRENNAN) Connected Sparse (just a few plants here and there) 960 Linear stand of JK occurring on steep river valley surrounded by hazel/oak woodland. 4 An area of ornamental shrub planting - possibly as a nursery. Specimen probably planted. Plastic horticultural label indicates plant was Gunnera manicata. 96 m ASL 3 Small area of scrub within woodland where light is suffiecient for HB growth. 16 Two stands of Lonicera both covering 8 x 2 m. 0 Area on riverbank with a number of alien species including Dogwood, Honeysuckle, and large Yellow composit. May have reached this location from garden upstream. Much ornamental planting in 021 NA (see Site Description) /07/2011 BALLYNAHINCH Connected Abundant (a surroundings (Eucalyptus). 16 End of garden running down to river beside which the Laurel occurs.

50 43 County Kerry Invasive Species Survey 2011 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin 022 Impatiens glandulifera 023 NA (see Site Description) 024 Impatiens glandulifera /07/2011 BALLINORIG EAST Connected Scattered (more widely spaced) Sparse (just a few plants here and there) /07/2011 BALLINORIG EAST Connected Abundant (a /07/2011 BALLINORIG EAST Connected Abundant (a 8 Two discrete stands within 20 m of each other. Cherry laurel stand along river. 264 Area of HB occurring frequently along river. The upstream extent is located in an area of garden waste and disturbed ground. HB dense at this location. Buddeja abundant here. An Equestrian center is the source of much of the manure being dumped here. 025 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 BALLYAUKEEN N/A Abundant (a 026 Impatiens glandulifera 027 Impatiens glandulifera /07/2011 BARRAKILLA Connected Abundant (a /07/2011 BALLINORIG EAST Connected Scattered (more widely spaced) 028 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 TONREAGH LOWER 029 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 KILDUFF(ED O'BRENNAN) 030 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 GORTNALEAHA (BALLYMACELLIG OTT) 031 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 CAHERCULLENAG H LOWER 032 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 CAHERCULLENAG H LOWER N/A Abundant (a Connected Sparse (just a few plants here and there) Connected Sparse (just a few plants here and there) Connected Scattered (more widely spaced) Connected Scattered (more widely spaced) this river section. Re-levelling of fields noted at the site. Two discrete populations of HB at end of 24 Overhanging road from a garden. 2 Area between grassland and wooded section. 3 Small area of JK intermixed with Bramble on upper river bank. 5 m above river on bank of mineral soil. 132 Sizable section of JK growing within river and on river bank. 6 Growing east of river on bank some 2-3m from river.

51 44 County Kerry Invasive Species Survey 2011 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin 033 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 CAHERCULLENAG H LOWER 034 Impatiens glandulifera Connected Scattered (more widely spaced) /07/2011 BALLYCARTY Connected Scattered (more widely spaced) 28 Some erosion of the river bank m section from castle ruin towards main river channel. HB occurs in a small drain running into the main river. 20 m ASL. 035 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 CURRAGHMACDO NAGH Connected Abundant (a 100 Two large stands one directly on river bank the other 5 m behind in grassland. (Grid ref from opposite bank - river too deep to cross). 036 Impatiens glandulifera 037 Impatiens glandulifera /07/2011 BALLYCARTY Connected Sparse (just a few plants here and there) /07/2011 BALLYCARTY Connected Scattered (more widely spaced) 2 HB growing on sand bank in river channel. Willow coppice in surroundings. 100 Bank improvements undertaken along river bank and a new bridge constructed. HB occurs on upstream and downstream of bridge. 038 Impatiens glandulifera /07/2011 BALLYCARTY Connected Isolated (just one plant) 039 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 BALLYCARTY Connected Scattered (more widely spaced) 040 Impatiens glandulifera 041 Impatiens glandulifera /07/2011 BALLYSEEDY Connected Scattered (more widely spaced) /07/2011 CAHERBREAGH Connected Sparse (just a few plants here and there) 042 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 CAHERBREAGH Connected Abundant (a 043 NA (see Site Description) 044 Impatiens glandulifera /07/2011 CAHERBREAGH N/A Abundant (a /07/2011 CAHERBREAGH Connected Sparse (just a few plants here and there) 1 Single plant on steep river bank. Grid Ref on opposite bank. 12 Stand of JK beside a tarmac pathway into Ballyseedy. An exotic bamboo also growing in a shallow drain adjacent to the pathway. 2 Small stand by river bank Shrubby honeysuckle occurs under open scrub area beside the newly constructed N21 road. 2 Grid ref taken from N21 road, 10 m drop between river and road making access impossible. HB growing on river bank, in dense shade. Not flowering.

52 45 County Kerry Invasive Species Survey 2011 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin 045 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 BALLYSEEDY Connected Scattered (more widely spaced) 3 JK growing on abandoned tarmac path (not on riverbank, stone wall between river and road). JK punching up through the tarmac. Winter heliotrope all along the edge of the abandoned road (50 m section). 046 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 CURRAGHLEHA WEST N/A Abundant (a Scattered (more widely spaced) 047 Gunnera tinctoria /07/2011 CAHERBREAGH N/A Isolated (just one plant) 048 Impatiens glandulifera /07/2011 BALLYSEEDY Connected Scattered (more widely spaced) 049 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 CURRAGHLEHA EAST 050 Impatiens glandulifera /07/2011 CURRAGHLEHA EAST 051 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 CURRAGHLEHA EAST Connected Scattered (more widely spaced) Connected Sparse (just a few plants here and there) Connected Abundant (a 052 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 BALLYSEEDY Connected Sparse (just a few plants here and there) 053 Impatiens glandulifera /07/2011 CURRAGHLEHA WEST Connected Sparse (just a few plants here and there) 054 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 SKAHANAGH Connected Abundant (a 055 Impatiens glandulifera /07/2011 SKAHANAGH Connected Abundant (a 50 JK growing at crossroads, along road edge, in front of cottage, by road signs, and in hedgerow. Varying density. Some of the verges with JK cut. 4 Plant growing beside old farm house entrance to driveway now abandoned due to construction of new N21. May have been deliberate planting in past. 3 On steep river bank at edge of Ballyseedy wood, as this grades into improved grassland. 14 On river bank edge, beside visitor trackway. 2 At edge of agricultural field grading into river bank. 100 Grid Ref fence on opposite bank. 1 On edge of wet grassland and riverbank. Slightly downstream (approx 20 m) another 2 plants occur with Monbretia Growing densely on river bank near pedestrian bridge. Also growing profusely in surrounding scrub. 4

53 46 County Kerry Invasive Species Survey 2011 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin 056 Impatiens glandulifera /07/2011 SKAHANAGH Connected Sparse (just a few plants here and there) 057 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 SKAHANAGH Connected Sparse (just a few plants here and there) 058 Impatiens glandulifera /07/2011 SKAHANAGH Connected Sparse (just a few plants here and there) 440 Scattered plants along small stream where light levels are sufficient to allow HB growth. 2 Small stand in front of the cottage at this location and beside stream. 1 River section on which HB occurs sporadically. At this point a garden comes down to the stream and a number of garden escapees occur on river and a scrub such as Gunnera manicata (?); Rosa rigosa: Monbretia; Buddleja; Laurel and Bamboo. Mink seen on river. Gunnera covers area 6x2 m; 1 plant per m sq. 059 Impatiens glandulifera /07/2011 CAHERWEESHEEN Connected Abundant (a Sparse (just a few plants here and there) 060 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 TRALEE N/A Abundant (a 061 Impatiens glandulifera /07/2011 TRALEE Connected Scattered (more widely spaced) 1118 HB forms dense stand on stream edge in front of LIDL, in flower beds and road edge. As one moves upstream HB becomes more scattered under scrub and linear Alnus woodland, until one reaches end of new housing development. 16 One dense stand in center of unmanaged field. 116 Section starts where bridge crosses river from Lee walking path where Phragmites occurs and river becomes tidal. From this point on HB declines in abundance and dissappears before you reach the Blennerville train station. 062 Impatiens glandulifera /07/2011 CLOGHERS Connected Abundant (a 3968 River lee walk. HB abundant along river edge and extending some distance from river bank. HB shaded out where trees overhang river. At the furthest point downstream HB extends into reedbed and marsh area. 063 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 CLOON BEG Connected Abundant (a 064 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 CLOON BEG Connected Abundant (a 18 One dense stand, with some bare ground / worked soil beside river bank. Attempt at clearance? 20 One dense stand.

54 47 County Kerry Invasive Species Survey 2011 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin 065 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 BALLYMULLEN(TR ALEE) 066 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 BALLYMULLEN (TRALEE) 067 Impatiens glandulifera /07/2011 CAMP (ED BALLYSEEDY) N/A Abundant (a Connected Scattered (more widely spaced) Connected Abundant (a Scattered (more widely spaced) 8 Grid Ref taken from path. 36 Grid Ref taken on N bank. Growing on river bank at the end of a garden Section runs from large shopping centre road in east, westwards to roundabout at Lidl, and downstream to start of Lee walking path. HB on river edge, more sparse under treelines of Salix or Alder; in dense stands where light levels increase and no tree canopy. 068 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 CLOON BEG N/A Scattered (more widely spaced) 069 Impatiens glandulifera 070 Impatiens glandulifera /07/2011 BALLINORIG WEST Connected Abundant (a Sparse (just a few plants here and there) /07/2011 RATASS Connected Abundant (a Scattered (more widely spaced) Sparse (just a few plants here and there) 071 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 CAHERCULLENAG H LOWER 072 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 CAHERCULLENAG H UPPER Connected Abundant (a Connected Abundant (a 073 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 PARKEARAGH Connected Scattered (more widely spaced) 16 Area of marsh between road in north and the Lee walking path to the south. Nine standsof JK seen in marshy field. 880 Section north of road to the East of racecourse. Archaeological dig in progress in field beside river. Soil beside river colonised by HB Dipper in river. Section runs from main N21, behind Renault garage to end of new estate. 2 Two individual stands growing separately in shade of Ash treeline Localised stand of Japanese Knotweed where lane passes adjacent to river. Snowberry is dominant along river corridor to newly constructed slatted shed ca 500 m downstream.

55 48 County Kerry Invasive Species Survey 2011 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin 074 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 CRAG (ED O'BRENNAN) 075 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 CRAG (ED O'BRENNAN) 076 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 CAHERCULLENAG H LOWER 077 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 CRAG (ED O'BRENNAN) 078 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 CAHERCULLENAG H LOWER Connected Abundant (a Scattered (more widely spaced) Connected Scattered (more widely spaced) Connected Sparse (just a few plants here and there) Connected Sparse (just a few plants here and there) Abundant (a 079 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 RATHANNY Connected Abundant (a 080 Impatiens glandulifera 081 Impatiens glandulifera /07/2011 RATASS Connected Abundant (a /07/2011 MANOR WEST N/A Scattered (more widely spaced) 082 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 MANOR WEST Connected Sparse (just a few plants here and there) 083 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 CAMP (ED BALLYSEEDY) 084 Impatiens glandulifera /07/2011 CAMP (ED BALLYSEEDY) Connected Scattered (more widely spaced) Connected Sparse (just a few plants here and there) 085 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 BALLYSEEDY Connected Abundant (a 15 No hedgerow or treeline along river bank. Three individual stands growing at base of river channel. Varies in density. 63 JK growing sparsely along river section Present adjacent to farmyard. 16 Three stands at the edge of a road Dense stands along river. Algal growth on river rocks indicates enrichment. 16 Area of spoil where HB occurs. On west bank of river. 1 Overhanging treeline of Alnus and Salix. 8 Small stand on area of eroded soil/bank. 65 Scattered stands along river section, ca 1 m in width. 28

56 49 County Kerry Invasive Species Survey 2011 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin 086 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 BALLYSEEDY Connected Sparse (just a few plants here and there) 087 Impatiens glandulifera 088 Impatiens glandulifera /07/2011 CURRAGHLEHA WEST /07/2011 CAMP (ED BALLYSEEDY) 090 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 CARRIGNAFEELA (O'BRENNAN) Connected Isolated (just one plant) Connected Scattered (more widely spaced) Connected Sparse (just a few plants here and there) 091 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 MWEELINROE N/A Abundant (a 092 NA (see Site Description) /07/2011 RATHMORE (ED O'BRENNAN) 093 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 BALLINORIG SOUTH N/A Abundant (a Connected Abundant (a Gravel and spoil area adjacent to old yard. 0 Winter Helioptrope. Disturbed area North of river. 172 Privet is abundant on western bank. Continuous dense stand of JK. Does not occur on eastern bank where Bramble dominates. 094 Heracleum mantegazzianum 095 Impatiens glandulifera /07/2011 BALLINORIG SOUTH /07/2011 BALLINORIG WEST Connected Isolated (just one plant) N/A Sparse (just a few plants here and there) 096 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 CLOONALOUR N/A Abundant (a 098 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 CLOONALOUR Connected Abundant (a 1 Single plant recorded. Railway line running just north of watercourse. 2 Isolated small colony on road edge near a stone wall. 564 side especially) as one leaves Tralee railways station. 100m from platform. Extensive stands of JK on railway embankment for a distance of m. JK and HB. On eastern bank there is an amenity area (footpath) is being kept open by strimming of both HB and JK. River goes underground for short distance, reemerges before finally going underground beside Dunnes Stores. On train sidings / side of track (Northern 2750 Entire area along river is infested with both

57 50 County Kerry Invasive Species Survey 2011 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin 099 Impatiens glandulifera /07/2011 CLOONALOUR Connected Abundant (a 2750 Entire area along river is infested with both JK and HB. On eastern bank there is an amenity area (footpath) is being kept open by strimming of both HB and JK. River goes underground for short distance, reemerges before finally going underground beside Dunnes Stores. 100 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 CLOONALOUR Connected Scattered (more widely spaced) 904 Average width of stands 2 m. Dense stands in places along river where light levels are good, but under Ash/Alder treelines plants tend to occur diffusely. 101 Impatiens glandulifera /07/2011 RAHOONANE Connected Scattered (more widely spaced) 904 Average width of stands 2.5 m. Dense stands in places along river where light levels are good, but under Ash/Alder treelines plants tend to occur diffusely. 102 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 TRALEE N/A Scattered (more widely spaced) 103 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 TRALEE Connected Abundant (a 104 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 BALLYDUNLEA Connected Scattered (more widely spaced) 105 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 BALLYDUNLEA Connected Isolated (just one plant) 106 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 BALLYDUNLEA Connected Scattered (more widely spaced) 107 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 CLAHANE Connected Abundant (a 108 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 CLAHANE Connected Sparse (just a few plants here and there) 109 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 CLAHANE Connected Abundant (a 3 Three small stands of JK occur along fence between grassland area with some scrub, motor company parking area and the tidal river. 120 Dense stand of JK on earth mound - embankment along section of river with tidal influence Small isolated stand on riverbank Scattered clumps of JK of dense stands on cobbles/alluvial deposits in dry river bed, on bank and in gardens.

58 51 County Kerry Invasive Species Survey 2011 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin 110 Gunnera tinctoria /07/2011 CLAHANE Connected Sparse (just a few plants here and there) 111 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 CLAHANE Connected Isolated (just one plant) 112 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 CLAHANE Connected Abundant (a 114 Impatiens glandulifera 115 Impatiens glandulifera /08/2011 CAHERLEHEEN (RATASS) N/A Abundant (a /08/2011 BALLYSEEDY Connected Abundant (a 116 Fallopia japonica /08/2011 POULAWADDRA N/A Abundant (a 117 Impatiens glandulifera /08/2011 BALLYSEEDY Connected Sparse (just a few plants here and there) HB dominant amongst disturbed ground adjacent to road stream of bridge. Upstream growing sparsely. (south) growing in grassland. Snowberry along roadside. the river. A lower section of this river is dry during survey as flow goes under the surface. Upstream of the bridge not surveyed. HB growing abundantly along river down 576 JK dense extensive stand at roadside 996 HB growing sparsely along this section of 118 Fallopia japonica /08/2011 ASH-HILL N/A Abundant (a 119 Impatiens glandulifera /08/2011 BALLYMACTHOMA S 120 Fallopia japonica /08/2011 DROMAVALLY (ED BALLYSEEDY) 121 Fallopia japonica /08/2011 DROMAVALLY (ED BALLYSEEDY) 122 Impatiens glandulifera Connected Abundant (a N/A Scattered (more widely spaced) N/A Abundant (a /08/2011 ASH-HILL N/A Scattered (more widely spaced) 123 Fallopia japonica /08/2011 GORTBRACK EAST Connected Scattered (more widely spaced) 80 JK growing in dense stand along road margin. 368 watercourse and adjacent habitats. Surveyed from a distance using binoculars. of road and densely in improved grassland area. Growing in dense stands to south of road. of road. Large area of HB growing densely along 464 Diffuse stand growing along northern side 32 Dense stand occurring along northern side 12 HB occurring in area of garden waste and spoil heaps. 440 JK occurring both sides of bridge along section of river. Dumping occurs.

59 52 County Kerry Invasive Species Survey 2011 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin 124 Impatiens glandulifera 125 Impatiens glandulifera 126 Impatiens glandulifera /08/2011 ASH-HILL Connected Sparse (just a few plants here and there) /08/2011 ASH-HILL Connected Abundant (a /08/2011 ASH-HILL Connected Scattered (more widely spaced) 127 Fallopia japonica /08/2011 DROMTHACKER Connected Abundant (a 8 Shaded section of stream with diffuse HB. 95 bankside upstream of plant location. Occurs sporadically along this section. drain/stream colonised by HB. Roadside stream. Weed killer applied to 60 Roadside drain. Small section of roadside 108 Stand within small Alder dominated woodland. Adjacent to main road (Listowel Rd) and bridge. None upstream of here so likely introduction with road building/improvements in the past. 128 Fallopia japonica /08/2011 LEATH WEST N/A Scattered (more widely spaced) 60 Snowberry growing intermixed with JK. More JK inside spoil ground/material stockpiling. This is across the road from Grid Ref. 129 Gunnera tinctoria /08/2011 KILLEEN (ED TRALEE RURAL) 130 Fallopia japonica /08/2011 KILLEEN (ED TRALEE RURAL) 131 Impatiens glandulifera 132 Impatiens glandulifera 133 Impatiens glandulifera 134 Rhododendron ponticum Connected Sparse (just a few plants here and there) Connected Abundant (a /08/2011 CLOONALOUR Connected Sparse (just a few plants here and there) /08/2011 CLOONALOUR Connected Abundant (a /08/2011 CLOONALOUR Connected Abundant (a /08/2011 LISMORE Connected Abundant (a 135 Fallopia japonica /08/2011 CAHERLEHEEN (RATASS) Connected Abundant (a 48 In garden overhanging river boulder bank improvement. Also some growing in water on both river banks. Seems to be associated/sourced with 12 Growing in loose rubble by river. 696 New house building adjacent. River shows evidence of discharges of sewage. Bad odour Cheery laurel 509 Adjacent to bridge. Dumping of garden refuse in plastic bags. Some cut stems of JK in stream.

60 53 County Kerry Invasive Species Survey 2011 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin 136 Fallopia japonica /08/2011 POULAWADDRA N/A Abundant (a 137 NA (see Site Description) 138 Impatiens glandulifera /08/2011 TULLYGARRAN Connected Sparse (just a few plants here and there) /08/2011 BARRAKILLA Connected Sparse (just a few plants here and 139 Fallopia japonica /08/2011 CAHERLEHEEN (RATASS) there) N/A Scattered (more widely spaced) 140 Fallopia japonica /08/2011 BALLYDUNLEA Connected Scattered (more widely spaced) 141 Fallopia japonica /08/2011 BALLYDUNLEA Connected Abundant (a 142 Impatiens glandulifera 143 Impatiens glandulifera /08/2011 SKAHANAGH N/A Scattered (more widely spaced) /08/2011 CLASH EAST Connected Sparse (just a few plants here and there) 144 Fallopia japonica /08/2011 LISMORE Connected Scattered (more widely spaced) 145 Fallopia japonica /08/2011 BALLYAUKEEN N/A Scattered (more widely spaced) 300 Dense stand of JK along the N70 towards Castlemaine. 378 Various alien spp. In private property garden/farm, so was probably planted here?.25 modification/construction at field entrance. The two plants located here were pulled up. Access/dirt track and also road 10 JK on earth bank at base of hedgerow. 30 Possible garden escape. 360 Adjacent to location is bridge and gardens. Stream stinks of sewage and is discolored Adjacent to bridge. 60 Adjacent to unmanaged and disturbed garden. JK also in garden. 10 Badger set at Q Fallopia japonica /08/2011 BALLINTOBEENIG N/A Abundant (a 147 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 BALLYAUKEEN Connected Scattered (more widely spaced) 410 Large stand at roadside and in field, adjacent to newly modified farmyard and sheds. Likely garden escape and or association with construction. 1 Single plant occurring on disturbed bank of the river.

61 54 County Kerry Invasive Species Survey 2011 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin 148 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 CAHERLEHEEN (RATASS) Connected Scattered (more widely spaced) 120 Stand extends from watercourse edge into adjacent gardens. Grows sparsely under cover along watercourse. Dense stands occur in open habitat. 149 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 SKAHANAGH Connected Sparse (just a few plants here and there) 150 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 SKAHANAGH Connected Scattered (more widely spaced) 2 JK recorded in small area of mixed broadleaved woodland. Walking track provides access. 8 JK growing in open habitat at bend of river directly adjacent to broadleaved woodland and scrub. No indication of damaging activities. 151 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 CAHERWEESHE EN 153 Fallopia japonica /07/2011 CAHERWEESHE EN Connected Sparse (just a few plants here and there) Connected Abundant (a 100 JK growing sparsely along bank of watercourse adjacent to garden of care centre. 24 Dense stand of JK growing among scrub on banks of watercourse.

62 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin Appendix 2: County Kerry Invasive Species Survey Card 55

63 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin 56

64 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin Appendix 3: Key to data fields in the County Kerry Invasive Species Survey 2011 (KISS) Record Database and GIS Dataset As part of the County Kerry Invasive Species Survey 2011 (KISS) project two datasets were created to hold invasive species record information. 1. County Kerry Invasive Species Survey 2011 GIS Dataset The County Kerry Invasive Species Survey (KISS) GIS Dataset (ArcView 10.0 GIS software package) was created to hold record related information on each polygon, point or linear feature mapped. The shapefiles created during the project were converted into MapInfo format for use by Kerry County Council. Both ArcGIS and MapInfo versions of the final GIS files are included on the CD submitted with the final KISS report. A description of the various files that make up the GIS is presented below along with a description of the various data fields attached to each file. 2. County Kerry Invasive Species Survey 2011 Record Database The County Kerry Invasive Species Survey 2011 (KISS) Record Database (Filemaker Pro 11.0 software package), was composed of one data table, which held all survey information recorded. The survey data held within the KISS record database was exported in its entirety at the end of the project and is provided as an Excel table which uses the same field names as in the KISS record database. Details of the data fields (name as they appears in operational mode within various database layouts; and in brackets field name within the database and in the Excel file) are provided below. 1. County Kerry Invasive Species Survey 2011 GIS Dataset The GIS comprises five individual datasets, three of them relate directly to the Invasive Records documented during the survey (a point, a polygon, and a polyline dataset) and a further two datasets (polygon and polyline) hold habitat mapping data within 50 metres of each record. GIS Dataset Name Brief description 1. KISS 2011 Record Points Point location of all invasive species records documented during the survey 2. KISS 2011 Record Polyline Linear features showing the extent of individual IAS stands where they exceeded 20 metres in length 3. KISS 2011 Record Polygon Polygon features showing the extent of individual IAS stands where they exceeded ca 400m 2 4. KISS 2011 Habitat Polyline Linear habitats (Fossitt 2000 classification) occurring within 50 metres of each IAS records. 5. KISS 2011 Habitat Polygon Polygon habitats (Fossitt 2000 classification) occurring within 50 metres of each IAS records. The general approach to the mapping of IAS records was as follows: The point dataset included point locations of all identified stands of invasive species for which a record has been made, irrespective of whether the stand was included in the polygon or polyline dataset as outlined below. Where an individual IAS stand (irrespective of density) extends along a section of river or roadside exceeding 20 metres in length it was mapped in the polyline dataset. Similarly, where an invasive stand exceeds 400m 2 (20 X 20 m), it was mapped in the polygon dataset 57

65 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin (with the exception of linear stands that may have exceeded 400 m 2 but the average width remained less than 10 metres). Where individual stands of invasive species did not exceed these thresholds they were mapped only in the point dataset of the GIS. Background data extracted from the main KISS Records database relating to each record is attributed to the point dataset. A unique Record Code identifies the corresponding record between the Point, Polyline and Polygon dataset. The following is a more detailed description of each of the GIS datasets constructed during the project and the various data attribute fields attached to them KISS 2011 Record Points This point dataset includes point locations of all 149 identified stands of invasive species for which a record has been made, irrespective of whether the stand was included in the polygon or polyline dataset as outlined below. The data attributed to each record (feature) in the GIS includes all data collated in the field as exported from the main KISS Record database (see Section 2 below). Each record is identified by its unique Record Code. The various attribute fields associated with this file include: Attribute name Record_num Grid_Ref Grid_Ref_1 Species_Re Species 1 Other_alie Other_al_1 Surveyor_s Survey_Dat Site_Name Site_Descr Water_body Description Unique three digit number identifying the record code Latin name of relevant invasive species English name of relevant invasive species Yes or No Names of other alien species that were recorded at location Names of surveyors Easting in ING format recorded with portable GPS unit Northing in ING format recorded with portable GPS unit Date of survey (D/M/Y) Townland name Brief description of the record making reference to potential sources and site characteristics Isolated or Connected (hydrologically) Abundance Scale as recommended by NBDC (Abundant / Scattered / Sparse / Isolated) Calculated area covered by invasive based on estimate of dimensions in field and often Area_cover enhanced using GIS Number_pla Estimate of number of plants / m 2 Area_cov_1 Downstream Downstre_1 Upstream_G Upstream_1 Estimate dimensions of stand from field sometimes enhanced using GIS Easting in ING format recorded with portable GPS unit or using GIS Northing in ING format recorded with portable GPS unit or using GIS Easting in ING format recorded with portable GPS unit or using GIS Northing in ING format recorded with portable GPS unit or using GIS Fossitt_Ha Name of habitat at record location according to Fossitt (2000) Fossitt 1 Code of habitat at record location according to Fossitt (2000) Adjacent_h Name of surrounding (ca 100 metres) habitats according to Fossitt (2000) Adjacent_s Code of surrounding (ca 100 metres) habitats according to Fossitt (2000) Impacts d Comments_o Photo_numb Record_on Record_typ River_Bank Damage recorded according to EU damage category codes Additional comments on damaging activities relating to potential source of invasive This refers to name of photographs illustrating the record Yes or No Point / Section (linear) / Polygon depending on the estimated dimensions of stand North / South / East / West 58

66 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin Attribute name Description River_sect River section code as listed in OSI digital dataset River_se_1 River section code as recorded for Water Framework Directive purposes Substrate Mineral soil / Alluvial deposits / Peat etc. Project_ti River Lee (Kerry) Invasive Species Survey 2011 Location_o River Lee Catchment, Tralee. Contact_in Wetland Surveys Ireland; patrick@crushell.com County Kerry Determiner Patrick Crushell & Peter Foss Note: Further information on the data recorded in the attributes to the file is presented under section 2 below KISS 2011 Record Polyline Linear features showing the extent of individual IAS stands where they exceeded 20 metres in length. Each record is identified by its unique Record Code corresponding to the code identifying the record in the point dataset above. The various attribute fields associated with this file include: RecordNumb Unique three digit number identifying the record code SpeciesNam English name of relevant invasive species Length Length of feature in metres (calculation field) 1.3. KISS 2011 Record Polygon Polygon features showing the extent of individual IAS stands where they exceeded 400 m 2 in length. Each record is identified by its unique Record Code corresponding to the code identifying the record in the point dataset above. The various attribute fields associated with this file include: RecordNumb SpeciesNam Area Unique three digit number identifying the record code English name of relevant invasive species Area of feature in square metres (calculation field) 1.4. KISS 2011 Habitat Polyline This file shows the distribution and extent of habitats recorded during the KISS 2011 (within 50 metres of each IAS record). Guidance on the format and structure of the shapefile follows that recommended by Smith et al. (2011). The following attributes are associated with this shapefile: OBJECT_ID Unique numeric identifier for each polygon in the dataset. FOSSITT_NA Full name and code of habitat according to Fossitt (2000). FOSSITT_CD Alphanumeric code according to Fossitt (2000) to level 3. ANNEX_CODE Where applicable, EU Habitat Directive Annex I habitat code. SURVEY_MET An indication of field data quality or survey method. Coded according to Smith et al (2011) 1. SURVEY_DAT Date of field survey as proposed for use by Smith et al (2011). LENGTH A calculation field which automatically calculates the length covered by the feature SOURCE This relates to the source of the feature. In most instances the feature was drawn as part of the KISS 2011, however within Tralee town previously drawn polygons were imported from an existing GIS dataset produced by Atkins (2010). 59

67 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin 1.5. KISS 2011 Habitat Polygon This file shows the distribution and extent of habitats recorded during the KISS 2011 (within 50 metres of each IAS record). Guidance on the format and structure of the shapefile follows that recommended by Smith et al. (2011). The following attributes are associated with this shapefile: OBJECT_ID Unique numeric identifier for each polygon in the dataset. FOSSITT_NA Full name and code of habitat according to Fossitt (2000). FOSSITT_CD Alphanumeric code according to Fossitt (2000) to level 3. ANNEX_CODE Where applicable, EU Habitat Directive Annex I habitat code. SURVEY_MET An indication of field data quality or survey method. Coded according to Smith et al (2011) 1. SURVEY_DAT Date of field survey as proposed for use by Smith et al (2011). AREA A calculation field which automatically calculates the area covered by the feature SOURCE This relates to the source of the feature. In most instances the feature was drawn as part of the KISS 2011, however within Tralee town previously drawn polygons were imported from an existing dataset produced by Atkins (2010). 1 GIS Data Quality (Survey Method) Data quality classification scheme as proposed in the Heritage Council s 2011, Best Practice Guidance for Habitat Survey and Mapping (Smith et al. 2011). S = Field data have been collected by walkover survey where the habitat has been walked through by the field ecologist, allowing relatively detailed inspection of habitat structure and species composition V = Data have been field validated where the habitat has been viewed in the field in less detail, such as a quick look over the hedge or inspection through binoculars from a distance DA = Habitat information is from a desktop source that provides recent (i.e. within years), high quality data that permit a confident identification of habitat type and other data, such as a previous survey carried out as part of a research project or EcIA or information from a trusted third-party DB = Habitat information is from a desktop source that provides older (i.e. greater than years old), high quality data that permit a confident identification of habitat type and other data DC = Habitat information is derived from desktop interpretation of aerial photography supplemented by additional data sources of good quality, such as those listed in Appendix C DD = Habitat information is derived from desktop interpretation of aerial photography only. 60

68 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin 2. KISS Record Database The KISS record database comprises a number of data layouts. These layouts were used when adding survey data to the database. Navigation between layout is possible by clicking on the appropriate link buttons from the main layout. These layouts and the record information they hold are: A. Title layout: Opening title page layout of database displayed when FileMaker Pro application is launched, with title, copyright statement and enter button. Background notes information on the database is provided, as well as Version notes. B. Main Data Entry Layout: Layout containing the majority of the invasive species survey record data. C. Impacts and Damage Data Entry Layout: Layout containing a list of impacts and damage recorded on the invasive species site. D. Habitat Data Entry Layout: Two layouts containing habitat data recorded on and surrounding the invasive species site. Details of the data fields (name as it appears in operational mode within various database layouts; and in brackets the field name within database) in the County Kerry Invasive Species (KISS) record database are provided below. Fields marked with a ** below are data fields required by the National Biodiversity Data Centre, for invasive species records that are to be submitted to the National Invasive Species database (these are coloured green within the record database). 61

69 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin 2.1. Data fields in the KISS record database B. Main Data Entry Layout ** Project title (Project title) General project title for the KISS project. In the case of the project this was recorded as: County Kerry Invasive Species Survey Pilot Mapping Study of the River Lee Catchment, Tralee. Global field. ** Contact information / Data Provider (Contact Information) KISS project data provider to the National Biodiversity Data Centre National Invasive Species Database. In the case of the KISS project data provider was listed as: Wetland Surveys Ireland patrick@crushell.com. ** Determiner (Determiner) KISS project determiner who confirmed invasive species record. In the case of the KISS project the determiner was listed as: Patrick Crushell & Peter Foss. Record code (Record code) A unique KISS code number created for each of the survey record sheet created during the KISS project. This field is unique and cannot be altered. ** Species recorded (Species recorded english) English name of invasive species recorded. ** Species recorded (Species recorded english) Latin name of invasive species recorded. Other alien species present at record location (Other aliens present at record location) English and Latin name of other alien species recorded at location of one of the main invasive species records. Other aliens recorded (Other aliens recorded) Check box allowing all records with other aliens to be selected. Record on watercourse? (Record on watercourse) Indication of whether invasive species record was located on or immediately adjacent to watercourse, or occurred within the wider countryside (e.g. road edge, farmyard etc.). ** Water body isolated / connected (Water body isolated connected) The terms connected and isolated refer to water bodies as used by the NBDC. Connected: the sampled water body is connected to another aquatic system e.g. river to river, river to lake, canal to river. Isolated: the sampled water body is not connected to another aquatic system e.g. garden pond, water filled quarry, oxbow lake or fish stock reservoir. NA: Used where invasive species record was located in the wider countryside and not a water body. ** Abundance on site (Abundance on site) Abundance NBDC description: Abundant (a 62

70 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin Scattered (more widely spaced) Sparse (just a few plants here and there) Isolated (just one plant) Area covered by invasive (Area covered by invasive) Area covered by invasive species. Given in format A x B m. ** Area covered by invasive in m 2 (Area covered in m2) Area covered by invasive species. Given as the number of m 2. Number plants per m 2 (Number plants m2) Estimate of the number of invasive plant stems recorded per m 2. ** Surveyed by (Surveyor/s) Name of the surveyor / s who made the invasive species record. ** Grid ref E (Easting Centre) The grid reference of the E co-ordinate of the survey record, where this is given in the format of a 6 digit number. ** Grid ref N (Northing Centre) The grid reference of the N co-ordinate of the survey record, where this is given in the format of a 6 digit number. Downstream invasive Stretch Used for linear records of invasive species (see details below) Grid ref E (Easting Centre) The grid reference of the E co-ordinate of the survey record downstream end point, where this is given in the new format of a 6 digit number. Grid ref N (Northing Centre) The grid reference of the N co-ordinate of the survey record downstream end point, where this is given in the new format of a 6 digit number. Upstream Invasive Stretch Grid ref E (Easting Centre) The grid reference of the E co-ordinate of the survey record upstream start point, where this is given in the new format of a 6 digit number. Grid ref N (Northing Centre) The grid reference of the N co-ordinate of the survey record upstream start point, where this is given in the new format of a 6 digit number. Record type (Record type) An indication of the invasive species record type: point (invasive species infestation covering and area of less than 20 x 4 m and separated from the next invasive species location by at least a 20 m distance in which no invasive species were noted); section (invasive species covering a length of greater than a 20 m stretch of river, but where width of infestation is no more than 4 m wide. Within any given section, gaps without an invasive species may occur, but these were not greater than 20 m in length); 63

71 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin polygon (invasive species infestation covering an area of greater than 20 x 4 m. Within any given polygon, gaps without an invasive species may occur, but these were not greater than 20 m in any given direction). River Bank Location (River Bank location) Indication of which river bank invasive species occurred on : North, South, East or West. ** Survey Date (Survey date) Date detailed field survey undertaken. Format dd/mm/yyyy. Photo code (Photo numbers) Photograph code numbers of the invasive species record. Format: e.g. KISS Photo 134. Photographs are stored in folder: KISS_FinalRecordPhotos on the final report CD. In the folder photograph numbers may be followed by a bracketed number, indicating that more than one photograph exists for the record in question. ** County (County) Name of county where invasive species recorded. Global field. ** Location of record (Location of record) General location description of the invasive species record. In the case of the KISS project all sites recorded as: River Lee Catchment, Tralee. Global field. ** Townland Name (Site Name Townland) The name of the townland / s in which the invasive species record occurred. Obtained from the GIS. River section Code OSI (River section code OSI) Ordnance Survey of Ireland river section code number on which invasive species record was located. Obtained from the GIS. WFD (River section code WFD) Water Framework Directive river section code number on which invasive species record was located. Obtained from the GIS. Substrate type (Substrate type) Check box options: Mineral soil Clay Peat Silt Tufa Bedrock Loose rocks Rocky till Alluvial deposits Made ground Comments on impacts (Comments on impacts) Comments or other observations relating to damage or threats observed at the invasive species record site (see below). 64

72 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin ** Site Comments / Description (Site description comments) General comments on invasive species, habitat etc. within the record site. C. Damage and Threats Data Entry Layout Impacts damage (Impacts damage) List of potential impacts and threats observed at the invasive species record site. D. Habitat Data Entry Layout Fossitt Habitats on invasive site summary. Within 10 m radius of invasive (Fossitt habitats on invasive site) A list of all Fossitt habitat types present at the invasive species record site and within a 10 m radius, based on the classification system of Fossitt (2000), was recorded. Fossitt habitats were recorded in full (i.e. Fossitt Habitat code and full title) and as just the Fossitt Habitat code. Adjacent habitats Fossitt codes summary. Within 100 m radius of invasive (Adjacent site Fossitt habitats) A list of all Fossitt habitat types present beyond the invasive record site within a 100 m radius, based on the classification system of Fossitt (2000), was recorded. Fossitt habitats were recorded in full (i.e. Fossitt Habitat code and full title) and as just the Fossitt Habitat code. 65

73 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin Appendix 4: Total Data Export from the County Kerry Invasive Species Survey 2011 Record Database Appendix 4 is presented on the final report CD which accompanies this project report. The file is in Excel format and labelled: Appendix_4_Total_KISS_Database_export.xls. It contains a total record data export of all fields in the KISS 2011 record database. 66

74 Crushell, Foss, Hurley & O Loughlin Appendix 5: Invasive Species Reports & Best Practice Management Guidelines The attached reports produced by Invasive Species Ireland, Mayo County Council and the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, UK provide summary details of control and eradication methods for five of the main alien invasive plant species recorded as part of the KISS 2011 study. Japanese Knotweed (Fallopia japonica) Himalayan Balsam (Impatiens glandulifera) Giant Rhubarb (Gunnera tinctoria) Rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum) Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) 67

75 Best Practice Management Guidelines Japanese knotweed Fallopia japonica

76 1. Aim of this advice This document provides best practice management guidance on the control of Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica) on the island of Ireland. 2. Introduction Japanese knotweed is a non-native invasive perennial (plant that lives more than one year) species in Ireland. Since it was introduced as an ornamental plant in the 19th Century from Japan it has spread across the UK and Ireland, particularly along watercourses, transport routes and infested waste areas. It is rhizomatous (produces underground stems) with distinctive branched hollow, bamboolike canes that can grow to over 3m in height. Red/purple shoots appear early in spring but as the canes grow, the leaves unfurl and the plant turns green. The mature canes are hollow and have a characteristic pattern of purple speckles. Flowering occurs in late summer/autumn and consists of creamy white flowers. The underground rhizomes are thick and woody with a knotty appearance and when broken reveal a bright orange-coloured centre. During the winter the leaves die back and reveal orange/brown woody erect stems. Only female Japanese knotweed plants have been recorded to date in Ireland and although seeds are produced, they are hybrids and rarely survive. The principal means of spread is through the deliberate or accidental movement of rhizome fragments or cut stems. Environment Agency Environment Agency Distribution of Japanese knotweed in Ireland. Source of data: National Biodiversity Network; accessed 07 April

77 3. Impacts Japanese knotweed has vigorously invaded natural habitats and out competes native plants. Japanese knotweed forms tall thickets that exclude all other vegetation, shading the area below. Native plants can rarely compete with this invasive species and local plant biodiversity is reduced. Rivers, hedgerows, roadsides and railways form important wildlife corridors for native plants and animals to migrate and disperse along, and large infestations of Japanese knotweed can block these routes for wildlife. Japanese knotweed can also seriously damage buildings, hard surfaces and infrastructure. Once established underneath or around the built environment, it can be particularly hard to control, growing through concrete and tarmac and other hardstandings. When Japanese knotweed colonises riverbanks, it can damage flood defence structures and reduce the capacity of channels to carry flood water. The Global Invasive Species Programme categorises Japanese knotweed as one of the worlds 100 worst invasive alien species. In light of the economic and environmental damage associated with this species, the risk assessment process undertaken as part of the Invasive Species Ireland project identified Japanese knotweed as one of the highest risk (most unwanted) non-native invasive species in Ireland. 4. Legal status - Northern Ireland Japanese knotweed is listed on Schedule 9 of the Wildlife (Northern Ireland) Order 1985 and it is therefore an offence to plant or cause it to grow in the wild. The current Northern Ireland Environment Agency policy on disposal of Japanese knotweed material and contaminated soils follows the Environment Agency guidelines and thereby places a duty of care on all waste producers to ensure Japanese knotweed is disposed of at a licensed landfill site and the site operator is notified. There is also a duty of care to prevent spread to adjacent land or by failing to dispose of Japanese knotweed by following the correct guidelines. Remember that not all licensed landfill sites will receive Japanese knotweed waste. Contact your local authority for information on where these sites are located. 5. Legal status - Republic of Ireland At present, there are no specific legislative provisions that directly govern Japanese knotweed control or removal in the Republic of Ireland. However, the Wildlife (Amendment) Act 2000 states that anyone who plants or otherwise causes to grow in a wild state in any place in the State any species of (exotic) flora, or the flowers, roots, seeds or spores of (exotic) flora shall be guilty of an offence. 2.

78 8. Japanese knotweed on adjacent sites 6. Managing Japanese knotweed on site To reduce costs and additional effort it is important to prevent Japanese knotweed from spreading around a site contaminating unaffected areas. This is best achieved by: Production of a detailed Japanese knotweed management plan. Ensuring that all relevant staff are briefed and aware of Japanese knotweed issues, the management plan and their responsibilities. For sites that do not have Japanese knotweed present, efforts should be put in place to prevent the species establishing. The four most common ways a site can become infected are: Importating infected soil. Contamination on vehicles and equipment. Colonisation from upstream areas washing Japanese knotweed material downstream. Illegal dumping. 7. Control and eradication Currently there are three means by which Japanese knotweed can be eradicated from sites. These are: Long-term treatment with herbicides. Excavation and disposal at a licensed landfill site. Excavation, deep burial and/or bunding on site prior to treatment with herbicide. Due to site specific variations in soil type, topography, adjacent sensitivities and degree of Japanese knotweed infestation, combinations of various control methods should be used. It is important that Japanese knotweed is controlled as soon as possible. These methods are generally expensive with costs increasing as the infestation size and duration increases. It is particularly important to consider Japanese knotweed in the wider environment around a particular site. If Japanese knotweed is growing on an adjacent site, or upstream of a site on a riverbank, then no matter how good on-site Japanese knotweed control is, Japanese knotweed may recolonise recently cleared sites. Thus, an understanding of the wider context is necessary to determine if eradication or control efforts are likely to be successful. In some situations, treatment of all Japanese knotweed on site might not be appropriate due to the likelihood of re-colonisation, but infested areas within a construction footprint must be dealt with appropriately. Work in partnership with neighbouring landowners to tackle Japanese knotweed. For all sites, the following six steps may be useful to ensure success and prevent spread: 1. Find out how much Japanese knotweed there is on the property and map it. Include at least 7m radius from stands to allow for below ground growth. 2. Ensure that everyone working on the site is aware of and adheres to good site hygiene, such as: Marking out of contaminated areas. Ensuring that vehicles with caterpillar tracks do not work within contaminated areas. Treating contaminated soils carefully. 3. Attempt to establish the length of time Japanese knotweed has been on site. Longstanding infestations with many years worth of rhizome growth are much more difficult to control or eradicate. 4. Write a Management Plan to guide your work and make sure all staff working in the area are aware of it and Japanese knotweed. Include timeframes for planned clearance and repeated treatments. 5. Follow-up work will be necessary to ensure that any small plants and seedlings have not been missed. 3.

79 9. Treatments options 9.1. Above ground removal Cutting Japanese knotweed canes/stems will not successfully remove or reduce this species and cutting may result in material being spread elsewhere Below ground removal Often it is not possible to estimate the size of large infestations until they are excavated. Research has found that Japanese knotweed can extend over 7m below ground. It is recommended to dig test pits and examine for the presence and the extent of rhizomes while digging out the parent stand. Excavations should also be to 3m below the surface if removing Japanese knotweed from a site. Wherever possible, the amount of Japanese knotweed excavated should be kept to a minimum and focus should be directed to treating the Japanese knotweed in its original location Herbicide application If the area of Japanese knotweed is very small, it is possible to spray the leaves and canes with glyphosate. When spraying herbicides, always follow the manufacturers guidelines and consider if the herbicide is safe for the intended use of the site following treatment and the sites location. It is recommended that herbicide treatment is carried out by an experienced, competent and qualified operator. Several different herbicides with the following active ingredients can be used to kill Japanese knotweed: glyphosate, triclopyr, picloram and 2,4-D amine. The majority of herbicides are not effective during the winter as the active ingredient needs to be taken up by live material. Advice on which methods are best or preferred under different circumstances can be provided by a range of qualified organisations that provide Japanese knotweed treatment advice and services. It should be noted that herbicide treatment is usually the most cost-effective method, however, it can take a long time to achieve acceptable control On-site disposal If you intend to bury the dead Japanese knotweed material or dispose of it off-site, you should only use glyphosate formulations. Other persistent herbicides will not be allowed for burial under various waste regulations. Again, it is recommended that advice is taken from an expert that specialises in Japanese knotweed treatment and disposal before undertaking a spraying programme. Burial must be to a depth of at least 5m. This can involve large scale engineering operations and large holes within a site. Various root barrier membranes are available which can prevent Japanese knotweed penetrating. These membranes need to be specially laid under expert supervision in order to be effective, protecting the surrounding soil. A bund is a shallow area of Japanese knotweed contaminated soil, typically 0.5m deep. This method is used where conditions do not allow for burial and is usually only suitable for large sites as even small infestations, with limited above ground growth, can be very big. The bund method is used when it is not possible to treat Japanese knotweed in the area where it was originally located by moving it to an area that is not used. Bunds should be located at least 10 m away from site boundaries to prevent spread. The bund can be raised, on top of the ground or placed within an excavation. The material within the bund is treated as often as is necessary to prevent growth and spread. Bunds should use a root barrier membrane if being constructed in an area free of Japanese knotweed Off-site disposal If Japanese knotweed cannot be dealt with effectively on site, it must be disposed of at a suitably licensed waste management site. The licensed waste manager must be informed that the material is Japanese knotweed. Disposal at licensed facilities can be very expensive and should be considered as a last resort. Great care must be taken when transferring contaminated material. Remember, it is an offence to cause Japanese knotweed to grow in the wild on the island of Ireland. 4.

80 10. Japanese knotweed Management Plan Template Use this template to help formulate your own management plan outlining how you are going to proceed and what you will need. Site Name: Site Manager/Owner: Site details Address: Telephone: Agencies/persons involved: Date: Date of introduction: Total site area: Total area colonised: Previous site management: Designation On site Near site None present Details: Establish if there is a requirement to apply for a license/notify before proceeding with plan. Actions and resources Management options Responsibility Date to undertake Resources needed Responsibility Date to undertake Monitoring and evaluation Name of person/s Date to undertake Report to Additional treatments date (if required) 5.

81 11. Summary of actions needed for effective management 1. Confirm Japanese knotweed identification. 2. Carry out a survey and produce a distribution map of Japanese knotweed on the site. Include a 7 m radius away from the above ground growth in maps to help identify areas with potential rhizome growth. 3. Consider surrounding properties and potential for reintroduction. Talk to adjacent land owners and make them aware of the issues and what you plan to do. Identify potential contamination routes to your site and mitigate against these. You may be unable to prevent reintroduction from upstream without the help of other landowners. 4. Decide should the programme aim for continuous control on a yearly basis or eradication from the site. Base your decision on an understanding of the biology, size of infestation, potential for reintroduction and other relevant sensitivities in the area. 5. Consider if you can successfully and safely carry out the work or if professional practitioners, with relevant training and certificates should undertake the work. Remember relevant health and safety legislation and procedures when working near water and on construction sites. 6. Identify if sufficient resources are/will be available to complete the work within the planned timescale. It can take up to 3 years of herbicide treatment with monitoring and follow up control for up to 5 years so ensure you have sufficient funds to complete the work. 7. Ensure disposal options for plant material and contaminated soil are in place prior to work commencing. 8. Develop and produce a site specific control/management plan. Use the template provided in this document to guide you. 9. Monitor for regrowth and/or reintroduction during site visits. If applicable, ensure new members of staff are aware of your Japanese knotweed plan and report sightings. 12. Summary of Japanese knotweed growing season Japanese growing season J F M A M J J A S O N D Appearance of shoots Summer growth period Onset of flowering Winter dieback with canes visible 13. Herbicide usage times Glyphosate J F M A M J J A* S* O* N D Tryclopyr J F M A M* J* J* A S O N D 2, 4 -D Amine J F M A M* J* J* A S O N D Picloram J F M A M J J A S O N D Suitable for use * Preferred period of use Please consider sharing your experience undertaking a management plan with others. The Invasive Species Ireland website will feature case studies to help guide others undertaking similar work. 6.

82 The Invasive Species Ireland Project is undertaken, in partnership, by EnviroCentre and Quercus. and is funded by the National Parks and Wildlife Service and the Northern Ireland Environment Agency. For more information on the Invasive Species Ireland project please see the website at Recommended citation: Kelly, J., Maguire, C.M. and Cosgrove, P.J. (2008). Best Practice Management Guidelines Japanese knotweed Fallopia japonica. Prepared for NIEA and NPWS as part of Invasive Species Ireland.

83 Centre for Aquatic Plant Management Information Sheet 3: Himalayan Balsam Himalayan Balsam (Impatiens glandulifera) is an introduced plant which has escaped from gardens and is rapidly colonising river banks and other areas of damp ground. It is an annual plant which grows to about 2 m with purplish-pink slipper shaped flowers in June - August. When the seed pods are mature, they explode when touched, scattering the seed. It is likely that the seeds are further spread by water movements. Himalayan Balsam forms dense stands which suppress the growth of grasses and native British plants leaving the banks bare of vegetation in autumn and winter and liable to erosion. Because Himalayan Balsam regrows annually from seed, any form of control carried out after the seed pods have formed will have no long-term benefit. MECHANICAL CONTROL The plant is easy to cut, either by hand or machine, provided there is adequate access. However, it often grows amongst bushes and brambles and in inaccessible locations on river banks. Unless the plant is cut below the lowest node, it will regrow and flower later in the season. Thus, a single cut is only effective if made very close to the soil level. Regular mowing will also control this plant even if the cutting level is above the lowest node, provided the frequency is sufficient to prevent the formation of flowers and seeds. Mechanical control is likely to be effective only in those locations where good access is available to ground smooth enough for close mowing and free of shrubs or bushes. Small infestations can be controlled by hand pulling as the plant is shallow rooted. The seedbank lasts for approximately 18 months, so two years control should eradicate the plant if there is no further infestation from upstream CHEMICAL CONTROL Himalayan Balsam can be controlled by spraying the foliage with glyphosate. The plants should be sprayed in the spring before flowering but late enough to ensure that germinating seedlings have grown up sufficiently to be adequately covered by the spray. Glyphosate is sold under a number of product names. Small infestations and individual plants can be controlled by using glyphosate in a weed wiper. This has the advantage of preserving native plants and grasses which would otherwise be killed by the glyphosate. The herbicide 2,4-D amine controls many broadleaved annual weeds and may also be used to control this species. This selective herbicide Page 1? CEH, 2004 CAPM, CEH Wallingford, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxon, OX10 8BB jone@ceh.ac.uk Web:

84 will not kill grasses which help to stabilise banks and so may be preferable to glyphosate in those situations where the weed has not produced complete cover of the grasses. A long-lance sprayer may assist in the spraying of less accessible areas out of the reach of conventional knapsack sprayers. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL Although no specific biological control agents are known to control this species, regular grazing of infested areas by cattle and sheep are likely to prevent the spread of Himalayan Balsam either by grazing on young seedlings or by trampling. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL The only environmental control likely to suppress the invasion of banks by this weed is the maintenance of a dense grass sward. This helps to prevent the germination of seedlings. However, once established, the shading effect of Himalayan Balsam suppresses grasses, thus encouraging further seed germination. BEST OPTION Control existing infestations of Himalayan Balsam by spraying with glyphosate, 2,4-D amine or by regular cutting. Carry out regular inspections of the banks in spring and hand pull or spot treat any germinating seedlings with a weed wiper or knapsack sprayer.: Page 2? CEH, 2004 CAPM, CEH Wallingford, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxon, OX10 8BB jone@ceh.ac.uk Web:

85 Giant Rhubarb (Gunnera tinctoria) Invasive Species Action Plan

86 1. Introduction The risk assessment undertaken as part of the Invasive Species Ireland project prioritised Gunnera tinctoria for preparation of an Invasive Species Action Plan. G. tinctoria has negative impacts on the environment, biodiversity, native flora and fauna and landscape character. This species acquired a score of 19 out of a possible 25 from stage 1 of the risk assessment process owing, in part, to its potential impact on protected habitats and species leading to non-compliance with EU legislative obligations under the Water Framework and Habitats Directives. 2. Aim of plan The aim of this Invasive Species Action Plan is to prevent further spread of G. tinctoria in Ireland and put in place mechanisms to prevent new introductions to the island. The management plan sets out actions required for successful implementation and guidance on methods for eradication/control of G. tinctoria populations in Ireland. This can be achieved through the implementation of control options, raising awareness of this species, developing policy and identifying actions needed to deal with further spread. 3. Key priorities 3.1. Prevention of further spread Restrict the sale of G. tinctoria through garden centres, supermarkets and other retail outlets. Raise public awareness of the economic and environmental impacts G. tinctoria could have in Ireland in combination with education efforts targeted at key stakeholder groups linked to the import and spread of this and other invasive plant species. Encourage the removal and proper disposal of domestic plantings and promote the use of native species. To inform management by recommending methods to gather accurate baseline distribution of this species. This can be achieved by encouraging recording of the plant by the general public, gardeners, naturalists and water course users such as agriculturalists, anglers and canoeists Eradication Guide the eradication of the plant at its known wild populations. Engage with stakeholders to provide advice and help, where appropriate, to eradicate populations in private gardens. 4. Invasion history G. tinctoria is an introduced species that has become invasive in the west of Ireland. Although the exact date of its introduction to Ireland is unknown, Preager first recorded it in the wild in Ireland in 1939 on Achill Island. Pollen analysis suggests that it could have been present on Achill Island for years (Hickey and Osborne 1998). 5. Nomenclature Common name: Giant rhubarb Also known as: None identified Synonyms: G. chilensis, Panke tinctoria 6. Identification features G. tinctoria is a large herbaceous perennial, which can grow up to 2 m tall, with leaves of up to 2 m in diameter (Figure 1A). It is a rhizatomous plant with the rhizomes of mature plants can be up to m long growing above ground. It is deciduous with the leaves dying off in autumn (October) leaving the large brown rhizomes exposed (Figure 1B). Growth starts in early spring (March), prior to the emergence of native species. It can reproduce by both sexual (seed) and asexual (vegetative) means. Inflorescence 1.

87 development occurs early in the spring (Figure 1C), with the fruits maturing in late summer/early autumn. Large numbers (up to seeds per mature plant) of drupe like, red or orange seeds are produced. Small fragments of the rhizome have the potential to establish new plants. A. B. C. Figure 1. G. tinctoria at Achill Island Co. Mayo. 1A. Field in Dooega in August showing a large invasive population. 1B. The same site in February showing rhizomes. 1C. Developing inflorescence and initial growth of new leaves. Photos courtesy Cristina Armstrong 7. Impacts To date there has not been a detailed assessment of the impact of G. tinctoria on native ecosystems. Previous studies indicate there is a reduced number of native species growing underneath large G. tinctoria colonies (Hickey and Osborne, 2001). In grassland sites Hickey and Osborne (1998) found that former species-rich sites were replaced with a sparse cover of dicotyledonous species not found in un-colonised sites. Of particular concern are impacts associated with peat bog (Figure 2A) and waterside vegetation (Figure 2B), as large dense colonies can rapidly dominate and displace important native species. On coastal cliffs, the main impact is caused by increasing the threat of erosion and loss of maritime species. Apart from the ecological impacts associated with loss of biodiversity, there are also the visual and landscape impacts to consider: Large areas of land are also no longer suitable for agriculture or amenity purposes, due to the dense stands of G. tinctoria. G. tinctoria growth may also lead to the blockage of drainage channels and increase risk of flooding. During the growing season, G. tinctoria is spectacular in appearance, but the large dense colonies create a visual impact on the Irish landscape. In winter, large brown rhizomes are exposed along with accumulated rubbish. Winter die back of G. tinctoria has led to reports a strong rotting smell. A. B. Figure 2. 2A. G. tinctoria growing along a river surrounded by heath on Achill island. 2B. G. tinctoria growing along a river on Clare island. Photos courtesy Cristina Armstrong 2.

88 8. Known distribution and spread potential in Ireland The known distribution of G. tinctoria in Ireland is shown in Figure 3. This species is currently considered invasive on the west of Ireland. It is not yet invasive in other areas of the country due possibly to climatic and environmental conditions. This could also reflect the early stages of the invasion process. Figure 3. Distribution of G. tinctoria in Ireland. This map has been prepared by the National Biodiversity Data Centre using data supplied by the Botanical Society of the British Isles (July 2008). For up-to-date maps, please refer to the National Biodiversity Data Centre The plant invades a variety of habitats, such as grassland, waterways, roadsides, quarries, bog, heath, coastal cliffs and especially old former agricultural fields, where it may form large continuous stands. Due to the size of the plant access to sites infested with G. tinctoria is difficult, making control measures problematic. The likely vectors of spread for G. tinctoria are waterways, birds, and by anthropogenic activities such as the clearing of ditches, road building, and movement of soils for housing development. As G. tinctoria is found to thrive in quarries it can easily spread into new areas through the transport of aggregates. The majority of the seeds are dispersed near the parent plant, but some may be transported along waterways or are possibly eaten by birds, which can further aid seed dispersal. Predictions based on our current knowledge of the habitats most susceptible to invasion and the proximity to current populations will allow us to identify priority areas for control and prevention. If eradication is the ultimate goal all locations must be known, as plants left untreated or not removed will facilitate reintroduction. Sites close to water must be carefully observed, as connecting waterways could act as corridors for re-infestation. It is also important in choosing the best treatment method, as sites too close to, or on waterways will be restricted in terms of the herbicides that can be used. If a site is chosen for G. tinctoria eradication or management other invasive aquatic plants should be included in the plan. Action 1. Establish accurate baseline distribution In order to progress action on the ground, it is essential to have information on its distribution easily available. Recording programmes for invasive species should be encouraged on an annual basis and records should be submitted to the National Invasive Species Database and made readily available through the two biodiversity record centres on the island of Ireland. The biodiversity record centres should be resourced to gather information on invasive species and disseminate this information on request and/or online methods to key stakeholders for example, Local Biodiversity Officers and site managers. 3.

89 9. Prevention of new introductions and further spread Action 2. Enforcement and raise awareness of legislative powers Legislation is already in place to prevent the release of invasive species in both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland: Northern Ireland - under Article 15 (2) of The Wildlife (Northern Ireland) Order 1985 if any person plants or otherwise causes to grow in the wild any plant which is included in Part II of Schedule 9, he shall be guilty of an offence. Republic of Ireland - under Section 52 (7) of The Wildlife (Amendment) Act 2000 any person who plants or otherwise cause to grow in a wild state in any place in the State any species of flora, or the flowers, roots, seeds or spores of flora except under and in accordance with a licence granted in that behalf by the Minister shall be guilty of an offence. Action 3. Amend existing legislation Legislation should be strengthened to ensure a total ban on import and possession of G. tinctoria. To this end: G. tinctoria should be added to Schedule 9 Part II of the Wildlife (Northern Ireland) Order The Minister of the Environment in the Republic of Ireland has power to prohibit the possession or introduction of any species that may be detrimental to native species. G. tinctoria should be brought to the attention of the Minister and the required prohibition enacted. Action 4. Highlight, support and promote Invasive Species Codes of Practice A priority action to prevent the spread and release of invasive species is to promote the uptake of the Invasive Species Codes of Practice and support these with literature and information leaflets for both industry and the general public. Action 5. Public sector bodies adopt Invasive Species Codes of Practice All public sector organisations should lead by example and adopting Invasive Species Codes of Practice in their relevant work areas. This is a key priority to the success of each of the codes. Government agencies should also incorporate the sentiment of the codes into tenders and procurement procedures and ensure that suppliers are abiding by the codes, where possible. Action 6. Work in partnership with quarries and the construction industry to limit these activities as pathways for spreading invasive species The construction and quarry industries are key pathways to the movement of this species. Guidance and advice should be made freely and readily available to all stakeholders on methods to prevent the spread of invasive non-native species via this pathway. Training may be required to ensure compliance with guidance and relevant legislation. 4.

90 10. Eradication and control Action 7. Prioritise sites for eradication across the island of Ireland and initiate programme of measures G. tinctoria has a relatively restricted distribution across the island of Ireland (Figure 3). We are still at an early stage of colonisation and action is needed sooner rather than later to prevent widespread economic impacts, loss of biodiversity and a need for large scale and expensive programmes in the future. State agencies and local authorities should prioritise sites for eradication based on a transparent framework to guide a co-ordinated eradication programme. It would be cost effective to undertake this for all the high risk invasive plant species identified in the Invasive Species Ireland risk assessment present on the site. At a local level, information on the distribution of G. tinctoria is important for the design of local management plans. The distribution of G. tinctoria on Achill and Clare Island have been mapped using a GPS (Global Positioning System) and GIS (Geographic Information System) software (using 1:5000 maps in the field). Distribution mapping is of vital importance as it will provide a baseline for the implementation of management plans, and will allow for the future monitoring of spread or the success rates of any control efforts. There are several methods commonly used as means of tackling the problem of invasive plant species: physical removal, chemicals, and biological control, or a combination of these. Integrated management, using a combination of control measures are generally considered to be the best (Myers and Bazley 2003) Mechanical control Due to the size of G. tinctoria and its potential to reproduce from small fragments, physical removal has largely been over-looked as a possible means of control. There is the added problem of the disposal of the material removed. However, it should not be dismissed as a potential means of control. Physical removal using spades is clearly a viable option for small plants, or where a small number of plants are present, plant material missed in the first removal can be monitored and subsequently removed. With the appropriate machinery and manpower large areas could be cleared quickly. The possible use of physical control is currently under investigation on Achill Island, using deep burial to dispose of the unwanted plant material. When physical removal is used on a large scale it will leave a blank canvas and this must be accounted for during the planning stages, as the area may become susceptible to reinvasion by G. tinctoria or a variety of other unwanted species. It may be necessary to implement a restoration protocol for the cleared site after physical removal. Managers should be aware of and compliant with relevant waste legislation Chemical control Chemical control can be effective in treating large areas and is generally considered efficient and costeffective (Motooka et al., 2002, Carlile 2006). The major drawback of using chemicals is the impacts they can have on the environment, affecting not only the target species but other species in the neighbouring area. The use of chemical control on G. tinctoria has been investigated both in Ireland and New Zealand. Further experimentation and monitoring on the use of chemical control methods is currently being carried out on Achill Island. Experiments carried out to date on Achill Island have found that effective short-term reductions in the growth of G. tinctoria can be achieved with the use of glyphosate based herbicides, using the manufacturers recommended concentrations. Herbicide has also been re-applied where there was regrowth, to examine the effectiveness of two applications. Other herbicides are also being trialled to examine their effectiveness in controlling G. tinctoria and will inform any subsequent versions of this plan. 5.

91 Methods and timing of application The timing of herbicide application is an important factor for any successful control measures. Plants treated early in the growing season (March-May) had little impact in preventing the growth of G. tinctoria. Initially plants showed evidence of leaf necrosis, but soon new healthy leaves were produced and grew to the same proportions as untreated plants. Plants treated at the end of the growing season (Aug-Sept) showed no re-growth after one year, but after two years re-growth was observed. Despite no leaf or flower growth the rhizomes do remain in the ground. The presence of a viable rhizome indicates a potential for regrowth and subsequent reapplications of herbicide will be required. Spraying is generally carried out using a backpack sprayer and all leaves are thoroughly sprayed until the point of run-off, using the manufacturers recommended concentrations. Spraying must be carried out on still, cool, dry days. Rainfall soon after application may wash the herbicide off the leaves, a common feature of the climatic conditions in this area and reapplication would be necessary. Protective clothing and a mask must be used at all times when handling herbicides. The cut and paint method involves cutting the petiole (the leaf stalk) at the base and immediately applying the herbicide on to the cut surface using a brush or sponge (Figure 4). This has been the method of choice in large monostands on Achill, due to the size of the plants effective spraying using a backpack sprayer would prove difficult and potentially dangerous to the persons carrying out the spraying. Large stands of G. tinctoria can be very difficult to access, and by cutting the petioles it clears the area and allows further access into the sites. This method is also cost-effective as small quantities of herbicide are involved. Injection of herbicides involves using a drill to make small wells in the rhizome that are then filled with herbicide. Several wells should be made along the rhizome as translocation can be slow and the herbicide may only penetrate small sections of the rhizome. This method is more labour intensive, but the effects on the neighbouring environment are minimised. Again, this method has been tested on Achill Island with the same success rate as the cut and paint method. To gain access into the site the petioles can be cut as in the cut and paint method described above. Figure 4. Cut petioles herbicide application shown in blue. Photos courtesy Cristina Armstrong Note: Prior to undertaking any spraying operation in or near water in Northern Ireland the NIEA Water Management Unit must be contacted. It is essential that the user is fully trained to the required pesticide spraying level (e.g. PA1, PA6 aw). The user must fully comply with the Pesticide Product Label. In the UK the use of Pesticides is regulated by the Pesticide Safety Directorate (PSD). The Pesticide Control Service (PCS) of the Department of Agriculture and Food is responsible in Ireland. Historically, several pesticides have been available for use in or near waterbodies in the UK and Ireland. It is expected that certain chemicals will be subject to restrictions in the near future. Please refer to PSD website ( secure.pesticides.gov.uk/pestreg/prodsearch.asp), the PCS website ( pest.asp?searchtype=functcrop) or contact the relevant organisation directly for the most up-to-date list of herbicides approved for aquatic use. 6.

92 Additional considerations on the use of chemical control in terrestrial ecosystems The Invasive Species Ireland Steering Group has developed policy in relation to the application of herbicides in aquatic environments. This policy does not extend to terrestrial ecosystems but managers are directed to it for reference and information on considerations required especially if embarking on a programme of works on or near an aquatic system. This document is available to download from the Invasive Species Ireland website For terrestrial systems, managers and practitioners should be aware of potential impacts the use of herbicides can have on the environment and on human health and safety. All users and programme managers are required to follow the label of the chosen herbicide. The following are some generic guidelines to be aware of and are not intended to replace manufacturers guidelines: Wear appropriate protective clothing as required by manufactures guidelines and health and safety considerations. Where there is potential for public access to the site measures to inform the public are required. Signage should be erected to deter access. Mists from herbicide sprays on hot days can drift in high winds and may impact on non-target plants and animals. Runoff from treated areas may kill non target plants and animals in both the terrestrial and aquatic environments. Careless washing of equipment can contaminate soil, drinking water, surface water and ground water. Boundaries should be clearly defined to prevent spraying outside the intended area. Clearly defining boundaries will also assist personnel orientate themselves and ensure even application. Managers should always consider techniques to minimise the volume of herbicides allowed to enter into the environment. Ensure proper and safe storage of herbicides. Ensure proper and safe disposal of herbicides. If you are unable to comply with the requirements set out here or on the manufactures guidelines, the use of herbicides is inappropriate and should not be considered until compliance can be achieved Monitoring Ongoing monitoring of the site or sites after herbicide application is necessary to assess the success of the control method used. Initial monitoring should include where possible, mapping the area to document the distribution of G. tinctoria, assessment of the population size and a description of the habitats invaded and the native species affected. Monitoring of the herbicide applications should record the success rate by measuring, re-growth, germination of seedlings and sources of reintroduction to the site and surrounding area. To carry out monitoring it is necessary to establish what constitutes an individual plant. To be consistent the best method is to count the number of growing tips, which can be considered as a single unit. The growing tip (Figure 5A and 5B) is the cone shaped end of the rhizome where all the leaves and flower head emerges; a rhizome may, however, have more than one growing tip. A. B. Figure 5. 5A. Growing tips and emerging leaves. 5B. Emerging leaves. Photos courtesy Cristina Armstrong. 7.

93 11. Resourcing the plans Action 8. Ensure adequate resources are in place to facilitate implementation of this plan Action is needed both at a national and local level to manage existing populations of G. tinctoria and to prevent further spread. The most cost effective way forward to progress control and eradication is to develop links with local interest groups and local authorities. A means and a willingness by which to divert funds and resources for control work is needed. Small patches of G. tinctoria can have minimal costs associated and are estimated up to 500. Larger infestations, that have been established for a number of years will require significantly more funds. For example, initial work on Clare Island, Co. Mayo is costing 14,000 for 2009 programme of work. 12. Recommended actions and timetables No. Action Responsibility Timescale 1 Establish accurate baseline distribution 2 Enforcement and raise awareness of legislative powers Government Agencies in partnership with the National Biodiversity Data Centre, Cedar and other stakeholders engaged in the collection of biodiversity data State agencies in partnership with relevant stakeholders Annual programme required. Programmes should aim to build on that of the 2009 Invasive Species Survey coordinated by the National Biodiversity Data Centre Initiate in Amend existing legislation State agencies Highlight, support and promote State agencies, Invasive invasive species codes of practice Species Ireland, relevant stakeholders 5 Public sector bodies adopt invasive species codes of All public bodies practice 6 Work in partnership with quarries and the construction industry to limit these activities as pathways for spreading invasive species 7 Prioritise sites for eradication across the island of Ireland and initiate programme of measures 8 Ensure adequate resources are in place to facilitate implementation of this plan NPWS, NIEA, local authorities and other relevant stakeholders NPWS, NIEA, local authorities and other relevant stakeholders NPWS, NIEA and relevant stakeholders Immediately after successful completion of Action 7 8.

94 13. Decision process Risk Assessment classifies G. tinctoria as a high risk species Selected by steering group Management plan prepared Response Options Eradicate Implement options identified in plan Assess success of eradication efforts and decide whether additional treatments are necessary Input from technical working groups Point of contact: John Early (NIEA) and Gerry Leckey (NPWS) Research and Development Successful Unsuccessful Review 9.

95 14. Template management plan Use this template to help formulate a management plan outlining how you are going to proceed and what you will need. Site Manager(s)/Owner(s): Site Name(s): Central grid reference: License to remove acquired? Yes No Site details Address: Telephone: Agencies/persons involved: Date: Date of introduction: Total site area: Total area colonised: Previous site management: Designation On site Near site None present Details: Establish if there is a requirement to apply for a license/notify before proceeding with plan. Actions and resources Management options Responsibility Date to undertake Resources needed Responsibility Date to undertake Monitoring and evaluation Name of person/s Date to undertake Report to Additional treatments date (if required) 10.

96 Current identified impacts Impacts Minimal Moderate Severe Human sensitivities/vested interests at site Issue Human receptor Identify requirements and best practice for collaboration with stakeholders Actions and resources Management options Responsibility Date to undertake Resources needed Responsibility Date to undertake Monitoring and evaluation Name of person/s Date to undertake Report to Additional treatments date (if required) 11.

97 15. Summary of actions needed for effective management Confirm identification of species. Refer to recognised experts to confirm identification, if required. Develop and produce a site specific management plan. Use the template provided in this document to guide you. A key part of this will involve surveying and producing a distribution map indicating the species distribution on the site. Consider all designated sites on or nearby the management area. You may need to apply for a license under nature conservation legislation to proceed and/or undertake an Appropriate Assessment under the terms of Article 6 of the Habitats Directive. Remember that actions taken outside a designated site may have an impact on a nearby designated site and are thus subject to the same considerations. Consider surrounding properties and households. Talk to adjacent land owners and make them aware of the issues and what you plan to do. It may not be possible but always attempt to get their support. Control programmes will have a higher chance of success with support from the local community. Raise awareness of the issues and ensure alerts are placed in appropriate media e.g. the Invasive Species Ireland website. Consider if you can successfully and safely carry out the work or if professional practitioners, with relevant training and certificates should undertake the work. Also consider if the programme can be co-ordinated with voluntary clubs and local societies and ensure their support and understanding of the issues. Ensure safe disposal of plant material, including the cleaning of any machinery or equipment that may be contaminated. Remember relevant health and safety legislation and procedures. Identify if sufficient resources are/will be available to complete the work within the planned timescale. If work will take more than 1 year to complete, ensure you have sufficient funds to complete the work. Monitor for missed plants/reintroduction during site visits. If applicable, ensure new members of staff are aware of the action plan and report sightings. 12.

98 16. References Carlile, W. R Pesticide selectivity, health and the environment. Cambridge University Press, New York. Hickey, E., and B. A. Osborne Effect of Gunnera tinctoria (Molina) Mirbel on semi-natural grassland habitats in the west of Ireland Pp/ in Starfinger, U., Edwards, K., Kowerik, I., Williamson, M. editors. Plant invasions: Ecological mechanism and human responses. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. Hickey, E., and B. A. Osborne Effect of Gunnera tinctoria (Molina) Mirbel on semi-natural grassland habitats in the west of Ireland. Pages in G. Brundu, J. H. Brock, I. Camarda, L. Child, and P. M. Wade, editors. Plant Invasions: Species Ecology and Ecosystem Management. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford. Motooka, P., L. Ching, and G. Nagai Herbicidal weed control methods for pastures and natural areas of Hawaii. Page 36. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii, Honolulu. Myers, J. H., and D. R. Bazely Ecology and Control of Introduced Plants. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Preager, R. L A further contribution to the flora of Ireland. Proceedings Royal Irish Academy 45:

99 INVASIVE ALIEN PLANT GIANT RHUBARB (Gunnera tinctoria) Removal Removal is not recommended as a form of control for large plants. However, it is very effective with smaller plants, in particular new seedlings. Large brown rhizomes are a visible feature in the winter Gunnera has a rhizome which can easily be broken into pieces that have the potential to re-sprout. Care must be taken not to leave any fragments behind. Once the plants have been removed they must be disposed of carefully. The rhizomes will not compost, although it is safe to compost the leaves. DO NOT dispose of plants by dumping in another area. Options available include leaving them in a black plastic bag, burning, drying out or deep burial. GUNNERA IS SPREADING AND DAMAGING OUR COUNTRYSIDE. PLEASE HELP CONTROL THE INVADER! For further information: An action of the County Mayo Heritage Plan Gunnera is an alien invasive plant that was first introduced to Ireland over 100 years ago. It is predominantly found in western coastal counties. Gunnera is spreading rapidly and something must be done. The aim of this leaflet is to provide information on the damaging effects of this plant and the methods that can be used to control it. 14.

100 WHERE HAS GUNNERA COME FROM? Gunnera tinctoria is a plant native to South America. It was introduced to Ireland over 100 years ago, possibly as an ornamental plant. Its natural habitat has very similar climatic conditions to those found in the west coast of Ireland. In the west of Ireland, Gunnera is predominant along roadsides and waterways, on coastal cliffs and disused farmlands and quarries. Gunnera tinctoria growing between heather and along a river. WHAT DOES IT LOOK LIKE? Gunnera is a large herbaceous plant that forms dense colonies. It can grow up to 2 meters in height. It has large leathery umbrella-shaped leaves, with spikes on the back of the leaves and along the stems. The size of the leaves and their early spring emergence prevent native plants from germinating or growing due to shading. Despite its similar appearance, Gunnera is not related to rhubarb. The plant has a large rhizome, which can grow up to 2 meters in length along the ground. The rhizome is the visible stump which is exposed when the leaves die back in winter. Gunnera tinctoria Gunnera tinctoria seedling growing in gravel Large fruiting head in flower (left). seeds (right). Seeds turn red/orange when ripe. WHAT CAN YOU DO TO CONTROL IT? Chemical Control To date trials have taken place using herbicides containing glyphosate i.e. RoundUp. Success has been achieved both here in Ireland and in New Zealand. When to apply? Late in the growing season (late Aug/Sept), when the plants are fully grown, before the leaves die back. How much? Using the recommended concentration, thoroughly spray the leaves on both sides if possible. If the plants are very close to waterways, or are not possible to spray due to the size of the plants, the leaves can be cut at the base and herbicide applied directly to the stumps. Herbicide should be applied immediately after cutting, with a brush or sponge. It is possible that herbicide will need to be reapplied to larger plants. Remember: Fine weather is necessary for application of herbicides. If spraying wait until a calm day to prevent spray drift. Use safety clothing and a mask when using herbicides. Always follow the manufacturer s advice and instructions. If you propose to spray in lands that are designated for nature conservation i.e. SACs (Special Areas of Conservation), NHAs (Natural Heritage Areas) or SPAs (Special Protection Areas) you must seek consent from the National Parks and Wildlife Service (Telephone: Ballycroy , Connemara ). Gunnera applied with RoundUp (left). Blue dye to show herbicide applied using Cut and Paint technique (right). Gunnera can resprout from tiny fragments of the rhizome and can reproduce by seed; each flower head can produce over 250,000 seeds a year. This allows the plant to spread rapidly and makes it difficult to eradicate. 15.

101 The Invasive Species Ireland Project is undertaken, in partnership, by EnviroCentre and Quercus. and is funded by the National Parks and Wildlife Service and the Northern Ireland Environment Agency. For more information on the Invasive Species Ireland Project please see the website at This plan has been produced with the kind co-operation of Mayo County Council; National Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin; and University College Dublin. Use of any of the information described should be cited as: Armstrong, C., Osborne, B., Kelly, J. and Maguire, C.M Giant Rhubarb (Gunnera tinctoria) Invasive Species Action Plan. Prepared for NIEA and NPWS as part of Invasive Species Ireland.

102 Best Practice Management Guidelines Rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum) and Cherry Laurel (Prunus laurocerasus)

103 1. Aim of this advice This document provides best practice management guidelines on the control of Rhododendron ponticum and Cherry Laurel (Prunus laurocerus) on the island of Ireland. 2. Introduction 2.1. Rhododendron Rhododendron is a large evergreen shrub (growing up to 8m tall) that was introduced to Ireland as an ornamental plant in the 18th Century from Asia and north-west China. There are more than 900 species of Rhododendron, but only one type, Rhododendron ponticum is invasive in Ireland. It has dark green waxy, oblong leaves and conspicuous pinkish purple or lilac flowers on 2-4cm stalks although hybrids and cultivated varieties can vary in colour. Flowering occurs in spring and summer with plants capable of producing large quantities of viable seed, which can persist to create a seed-bank in the soil. Rhododendron can also propagate itself by vegetative means, both by suckering from roots and by layering wherever branches touch the ground. Rhododendron thrives on peaty, sandy and acidic soils and is extremely hardy. It is a very popular garden ornamental plant and has been extensively planted as game cover along the edges of fields and within woodlands. Its popularity, adaptability to Irish climate and soils along with its highly successful and multiple methods of reproduction and dispersal means that it has become naturalised and widespread. As Rhododendron is very shade tolerant, it has become widely established in several habitats, notably heathlands and woodlands from adjacent gardens Cherry Laurel Cherry Laurel is a dense thicket forming invasive ever-green shrub of gardens, parks and woodlands from South West Asia. The leaves are thick and laurel-like, poisonous with cyanide, the white flowers are produced on upright spikes and are succeeded in autumn by blackish cherry-like fruits which should not be eaten. EnviroCentre EnviroCentre Distribution of Rhododendron ponticum in Ireland (right) and Cherry Laurel (left). Source of data: National Biodiversity Network; accessed 07 April

104 2. Impacts Rhododendron and Cherry Laurel are extremely invasive plant species, particularly in the more humid western parts of Ireland forming dense impenetrable thickets. Both species are unpalatable and likely toxic to mammals and probably invertebrates due to the presence of free phenols and diterpenes in Rhododendron and cyanide in Cherry Laurel. They are both avoided by grazing animals, thus giving them significant advantages over native species. The deep shadow cast by the plants and toxic leaf litter accumulating underneath Rhododendron produces a dark sterile environment, which suppresses regeneration of native species and supports little wildlife. Changes in soil chemistry induced by Rhododendron have also been reported. Animal populations can also be negatively influenced by Rhododendron e.g. bird numbers are lower in mature oak woodlands dominated by Rhododendron. In Ireland, Rhododendron has invaded three habitats of international importance under the EC Habitats Directive: upland oak woods, bogs and heath. For example, it is now a widespread invasive species in Killarney, where >650 acres of the Killarney National Park are completely infested. Rhododendron in Ireland hosts a serious plant health pathogen Phytophthora ramorum. This is a fungus that has the potential to attack a wide variety of native woody plants and is the causative agent of Sudden Oak Death. On Rhododendron, the first indication of the disease is wilting of shoots. These develop a brown/black colour that spreads along the twig and can move onto the leaves, where the leaf bases and tips blacken. The fungus has been recorded in Northern Ireland and DARD has identified this species as likely to cause significant damage to trees and landscapes if it establishes widely. Consequently, Rhododendron is one of the biggest conservation issues facing Irish woodlands today. There are reported cases of human poisoning by toxic honey from Rhododendron. The severity of the reaction probably relates to the amount of affected honey digested and the health and susceptibility of the individual concerned. 3. Legal status There are no specific legal provisions associated with growing of Rhododendron or Cherry Laurel on the island of Ireland. However, all management methods described here should be carried out with due care and attention, with particular consideration to health and safety requirements and, where necessary, by trained and competent personnel. All waste not dealt with on site should be taken to a licensed landfill site. Under the EU Plant Health Directive, emergency legislation was introduced in 2002 to prevent the introduction and spread of Phytophthora ramorum within the EU. If suspicious symptoms are observed on Rhododendron or any other tree species, the Forest Service (ROI) / DARD (NI) should be informed. 2.

105 4. Managing Rhododendron and Cherry Laurel The management and eradication of Rhododendron and Cherry Laurel is challenging. Understanding the ecology of the species and carefully planning clearance work will ensure success. Clearance can be expensive and time consuming, and should be well planned before any action is taken. 5. Control and eradication Three main issues must be considered when planning management/control. These are: Rhododendron in Ireland is a prolific seed producer. However, a naturally seeded plant does not flower and produce seed until at least years old. This provides a window of opportunity to prevent serious infestation, through the immediate removal of young plants. Rhododendron regrows vigorously when cut. As a result, some method of stump killing or removal is always necessary. Any untreated cut stump will regrow and in most cases flower within 3-4 years. The scale and nature of the site infestation. Adjacent garden/land owners should be encouraged to control Rhododendron at the same time as clearance on your site. Paul Hackney Paul Hackney 6. Rhododendron and Cherry Laurel on adjacent sites It is important to consider populations in the wider environment around the site. If Rhododendron is growing profusely on adjacent land, or upstream, then recolonisation of recently cleared sites is possible. Discussion with neighbouring land owners on the issues involved and your intended actions, may help encourage them to remove or not plant Rhododendron and Cherry Laurel as ornamental or hedging species. For all sites, the following six steps may be usefull to ensure success: 1. Find out how much Rhododendron and/or Cherry Laurel there is on the property and map it if possible. 2. Note the age, condition and previous treatments at your site. Use this information to guide your control programme. 3. Areas should be prioritised. It may be easier to clear less heavily infested areas to begin with or sites where seed production has not yet occurred. Also, ideally work with prevailing wind direction, rather than against it, to help minimise seed dispersal into recently cleared areas. 4. Create suitable conditions for the recovery of native ground flora. This will reduce open areas for recolonisation. 5. Write a Management Plan to guide your work. Including timeframes for planned clearance and repeated treatments. 6. Follow-up work will be necessary to ensure that any small plants and seedlings have not been missed. 3.

106 7. Treatment options Treatment programmes can be divided into 3 main stages: initial removal, control of stems and roots, and follow up. The following treatment options have been widely tested and measured for effectiveness across Ireland. In almost all cases, failures can be accredited to poor application of a particular technique and/or logistical difficulties, rather than the control method itself. Care should be taken when embarking on a control programme and resources should be identified and allocated for repeated treatments. 8. Successfully managing Rhododendron Cut and remove stems by hand or chainsaw, cutting as close to the ground as possible to remove above ground growth. Chip or remove the cut material from the area to allow for effective follow-up work and prevent regrowth. Chipped material can provide good weed barrier around ornamental garden areas. Flailing has also been effectively used in Ireland to treat young or immature growth. Although not suitable on all sites and locations, especially steeply sloping or wet sites, it is very effective as it breaks up woody stems upon contact. The removal of above ground growth will not prevent regrowth as Rhododendron will regrow from cut stems and stumps. There are four recommended methods to achieve successful management after the initial cut and removal: 1. Digging the stumps out. The effectiveness of this technique is increased by removing all viable roots. This can be done manually or with a tractor and plough. To avoid regrowth, stumps should be turned upside down and soil should be brushed off roots. 2. Direct stump treatment by painting or spot spraying freshly cut low stumps with a herbicide immediately after been cut. Glyphosate (20% solution), tryclopyr (8% solution) or ammonium sulphate (40% solution) are known to be effective during suitable weather conditions i.e. dry weather. The herbicide concentrations used and timings of applications vary according to which chemical is used. Use of a vegetable dye is recommended to mark treated stumps and all stumps should be targeted. A handheld applicator will help avoid spray drift onto surrounding non-target species. Always read the label and follow the manufacturers guidelines when using herbicides. Remember that using 3. A variation on the stump treatment method is stem injection, using a drill and drop methodology, whereby, if the main stem is cut and is large enough for a hole to be drilled into it, the hole can be used to facilitate the targeted application of glyphosate (25% solution). The main drawback is that the dead Rhododendron may persist in situ for years. 4. Stump regrowth and seedlings can be effectively killed by spraying regrowth with a suitable herbicide, usually glyphosate. Best practice spraying protocols should be carefully followed. General broadcast spraying is not as effective as stump spot treatment and has the potential to impact on surrounding non-target species. Rhododendron leaves are thick and waxy. For herbicide treatment to be effective each individual leaf needs be thoroughly wetted with herbicide to kill the plant. Remember: If the initial infestation was of flowering age or a seed source is nearby, then follow-up seedling removal work will be necessary. The intensity of this work will vary according to the severity and duration of infestation. See also: Higgins, G.T. (2006) Rhododendron ponticum: A guide to management on nature conservation sites. Irish Wildlife Manuals, No. XX. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government, Dublin, Ireland. 4.

107 9. Rhododendron/Cherry Laurel Management Plan Template Use this template to help formulate your own management plan outlining how you are going to proceed and what you will need. Site Name: Site Manager/Owner: Site details Address: Telephone: Agencies/persons involved: Date: Date of introduction: Total site area: Total area colonised: Previous site management: Designation On site Near site None present Details: Establish if there is a requirement to apply for a license/notify before proceeding with plan. Actions and resources Management options Responsibility Date to undertake Resources needed Responsibility Date to undertake Monitoring and evaluation Name of person/s Date to undertake Report to Additional treatments date (if required) 5.

108 10. Summary of actions needed for effective management 1. Confirm Rhododendron/Cherry laurel identification. 2. Carry out a survey and produce a distribution map indicating the location across the site. 3. Consider surrounding properties and potential for reintroduction. Talk to adjacent land owners. Identify potential contamination routes to your site and mitigate against these. 4. Decide should the programme aim for continuous control on a yearly basis or eradication from the site. Base your decision on an understanding of the biology, size of infestation, potential for reintroduction and other relevant sensitivities in the area. Once management has begun, do not allow any plant to flower and set seed within areas that have undergone initial clearance. 5. Consider if you can successfully and safely carry out the work or if professional practitioners, with relevant training and certificates should undertake the work. 6. Identify if sufficient resources are/will be available to complete the work within the planned timescale. If work will take more than 1 year to complete, ensure you have sufficient funds to complete the work. 7. Ensure disposal options for plant material are in place prior to work commencing. 8. Develop and produce a site specific control/management plan. Use the template provided in this document to guide you. 9. Monitor for regrowth and/or reintroduction during site visits. If applicable, ensure new members of staff are aware of your Rhododendron/Cherry Laurel plan and report sightings. 12. Rhododendron and Cherry Laurel treatment times Cutting J F M A M J J A S O N D Glyphosate J F M A M J J A S O N D Tryclopyr* J* F* M* A* M* J* J* A* S* O* N* D* Ammonium sulphate J F M A M J J A S O N D Optimum treatment time. Remember to consider breeding birds before embarking on a programme. Suboptimum treatment time but can be effective. In the case of glyphosate based herbicides consider higher concentrations % during this time period. * Suitable for treatment any time after cutting and appearance of new growth. Please consider sharing your experience undertaking a management plan with others. The Invasive Species Ireland website will feature case studies to help guide others under taking similar work. 6.

109 The Invasive Species Ireland Project is undertaken, in partnership, by EnviroCentre and Quercus. and is funded by the National Parks and Wildlife Service and the Northern Ireland Environment Agency. For more information on the Invasive Species Ireland Project please see the website at Recommended citation: Maguire, C.M., Kelly, J. and Cosgrove, P.J. (2008). Best Practice Management Guidelines Rhododendron Rhododendron ponticum and Cherry Laurel Prunus laurocerasus. Prepared for NIEA and NPWS as part of Invasive Species Ireland.

110 Best Practice Management Guidelines Giant Hogweed Heracleum mantegazzianum

111 1. Aim of this advice This document provides best practice management guidance on the control of Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) on the island of Ireland. 2. Introduction Giant Hogweed is a tall (usually 3-5m), biennial or perennial herbaceous plant with white flowers, which looks like very large cow parsley, with pale, swollen rootstock. It produces 20-50,000 viable seeds a year, which are penny sized and paper thin. Seeds are dispersed over short distances by wind but considerably longer distances by rivers and streams. The seeds, which readily germinate, can also be transported in soil adhering to shoes, machinery and other contaminated objects. Giant Hogweed was introduced from the Caucasus to gardens as a curiosity in the 19th century. It was deliberately planted by rivers and ponds. It was recorded growing in the wild shortly after introduction. It is invasive in suitable habitats, such as river and stream banks, railway lines, disused waste land and other damp places and has spread rapidly, despite being the subject of on-going widespread control measures. Giant Hogweed is now found commonly throughout Northern Ireland and in scattered locations in the Republic of Ireland. Before considering which management options to use, it is extremely important that everyone using an infested site is fully aware of the serious threat posed to human health by Giant Hogweed. It is advisable to fence off stands of Giant Hogweed, including a 4m buffer zone and put up warning notices. USDA APHIS, Distribution of Giant Hogweed in Ireland. Source of data: National Biodiversity Network; accessed 07 April WARNING Giant Hogweed sap contains a chemical which sensitises human skin and leads to severe blistering when exposed to sunlight. Blisters can take up to 24hrs to appear. THIS REACTION CAN RECUR FOR MANY YEARS 1.

112 Paul Hackney USDA APHIS, Joe Caffery, 3. Impacts The plant s very large leaves mean that it shades out less vigorous native plants in its immediate vicinity, with the resultant loss of dependant insects and other animals. As a consequence of outcompeting native riverside plants, banks can be left bare in the winter and susceptible to erosion during spates and floods. Giant Hogweed sap contains a chemical, which in the presence of sunlight causes a nasty and potentially dangerous skin reaction in almost everyone who comes into contact with it, resulting in burning, itching and blistering. The lesions are slow to heal and any consequent scarring may persist for at least 6 years. The reaction can occur by individuals accidentally brushing past leaves and can be especially acute in children. For this reason it is considered to be a serious and significant danger to public health. Giant Hogweed is now a feature in many important Irish angling catchments, e.g. the Mulkear River. Giant Hogweed has become so widespread that it has restricted amenity and recreational activities in Ireland, with resultant economic impacts. As a consequence, the Office of Public Works commenced a successful four-year control/eradication programme in the Mulkear River catchment. This was the first serious Irish attempt to control Giant Hogweed infestation at the catchment scale. 4. Legal status - Northern Ireland Giant Hogweed is listed on Schedule 9 of the Wildlife (Northern Ireland) Order 1985 and it is therefore an offence to plant or cause it to grow in the wild. This also includes seeds and it is therefore an offence to move contaminated soil material to new sites. Contact the NIEA waste management unit ( ) for information on how to dispose of this waste safely. 5. Legal status - Republic of Ireland At present there are no specific legislative provisions that directly govern Giant Hogweed in the Republic of Ireland. However, the Wildlife (Amendment) Act 2000 states that anyone who plants or otherwise causes to grow in a wild state in any place in the State any species of (exotic) flora, or the flowers, roots, seeds or spores of (exotic) flora shall be guilty of an offence. 2.

113 8. Giant Hogweed on adjacent sites 6. Managing Giant Hogweed To reduce costs and additional effort it is important to prevent Giant Hogweed from spreading around a site contaminating unaffected areas. This is best achieved by: Production of a detailed Giant Hogweed management plan. Ensuring that all relevant staff are briefed and aware of Giant Hogweed issues, the management plan, potential threat to human health and their responsibilities. For sites that do not have Giant Hogweed present, efforts should be put in place to prevent the species arrival. The 4 most common ways a site can become infected are: Importation of infected soil. Contamination on vehicles and equipment. Colonisation from upstream areas washing seeds downstream. Illegal dumping of contaminated soil. 7. Eradication and control The application of herbicides over several years, prior to seed set, has been proven effective for both control and eradication. It is important to remember that the seeds of this plant can remain viable for 7 years (possibly up to 15) although most will become unviable after just 2 years. Once a plant has produced seed, it should be assumed that the seeds will be present in the surrounding area for at least this length of time. Control measures will only affect those plants which have already germinated and viable seed may continue to germinate each year until the seed bank is exhausted. Eradication, as opposed to temporary control will therefore require regular annual checks to ensure that any germinating plants are controlled before they can seed. It is particularly important to consider Giant Hogweed in the wider environment around a particular site. If this species is growing on an adjacent site, or upstream of a site on a riverbank, then no matter how good on-site control is, recolonisation is likely. Thus, an understanding of the wider catchment context is necessary to determine if eradication or control efforts are likely to be successful. In some situations, eradication of all Giant Hogweed on site might not be possible due to the likelihood of re-colonisation, but infested areas accessed by staff or public should receive control measures. Work in partnership with neighbouring landowners to tackle Giant Hogweed. For all sites, the following steps may be useful to ensure success and prevent spread: 1. Find out how much Giant Hogweed there is on the property and map it. Include a buffer of 4m around plants to incorporate seeds in soil. 2. Ensure that everyone working on the site is aware of and adheres to good site hygiene, such as: Marking out of contaminated areas, Ensuring that vehicles with caterpillar tracks do not work within contaminated areas, and Treating contaminated soils carefully. - Ensure that soil from within 4m of the plants is not transferred to other areas. - Limit use of tracked machinery at infested sites. - Cleaning contaminated machinery and equipment. 3. Attempt to establish the length of time Giant Hogweed has been on site. Long-standing infestations over many years will have larger seed banks. 4. Write a management plan to guide your work and make sure all staff working in the area are aware of it and Giant Hogweed. 5. Follow-up work will be necessary to ensure that regrowth and seedlings are not missed. 3.

114 9. Treatment options 9.1. Spraying Spraying with an appropriate herbicide is the most effective treatment option available, although it can take several years to eradicate the species completely. The soil beneath an established stand of Giant Hogweed will contain a large number of seeds that will continue to produce new plants. Herbicides can be used to achieve short-term control of the plant. The only herbicide known to control Giant Hogweed and with the necessary approval for use in or near water is glyphosate. Glyphosate is sold under a number of brand names. The plants can be sprayed with glyphosate when growing actively but still less than about 1 m high (usually in April and May). In order to be effective, spraying must be carried out before the plant flowers and sets seed, otherwise there will be thousands of additional seeds on the ground ready to grow at some point in the future. As Giant Hogweed seeds can remain in the soil for several years, a long-term strategy involving treatment with herbicide will be required. Long-lance sprayers may assist in accurate application of glyphosate to plants growing in inaccessible sites along river banks. Glyphosate can be applied as a spot treatment to individual plants, using hand-held equipment, or as an overall spray using machine-mounted spray booms. In the latter instance, total weed control of all vegetation will occur and it may be necessary to reseed the treated area with grass and other native plants. Establishing a good sward of grasses soon after treatment of the weed will help to reduce the rate of re-colonisation of the area by seeds of Giant Hogweed. It is essential that any herbicide treatment is carried out by an experienced, competent and qualified operator, complying with any approval advice provided by the relevant licensing authority and all health and safety considerations. Efforts should be made to minimise damage to non target species Mechanical control Hand cutting of Giant Hogweed should never be undertaken unless the operator is wearing full protective clothing to prevent skin contamination by the sap. Machine operators should take similar precautions as the sap can be spread onto machinery and subsequently come into contact with skin. Cut material can remain active for many hours. Cutting before flowering will, at best, produce only temporary control as the plant can regrow the following season. Cutting after flowering has no benefit once the seeds have been formed, except to clear away the dying vegetation. Seed heads should be bagged before cutting to reduce dispersal during control. Small infestations can be controlled by digging out the whole plant. This should be done in April or May, cutting the plant at a 45 degree angle below ground to ensure damage to the rootstock and to prevent regrowth from the base. It is possible that large infestations may be controlled by deep cultivation (ploughing) although this is generally impractical on river banks, where most large stands occur. Regular cattle grazing can also afford a measure of control. 4.

115 10. Giant Hogweed Management Plan Template Use this template to help formulate your own management plan outlining how you are going to proceed and what you will need. Site Name: Site Manager/Owner: Site details Address: Telephone: Agencies/persons involved: Date: Date of introduction: Total site area: Total area colonised: Previous site management: Designation On site Near site None present Details: Establish if there is a requirement to apply for a license/notify before proceeding with plan. Actions and resources Management options Responsibility Date to undertake Resources needed Responsibility Date to undertake Monitoring and evaluation Name of person/s Date to undertake Report to Additional treatments date (if required) 5.

116 11. Summary of actions needed for effective management 1. Confirm Giant Hogweed identification. 2. Carry out a survey and produce a distribution map indicating the location across the site. Include a 4m radius from the above ground growth in maps to identify area of potential seed fall. Include all rivers and streams in maps. 3. Consider surrounding properties and potential for reintroduction. Talk to adjacent land owners and make them aware of the issues and what you plan to do. Identify potential contamination routes to your site and mitigate against these. You may be unable to prevent reintroduction from upstream without the help of other landowners. 4. Decide should the programme aim for continuous control on a yearly basis or eradication from the site. Base your decision on an understanding of the biology, size of infestation, potential for reintroduction and other relevant sensitivities in the area. 5. Consider if you can successfully and safely carry out the work or if professional practitioners, with relevant training and certificates should undertake the work. Remember relevant health and safety legislation and procedures when working near water and always make sure staff and public are aware of the health risks posed by Giant Hogweed. 6. Identify if sufficient resources are/will be available to complete the work within the planned timescale. If work will take more than 1 year to complete, ensure you have sufficient funds to complete the work. 7. Ensure disposal options for plant material are in place prior to work commencing. 8. Develop and produce a site specific control/management plan. Use the template provided in this document to guide you. 9. Monitor for regrowth and/or reintroduction during site visits. If applicable, ensure new members of staff are aware of your Giant Hogweed plan and report sightings. 12. Giant Hogweed spraying times Glyphosate J F M A M J J A S O N D Optimum treatment time. Suboptimum treatment time but can be effective. Please consider sharing your experience and management plan details with others. The Invasive Species Ireland website will feature case studies to help guide others undertaking similar work. See also: Booy, O. and Wade, M. (2007) Giant Hogweed Management in the United Kingdom. RPS Group Plc. 6.