3. Environmental Pollution. Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 1

Transcription

1 3. Environmental Pollution Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 1

2 Definition Air pollution THINGS TO BE LEARNED Causes, effects and control measures Global Warming Ozone layer depletion Acid rain Photochemical smog Control measures 1. Bag House filter 2. Venturi scrubber Case Study-Bhopal gas tragedy Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 2

3 Water pollution Sources, Treatment Concept of waste water Domestic and Industrial, Treatment Case study- Minamata Disease Soil / Land pollution Solid waste Solid waste management 1. Land filling 2. Composting Noise pollution - Sources and effects E pollution - Sources and effects Continued Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 3

4 ..\..\Videos\5 Pollution is a Global Killer.mp4 Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 4

5 Pollution :- Definition Pollution is the harmful alteration of our environment by our own actions. Undesirable changes in our surroundings that have harmful effects on plants, animals and human beings. Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 5

6 Pollutants :- Unwanted by-products Our activities responsible The residues of things used and which is thrown away Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 6

7 Pollutants Degradable Slowly Degradable Non Degradable Domestic Sewage Pesticides Lead, Mercury Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 7

8 Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 8

9 Definition:- Air pollution Presence of undesirable solid or gaseous particles in the air. History of air pollution:- In beginning of 20th century with development in transportation systems and use of petrol and diesel. Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 9

10 Structure of atmosphere 1. Troposphere (0-12 km) 2. Stratosphere (12-50 km) 3. Mesosphere (50-80 km) 4. Thermosphere ( km) Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 10

11 Types and sources of Air Pollutants Primary pollutants Secondary pollutants Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 11

12 Primary pollutants like natural events (Dust storms, volcano's), human activities (Vehicles, industries) Secondary pollutants includes sulphuric acids, nitric acids which are produced because of chemical reactions. Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 12

13 Causes Automobile emissions Combustion of coal Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 13

14 Power plants Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 14

15 Paint fumes and Aerosol sprays Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 15

16 Wildfires Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 16

17 Nuclear tests Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 17

18 Smog Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 18

19 On Plants Effects of Air pollution Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 19

20 On living organisms Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 20

21 On materials-abrasion & Corrosion On stratosphere Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 21

22 On Ozone Layer Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 22

23 On Climate Greenhouse effect Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 23

24 Control measures Control at the source only- 1. Use of gravitational settling chambers 2. Wet scrubbers 3. Centrifugal separators 4. Electrostatic precipitators Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 24

25 Continued Putting greater emphasis on prevention Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 25

26 Continued Reducing use of fossil fuels Improving quality of vehicular fuel Increasing use of renewable energy Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 26

27 Summary..\..\Videos\5.1 Air Pollution Causes, Effects And Solutions.mp4 Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 27

28 Global Warming An increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere (especially an increase that causes climatic changes) Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 28

29 Causes Green House gases-co 2, Methane, H 2 O Combustion of fossil fuels CFC Industries Deforestation Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 29

30 Effects- Continued... Rise in temperature Rise in sea level Dry up surface Water bodies Reduce ground water level Reduction in yields of crops Affect ecological cycles Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 30

31 Global Warming..\..\Videos\5.7 What Is Global Warming.mp4..\..\Videos\6.1 Blue Man Group on Global Warming.mp4 Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 31

32 Acid rains A rain that is unusually acidic, meaning that it possesses elevated levels of hydrogen ions (ph value less than 7) Caused by emissions of Carbon dioxide Sulfur dioxide Nitrogen oxides which react with the water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids. Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 32

33 Acid Rain Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 33

34 Effects Washes away Nutrients Of soil Reduces fertility of soil Vegetation-Brown dead spots on leaves of plants Affects Aquatic ecosystem Damages buildings, other structures Ground water pollution Skin irritation Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 34

35 Ozone layer depletion Causes Effects Control Measures Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 35

36 O 3 is formed when UV from Sun strikes Stratosphere Splitting O 2 into atomic O which quickly combines with O 2 forming O 3 O 2 + hv O + O O + O 2 O 3 Depletion of Ozone layer caused by Cl - & Br compounds. CFC broke down by sunlight to give Cl - Cl + O 3 ClO + O 2 Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 36

37 Ozone layer depletion Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 37

38 CFC's are mainly responsible for the degradation of ozone layer Many developed countries have already phased out CFC's and are using environmentally friendly chemicals in their place...\..\videos\6.2 Ozone depletion.flv Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 38

39 Photochemical smog Outdoor pollution caused by chemical reaction between pollutants & Sunlight in presence of Particulate matters as Catalyst. Mixture of pollutants Particulates + Oxides of Nitrogen + Ozone + Aldehydes + Peroxy acetyl nitrates + Unreacted Hydrocarbons Effects- Headache, irritations, Lung infection Deterioration of Fabrics, Rubber Damage Plants, Crops Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 39

40 Control measures Bag House filter Venturi scrubber Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 40

41 Bag House filter Device that removes particulates from air or gas From power plants, steel mills, food mfg Came in picture in 1970s Has particulate collection efficiency of 99% Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 41

42 Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 42

43 Working Dust-laden air Bag house compartment Inside / outside bags Layer of dust on filter media surface Pressure drop Cleaning of Bag house may be Online or offline Increase resistance to gas flow Efficient particulate collectors because dust cake formed on the surface of the bags Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 43

44 ..\..\Videos\5.8 BAG FILTER.mp4..\..\Videos\5.9 Scrubber.mp4 Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 44

45 Venturi Scrubber Designed to effectively use the energy from the inlet gas stream to atomize the liquid being used to scrub the gas stream Used to collect both particulate and gaseous pollutants Three sections- 1. Converging 2. Throat 3. Diverging Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 45

46 Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 46

47 Working Inlet stream from converging section Increased gas velocity at throat Liquid introduced at throat Gas absorption by tiny liquid droplets Exit of inlet steam High efficiency, sometimes exceeding 99 % Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 47

48 Case Study-Bhopal gas tragedy Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 48

49 Water pollution Introduction of chemical, biological and physical matter into large bodies of water that degrade the quality of life that lives in it and consumes it. Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 49

50 ..\..\Videos\5.2 water pollution.mp4 Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 50

51 Sources of water pollution Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 51

52 Sources Point Sources Non Point Sources Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 52

53 Water Pollution Sources 1. Point sources Discharge at specific locations Easier to identify, monitor, regulate 2. Nonpoint sources Runoff of chemicals and sediment Agriculture Control is difficult and expensive Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 53

54 Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 54

55 Common Water Pollutants Inorganic Plant Nutrients Organic chemicals Oxygen demanding Wastes Water-soluble inorganic chemicals Sediment / Suspended Matter Radioactive Substances Disease causing agents Heat Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 55

56 Causes 8% 5% 12% 50% 25% Domestic Sewage Erosion Detergants Pesticides Leaded Gasoline Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 56

57 Factories and Refineries Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 57

58 Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 58

59 Pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers Oil spills Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 59

60 Household chemicals and Animal waste Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 60

61 Effects On aquatic ecosystem Biological magnification -Certain pollutants concentrations in food chain and food webs. Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 61

62 On human health Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 62

63 Hazards of ground water pollution Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 63

64 Eutrophication Increase in nutrients level in water (Algae) Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 64

65 Control measures Disinfection of water-chlorination Sedimentation-Removal of suspended particles Filtration Prohibition on washing clothes, directly bathing in tanks. Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 65

66 Sewage treatment. Continued Hot water cooling before releasing from power plants. Excessive use of fertilizers should be avoided. Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 66

67 Sewage treatment Sewage treatment, or domestic wastewater treatment, is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater and household sewage, both runoff and domestic. It includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove physical, chemical and biological contaminants. Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 67

68 3 stages of water treatment 1. Primary Solids are separated 2. Secondary Dissolved biological matter is converted into a solid mass. 95% of the suspended molecules are removed. 3. Tertiary Biological solids are neutralized and then disposed, and treated water may be disinfected chemically or physically Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 68

69 Case Study-Minamata Disease Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 69

70 Soil pollution Pollution of the Earth s natural land surface by industrial, commercial, domestic and agricultural activities. Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 70

71 Composition Of Urban Waste 11% 8% 5% 2% 35% Food Plastic Leaves & Street Garbage Paper Glass & Ceramics 12% Metals Rubber & Other 27% Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 71

72 Classification of Waste Biodegradable waste Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 72

73 Non-Biodegradable waste Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 73

74 Toxic Waste Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 74

75 Non-toxic waste Biomedical waste Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 75

76 Causes Discarded materials like rubber, plastic Garbage Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 76

77 Industrial waste-iron, copper, lead Chemical wastes-acids, alkalies Radioactive waste-mines, nuclear process Pesticides (chemicals used to kill insects defined as pests) Herbicides (chemicals used to kill plant life, particularly weeds) Fertilizers Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 77

78 Effects Soil erosion Decreased Soil production capacity Reduced water holding capacity Salination Of Soil Effect on terrestrial and aquatic life Health hazards-chronic diseases due to domestic garbage Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 78

79 Solid Waste Management Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 79

80 Control Measures Proper treatment of industrial waste Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 80

81 Composting / Vermiculture Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 81

82 Natural way of degrading organic material into humus and minerals A natural aerobic microbiological process that returns plant nutrients to the soil where they can again be absorbed by plants for new growth. Supplies plants with nitrogen or nitrogen containing materials, additional nutrients and beneficial microorganisms Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 82

83 Recycling Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 83

84 Incineration (combustion of organic substances ) Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 84

85 Land Filling Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 85

86 Each day s deposit of fresh garbage is covered with a layer of soil to prevent it from blowing around and to discourage animal scavengers. Traditionally been primary method of waste disposal. Cheap and Convenient Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 86

87 New landfills have complex bottom layers to trap contaminant-laden leachate. Monitoring systems necessary to detect methane gas production and groundwater contamination. In some cases, methane collected and used to generate electricity Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 87

88 Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 88

89 Special pits or low lying areas for dumping of wastes. Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 89

90 Production of biogas from agricultural waste. Reduce Use of chemical fertilizers Recycling of some materials like paper, glass Improvement in mining techniques Proper collection and disposal of waste (Pneumatic pipes) Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 90

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92 Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 92

93 ..\..\Videos\5.6 Ways 2 Go Green Right Now.mp4 Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 93

94 Noise pollution Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 94

95 Definition- Excessive, displeasing environmental noise which is created by human or machine, that disrupts the activity or balance of humans In simple terms, noise is unwanted sound released in atmosphere Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 95

96 Permissible levels of sound- Zones Day (6 to 21 hrs) Night (21 to 6 hrs) Industry 75 db 70 db Commercial 65 db 55 db Residential 55 db 45 db Silent zone 50 db 40 db Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 96

97 Causes Industries (Textile, Mfg) Vehicles (Tanks, Artillery) Domestic gadgets Public address systems Nanjing 105 db Mumbai - 82 db Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 97

98 Effects Physical Physiological Psychological Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 98

99 Effects Effect on hearing ability (Ear drum, sensory cells) Effect on general health (Stress, Anxiety, Heart rate) Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 99

100 Control measures Proper maintenance of machines Sound proof chambers for noisy machines Location of industries away from human settlements Silence zones Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 100

101 Control over vibrations Planting coniferous trees around roads. Installation of sound barriers Protective devices such as ear muffs, cotton plugs. Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 101

102 E-Pollution Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 102

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112 Thank You Mr. S. P. Deshmukh, Watumull Institute. 112