Soil Nutrient Regime. Soil Moisture Regime. BWBSwk EDATOPIC GRID. Poor B. Rich D. Medium C. Xeric 1. Subxeric 2. Submesic 3. Mesic 4.

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1 BWBSwk EDATOPIC GRID Soil Nutrient Regime Very poor A Poor B Medium C Rich D Very rich E Very xeric 0 Xeric 1 Subxeric 2 Soil Moisture Regime Submesic 3 Mesic 4 Subhygric 5 Hygric 6 04 Atss 03 Atll 01 Athc 05 Atof Subhydric 7 01 Athc $At Highbush-cranberry 04 Atss $At Soopolallie Sarsparilla 05 Atof $At Oak fern 03 Atll $At Labrador tea Lingonberry Draft Field Guide Insert 21

2 22 Draft Field Guide Insert BWBSwk1 Vegetation table Seral units 03-Atll 04-Atss 01-Athc 05-Atof Trees Pinus contorta Populus tremuloides Shrubs Ledum groenlandicum Vaccinium myrtilloides Shepherdia canadensis Spiraea betulifolia Vaccinium membranaceum Alnus viridis spp. sinuata Rosa acicularis Viburnum edule Herbs & Dwarf Shrubs Vaccinium vitis-idaea Linnaea borealis Cornus canadensis Pyrola asarifolia Mertensia paniculata Gymnocarpium dryopteris Mosses & Lichens Pleurozium schreberi Hylocomium splendens lodgepole pine trembling aspen Labrador tea velvet-leaved blueberry soopolallie birch-leaved spirea black huckleberry Sitka alder prickly rose highbush-cranberry lingonberry twinflower bunchberry pink wintergreen tall bluebells oak fern red-stemmed feathermoss step moss Prominence class:

3 BWBSwk Seral Unit Key 1a 1b Canopy dominated by trembling aspen with lodgepole pine generally absent; Viburnum edule (pg. 35) 3 moderate to high cover (> 5%). 2a 2b Generally on southerly aspects; Gymnocarpium dryopteris (pg. 293) very low cover (< 1%) or absent. Often on northerly aspects; Gymnocarpium dryopteris low to moderate cover (> 1%). Canopy dominated by trembling aspen with lodgepole pine often present; Viburnum edule generally low cover (<5%) or absent. 3a 3b Northerly, if sloping; Ledum groenlandicum (pg.40) present. Often on southerly slopes; Ledum groenlandicum generally absent. Athc Atof Atll Atss 3 Page numbers refer to the publication Plants of Northern British Columbia (Expanded 2nd Edition)(MacKinnon et al. 1999) Draft Field Guide Insert 23

4 BWBSwk/01 - Athc $At Highbush-cranberry VEGETATION TION Tree Layer: 30% cover Trembling aspen Viburnum edule Shrub Layer: 35% cover Viburnum edule (highbush-cranberry) Rosa acicularis (prickly rose) Alnus viridis ssp. sinuata (Sitka alder) [Vaccinium membranaceum (black huckleberry)] Herb Layer: 55% cover Epilobium angustifolium (fireweed) Mertensia paniculata (tall bluebells) Rubus pubescens (trailing raspberry) Petasites frigidus var. palmatus (palmate coltsfoot) Calamagrostis canadensis (bluejoint) Cornus canadensis (bunchberry) Linnaea borealis (twinflower) Pyrola asarifolia (pink wintergreen) Aster ciliolatus (fringed aster) Lathyrus ochroleucus (creamy peavine) Orthilia secunda (one-sided wintergreen) Alnus vinidis ssp. sinuata Moss Layer: 20% cover Pleurozium schreberi SOIL AND SITE (red-stemmed feathermoss) Moisture Regime: mesic (- subhygric) Nutrient Regime: medium (- rich) Slope Gradient (%): variable (usually <20) * Aspect: usually southerly * Slope Position: mid (lower) Parent Materials: variable Soil Texture: medium to fine Coarse Fragments(%): Not available Mertensia paniculata DISTRIBUTION: common at lower elevations 24 Draft Field Guide Insert

5 BWBSwk/03 - Atll $At Labrador tea Lingonberry VEGETATION TION Tree Layer: Trembling aspen Shrub Layer: Ledum groenlandicum (Labrador tea) Vaccinium membranaceum (black huckleberry) Ledum groenlandicum Herb Layer: Linnaea borealis (twinflower) Cornus canadensis (bunchberry) Vaccinium vitis-idaea (lingonberry) Epilobium angustifolium (fireweed) Orthilia secunda (one-sided wintergreen) Lycopodium complanatum (ground-cedar) Moss Layer: Pleurozium schreberi (red-stemmed feathermoss) SOIL AND SITE Vaccinium membranaceum Moisture Regime: submesic Nutrient Regime: poor - (medium) * Slope Gradient (%): <15 * Aspect: northerly if sloping Slope Position: mid upper or level Parent Materials: not available Soil Texture: not available Coarse Fragments(%): not available DISTRIBUTION: common in gently sloping terrain Vaccinium vitis-idaea Draft Field Guide Insert 25

6 BWBSwk1/04 - Atss $At Soopolallie - Sarsaparilla VEGETATION TION Tree Layer: Trembling aspen, lodgepole pine Spiraea betulifolia Shrub Layer: Spirea betulifolia Shepherdia canadensis Vaccinium membranicum trembling aspen Herb Layer: Linnaea borealis Epilobium angustifolium Orthilia secunda Cornus canadensis Pyrola asarifolia Aralia nudicaulis Aster conspicuus Petasites frigidus var palmatus (birch-leaved spirea) (soopalallie) (black huckleberry) (twinflower) (fireweed) (one-sided wintergreen) (bunchberry) (pink wintergreen) (wild sarsaparilla) (showy aster) (palmate coltsfoot) Shepherdia canadensis Moss Layer: Pleurozium schreberi Peltigera apthosa SOIL AND SITE (red-stemmed feathermoss) (freckled pelt) Moisture Regime: submesic - subxeric Nutrient Regime: poor - medium Slope Gradient (%): variable (0-30) * Aspect: often southerly * Slope Position: mid - upper or level Parent Materials: not available Soil Texture: not available Coarse Fragments(%): not available DISTRIBUTION: common on warm aspects Aralia nudicaulis 26 Draft Field Guide Insert

7 BWBSwk1/05 - Atof $At - Oak fern Viburnum edule Rubus idaeus VEGETATION TION Tree Layer: Trembling aspen, balsam poplar Shrub Layer: 35% cover Viburnum edule Rosa acicularis Ribes lacustre Rubus idaeus Lonicera involucrata Spiraea betulifolia [Vaccinium membranaceum white spruce trembling aspen Herb Layer: 30% cover Gymnocarpium dryopteris Rubus pubescens Arnica cordifolia Pyrola asarifolia Mertensia paniculata Mitella nuda Epilobium angustifolium Linnaea borealis Actaea rubra Osmorhiza berteroi Petasites frigidus var. palmatus Moss Layer: 1% cover Pleurozium schreberi SOIL AND SITE (highbush-cranberry) (prickly rose) (black gooseberry) (red raspberry) (black twinberry) (birch-leaved spirea) (black huckleberry)] (oak fern) (trailing raspberry) (heart-leaved arnica) (pink wintergreen) (tall bluebells) (common mitrewort) (fireweed) (twinflower) (baneberry) (mountain sweet-cicely) (palmate coltsfoot) (red-stemmed feathermoss) Gymnocarpium dryopteris Moisture Regime: subhygric mesic Nutrient Regime: medium to rich Slope Gradient (%): 3-15 * Aspect often northerly * Slope Position: mid - lower Parent Materials: not available Soil Texture: not available Coarse Fragments(%): not available DISTRIBUTION: uncommon and generally restricted to cool slopes Draft Field Guide Insert 27

8 - 2- LEGEND BWBSdk2 BWBSmw1 BWBSmw2 BWBSwk1 BWBSwk2 BWBSwk3 FIGURE 1. Biogeoclimatic units of the northeast portion of the Prince George Forest Region.

9 - 4- TABLE 1. (Continued) Old variants and ecosystem associations New variants and site series BWBSd1 BWBSwk1 01 Pine - Huckleberry 01 Sw - Huckleberry - Step moss 02 Pine - Lichen 02 Pl - Lingonberry - Velvet-leaved blueberry 03.1 Pine - Black Spruce - Velvet-leaved b. 03 Sb - Lingonberry - Coltsfoot 03.2 Pine - Black Spruce - Clubmoss 03 Sb - Lingonberry - Coltsfoot 03.3 Pine - Black Spruce - Black Twinberry 03 Sb - Lingonberry - Coltsfoot 04 Pine - Soopolallie 04 Sw - Wildrye - Peavine 05 Spruce - Highbush-cranberry 05 Sw - Currant - Bluebells 06 Spruce - Horsetail 06 Sw - Currant - Horsetail 07.2 Black Spruce - Horsetail - Sphagnum 07 Sb - Horsetail - Sphagnum 07.1 Black Spruce - Horsetail - Feathermoss 08 Sb - Willow - Glow moss BWBSd2 BWBSwk2 01 Black Huckleberry - Bunchberry 01 Sw - Huckleberry - Step moss 02 Pine - Lichen 02 Pl - Lingonberry - Feathermoss 03 Soopolallie - Fuzzy-spiked Wildrye 03 Sw - Wildrye - Peavine 04 Labrador Tea - Lingonberry 04 Sb - Lingonberry - Coltsfoot 05 Black Gooseberry - Common Mitrewort 05 Sw - Currant - Bluebells 06 Spruce - Horsetail 06 Sw - Currant - Horsetail a The "$" symbol indicates that the unit described is seral.

10 - 5- TABLE 2. Full correlated vegetation unit names for site series described in this guide Site series Vegetation unit names BWBSmw1 01 Sw - Populus - Hylocomium; Lathyrus 02 Pl - Vaccinium (vitis-idaea) - Vaccinium (myrtilloides) Sw - Ribes (triste) - Gymnocarpium Sw - Ribes (triste) - Mertensia 07 Sw - Ribes (triste) - Equisetum (arvense and pratense) 08 BWBSmw2 01 Sw - Populus - Hylocomium; Vaccinium (vitis-idaea) 02 Pl - Vaccinium (vitis-idaea) - Vaccinium (myrtilloides) $ a not correlated Sb - Pleurozium; Mertensia not correlated not correlated 10 not correlated Sw - Elymus - Lathyrus Sb - Vaccinium (vitis-idaea) - Ptilium; Petasites Sb - Equisetum - Sphagnum Sb - Vaccinium (vitis-idaea) - Ptilium; Pleurozium Sb - Vaccinium (vitis-idaea) - Ptilium; Petasites Sw - Ribes (triste) - Equisetum (arvense and pratense) Sb - Rubus (chamaemorus) - Sphagnum BWBSwk1 01 Sw - Vaccinum (membranaceum) - Hylocomium; Spiraea 02 Pl - Vaccinium (vitis-idaea) - Vaccinium (myrtilloides) 03 Sb - Vaccinium (vitis-idaea) - Ptilium; Petasites 04 Sw - Elymus - Lathyrus 05 Sw - Ribes (triste) - Mertensia 06 Sw - Ribes (triste) - Equisetum (arvense and pratense) 07 Sb - Salix (myrtillifolia) - Aulacomnium 08 Sb - Equisetum - Sphagnum BWBSwk2 01 Sw - Vaccinum (membranaceum) - Hylocomium; Ptilium 02 Pl - Vaccinium (vitis-idaea) - Pleurozium 03 Sw - Elymus - Lathyrus 04 Sb - Vaccinium (vitis-idaea) - Ptilium; Petasites 05 Sw - Ribes (triste) - Mertensia 06 Sw - Ribes (triste) - Equisetum (arvense and pratense) a The "$" symbol indicates that the unit described is seral.

11 TABLE 3. Summary climate data for biogeoclimatic units a BGC Seasonal Annual Annual mean unit precipitation precipitation temperature Mean annual Frost-free May-Sept (mm) (mm) ( C) snowfall (cm) period (day) Mean Range Mean Range Mean Range Mean Range Mean Range BWBSmw BWBSmw N/A 105 N/A BWBSdk BWBSwk N/A 90 N/A BWBSwk2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A BWBSwk3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A a Reynolds, G Climatic data summaries for the biogeoclimatic zones of British Columbia. B.C. Min. For., Research Branch. Victoria, B.C. Unpublished report.

12 Murray BWBSwk - BWBSwk1 (previously BWBSd1) The BWBSwk1 variant is found in the foothills and mid to lower slopes of the Rocky Mountains from where the Rocky Mountains transect the Alberta border to just north of the Peace arm of Williston Lake in the Hackney Hills. Elevation generally ranges from 1050 to 1200 m but can occur as a narrow band from 900 to 1050 m in some of the portions that are in the Rocky Mountains. The climate during the growing season is slightly drier and colder with a shorter growing season than the BWBSwk2. The winters are warmer with a higher snowpack than the BWBSwk2 (Table 3). Mature spruce forests are dominated by white spruce, with minor amounts of black spruce occurring on wetter and poorer sites. Pure black spruce stands can occur on very wet sites on organic soils. Lodgepole pine is the dominant seral species and forms widespread forests along with minor amounts of white spruce and/or black spruce. Trembling aspen is common as a seral species at lower elevations. This variant provides summer habitat for moose, black bear and grizzly bear. Rocky Mountain elk and mule deer make somewhat limited use of this habitat Graham BWBSwk - BWBSwk2 (previously BWBSd2) The BWBSwk2 Variant covers the foothills and mid to lower slopes of the Rocky Mountains from the Hackney Hills north to where the Sikanni Chief River drains out of the Rocky Mountains. It occurs at elevations between 1050 and 1200 m. The BWBSwk2 is slightly wetter and warmer over the growing season than the BWBSwk1. It also has a longer growing season, but colder winters with less snowpack. The forests are very similar to those of the BWBSwk1 variant. This variant provides summer habitat for moose, mule deer, black bear and grizzly bear. Rocky Mountain elk have recently been repatriated to the southerly facing slopes of the Peace River Canyon and will use this habitat in the summer Kledo BWBSwk - BWBSwk3 (previously BWBSb) The BWBSwk3 variant occurs as isolated pockets in the Rocky Mountain foothills between 900 and 1200 m from the Sikanni Chief River north to the Northwest Territories border. There is very little climatic data available from this variant, but it is assumed to have a similar climate to the other BWBSwk variants. Lodgepole pine - black spruce - white spruce forests dominate the landscape. The BWBSwk3 will not be discussed further in this text. This variant provides summer habitat for black bear and, to a It is used year-round by spruce grouse and lesser extent, moose. blue grouse.

13 THE BWBSwk1 VARIANT BWBSwk1 Murray BWBSwk Soil Nutrient Regime A B C D E very poor poor medium rich very rich 1 xeric 2 subxeric 3 submesic Soil Moisture Regime 4 mesic 5 subhygric 6 hygric 7 subhydric Site Series 01 Sw - Huckleberry - Step moss 02 Pl - Lingonberry - Velvet-leaved blueberry 03 Sb - Lingonberry - Coltsfoot 04 Sw - Wildrye - Peavine 05 Sw - Currant - Bluebells I 06 Sw - Currant - Horsetail 07 Sb - Horsetail - Sphagnum 08 Sb - Willow - Glow moss FIGURE 4. Edatopic grid displaying site series in the BWBSwk1 variant.

14 SIMPLIFIED KEY TO ECOSYSTEM UNITS OF BWBSwk1 1a Canopy dominated by black spruce; toe of slope or depression 2a Usually organic soils; moss layer dominated by Sphagnum spp. (p. 63) 8 BWBSwk1/07 2b Usually mineral soils; moss layer dominated by feather mosses BWBSwk1/08 1b Black spruce, if present in canopy, with lodgepole pine; upper to lower slope or depression 3a White spruce in canopy 4a 4b Mid to upper slope; Lonicera involucrata (p. 9) and Ribes lacustre (p. 11) rare or absent Mid to lower slope or depression; Lonicera involucrata and Ribes lacustre common and often abundant BWBSwk1/01 5a 5b Viburnum edule (p. 15) and Pleurozium schreberi (p. 61) abundant, Equisetum spp. (p. 24) low cover (<5%) or absent Viburnum edule and Pleurozium schreberi rare or absent, Equisetum spp. high cover (>20%) BWBSwk1/05 BWBSwk1/06 3b White spruce generally absent from canopy, canopy dominated by lodgepole pine or lodgepole pine - black spruce 6a 6b Tree canopy sparse (<20% cover); lichens main ground cover Tree canopy well developed (>30% cover); lichens low cover BWBSwk1/02 8 Page numbers refer to the publication "Some Common Plants of the Sub-Boreal Spruce Zone" (Pojar et al. 1982).

15 - 65-7a 7b Canopy of lodgepole pine only; Shepherdia canadensis (p. 13) abundant (>10%) Canopy of lodgepole pine-black spruce; Shepherdia canadensis low cover (usually <5%) or absent BWBSwk1/04 BWBSwk1/03

16 BWBSwk1/01 SW - HUCKLEBERRY - STEP MOSS VEGETATION Tree Layer: 50% cover Lodgepole pine, white spruce Alnus viridis ssp. sinuata I Shrub Layer: 60% cover Alnus viridis ssp. sinuata Vaccinium membranaceum Rosa acicularis Spiraea betulifolia subalpine fir Herb Layer: 35% cover Cornus canadensis Epilobium angustifolium Linnaea borealis Arnica cordifolia Rubus pubescens Pyrola asarifolia Petasites palmatus Lycopodium annotinum Calamagrostis canadensis Orthilia secunda Moss Layer: 60% cover Pleurozium schreberi [Ptilium crista-castrensis) [Hylocomium splendens SOIL AND SITE (Sitka alder) (black huckleberry) (prickly rose) (birch-leaved spirea) (bunchberry) (fireweed) (twinflower) (heart-leaved arnica) (trailing raspberry) (pink wintergreen) (palmate coltsfoot) (stiff clubmoss) (bluejoint) (one-sided wintergreen) (red-stemmed feathermoss) (knight s plume)] (step moss)] V. membranaceum Moisture Regime: (submesic) - mesic Nutrient Regime: (poor) - medium - (rich) Slope Gradient (%): 0-67, usually less than 20 * Slope Position: upper to mid * Parent Material: morainal, (glacio)fluvial Soil Texture: variable Coarse Fragments (%): 0-35 DISTRIBUTION: common Hylocomium splendens

17 SW - HUCKLEBERRY - STEP MOSS (BWBSwk1/01) INTERPRETATIONS Logging: - clearcut - harvest fine-textured moraines when soils dry or frozen - trafficability may be a problem if long durations of heavy rainfall occurs Site preparation: Objective Mechanical Prescribed fire - promote natural regeneration; prepare planting spots; improve planter access; increase soil temperature; reduce heavy slash; minimize future brush competition - drag scarify*; patch scarify; mix humus with mineral - pile and burn Species choice: Preferred Acceptable Brush hazard: Reforestation: - Sw - Pl - moderate (Sitka alder, bluejoint) - brush competition will likely occur within 3 years of harvesting; sites should be inspected at 3 years to determine if any further treatment is required - conduct a Pl cone survey to determine seed adequacy for establishing a natural Pl stand. If seed supply is adequate, mechanically treat the site. If seed is insufficient, plant Pl or Sw stock. - plant as soon as the frost is out of the ground - thinning of over-dense Pl may be required Concerns:

18 BWBSwk1/02 Pl - LINGONBERRY - VELVET-LEAVED BLUEBERRY VEGETATION Tree Layer: 15% cover Lodgepol e pine, (black spruce) lodgepole pine Shrub Layer: 25% cover Vaccinium myrtilloides black spruce Herb Layer: 10% cover Lycopodium complanatum Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Vaccinium vitis-idaea Moss Layer: 85% cover Cladina rangiferina Peltigera spp. (velvet-leaved blueberry) (ground cedar) (kinnikinnick) (lingonberry) (reindeer lichen) SOIL AND SITE Moisture Regime: subxeric Nutrient Regime: (very poor) - poor * Slope Gradient (%): 0-2 * Slope Position: level Parent Material: glaciofluvial * Soil Texture: medium (to coarse) Coarse Fragments (%): 55 COMMENTS: Based on very limited data. Vaccinium myrtilloides DISTRIBUTION: rare Lycopodium complanatum

19 PL - LINGONBERRY - VELVET-LEAVED BLUEBERRY (BWBSwk1/02) INTERPRETATIONS Logging: - clearcut - full tree harvesting may seriously reduce cones on a site; good cone distribution must be ensured if managing for natural s Site preparation: Objective Mechanical Prescribed fire - promote natural regeneration; prepare pl anting spots; improve planter access; improve moisture status - drag scarify*; disc trench - do not burn Species choice: Preferred Acceptable Brush hazard: Reforestation: Concerns: - Pl - low - conduct a Pl cone survey to determine seed adequacy for establishing a natural Pl stand. Plant Pl if necessary, but expect heavy mortality due to droughty conditions. - severe drought period - mistletoe - expect stocking levels to take 10 years to achieve - because these sites are marginal for timber production, large silvicultural investment may be difficult to justify, and management must ensure that productivity is not further reduced

20 BWBSwk1/03 Sb - LINGONBERRY - COLTSFOOT VEGETATION Tree Layer: 45% cover Lodgepol e pine, (black spruce) black spruce Shrub Layer: 85% cover Ledum groenlandicum Vaccinium myrtilloides Rosa acicularis Vaccinium membranaceum [Shepherdia canadensis black spruce Herb Layer: 25% cover Cornus canadensis Linnaea borealis Vaccinium vitis-idaea Petasites palmatus Epilobium angustifolium Arnica cordifolia Lycopodium annotinum Moss Layer: 40% cover Pleurozium schreberi Peltigera aphthosa SOIL AND SITE (Labrador tea) (velvet-leaved blueberry) (prickly rose) (black huckleberry) (soopolallie)] (bunchberry) (twinflower) (lingonberry) (palmate coltsfoot) (fireweed) (heart-leaved arnica) (stiff clubmoss) (red-stemmed feathermoss) Moisture Regime: submesic - subhygric Nutrient Regime: (very poor) - poor * Asect: generally northerly facing * Slope Gradient (%): 0-40; generally less than 15 Ledum groenlandicum Slope Position: upper - (lower) Parent Material: variable Soil Texture: moderately fine to coarse Coarse Fragments (%): 0-17 DISTRIBUTION: very common Vaccinium myrtilloides

21 SB - LINGONBERRY - COLTSFOOT (BWBSwk1/03) INTERPRETATIONS Logging: - clearcut - full tree harvesting may seriously reduce cones on a site; good cone distribution must be ensured if managing for naturals Site preparation: Objective Mechanical Prescribed fire - promote natural regeneration; prepare planting spots; improve planter access - drag scarify*; disc trench; patch scarify; mix humus with mineral - do not burn Species choice: Preferred Acceptable Brush hazard: Reforestation: Concerns : - Pl - low - conduct a Pl cone survey to determine seed adequacy for establishing a natural Pl stand. cone survey results indicate little seed, then plant Pl. - mistletoe - expect 10 years to achieve stocking - moisture deficits will usually occur during the growing season on these sites - because these sites are marginal for timber production, silvicultural investment may be difficult to justify, and management must ensure that productivity is not further reduced If

22 BWBSwk1/04 SW - WILDRYE - PEAVINE VEGETATION Tree Layer: 45% cover Lodgepol e pi ne S. canadensis Shrub Layer: 40% cover Shepherdia canadensis Rosa acicularis Ledum groenlandicum Spiraea betulifolia Salix spp. (soopolallie) (prickly rose) (Labrador tea) (birch-leaved spirea) (willows) Herb Layer: 60% cover Linnaea borealis Aster conspicuus Arnica cordifolia (twinflower) (showy aster) (heart-leaved arnica) Epilobium angustifolium (fireweed) Lathyrus ochroleucus (creamy peavine) Cornus canadensis (bunchberry) [Calamagrostis canadensis (bluejoint)] [Elymus innovatus (fuzzy-spiked wildrye)] Moss Layer: 15% cover Pleurozium schreberi (red-stemmed feathermoss) SOIL AND SITE Elymus innovatus Moisture Regime: submesic - mesic Nutrient Regime: (poor) - medium * Aspect: often southerly facing Slope Gradient (%): 9-40 * Slope Position: mid - upper Parent Material: morainal, (glacio)fluvial Soil Texture: fine to coarse Coarse Fragments (%): 7-49 DISTRIBUTION: uncommon Lathyrus ochroleucus

23 SW - WILDRYE - PEAVINE (BWBSwk1/04) INTERPRETATIONS Logging: - clearcut - full tree harvesting may seriously reduce cones on a site; good cone distribution must be ensured if you are managing for naturals Site preparation: Objective Mechanical Prescribed fire - promote natural regeneration; prepare planting spots; improve planter access - drag scarify*; disc trench; patch scarify; mix humus with mineral - light drag scarify if logged in winter and cone crop survey indicates a good supply of seeds - do not burn Species choice: Preferred Acceptable Brush hazard: Reforestation: Concerns: - Pl - low - conduct a Pl cone survey to determine seed adequacy for establishing a natural Pl stand. If cones are insufficient, Pl stock could be planted without site preparation. - thinning of over-dense Pl may be required - moisture deficits will usually occur during the growing season on these sites.

24 BWBSwk1/05 Sw - CURRANT - BLUEBELLS VEGETATION Tree Layer: 45% cover White spruce, (balsam poplar) Viburnum edule Ribes triste Shrub Layer: 45% cover Viburnum edule Lonicera involucrata Ribes lacustre Rosa acicularis Ribes triste Herb Layer: 55% cover Linnaea borealis Rubus pubescens Epilobium angustifolium Petasites palmatus Mertensia paniculata Mitella nuda Osmorhiza chilensis Cornus canadensis Actaea rubra Fragaria virginiana Heracleum sphondylium Arnica cordifolia Delphinium glaucum Galium triflorum Equisetum pratense Corallorhiza trifida Moss Layer: 40% cover Pleurozium schreberi [Hylocomium splendens SOIL AND SITE (highbush-cranberry) (black twinberry) (black gooseberry) (prickly rose) (red swamp currant) (twinflower) (trailing raspberry) (fireweed) (palmate coltsfoot) (tall bluebells) (common mitrewort) (sweet cicely) (bunchberry) (baneberry) (wild strawberry) (cow-parsnip) (heart-leaved arnica) (tall larkspur) (sweet-scented bedstraw) (meadow horsetail) (yellow coralroot) (red-stemmed feathermoss) (step moss)] Moisture Regime: subhygric Nutrient Regime: medium - rich * Slope Gradient (%): 5-18 * Slope Position: mid - lower Parent Material: morainal, colluvial Soil Texture: moderately coarse to moderately fine Coarse Fragments (%): 1-20 COMMENTS: Devil s club and oakfern can be abundant, especially on north-facing slopes. DISTRIBUTION: uncommon Mertensia paniculata

25 SW - CURRANT - BLUEBELLS (BWBSwk1/05) INTERPRETATIONS Logging: - clearcut - trafficability will be a problem on these sites when soils are not frozen Site Preparation: Objective Mechanical Prescribed fire - reduce organic layers; reduce debris; prepare planting spots; increase soil temperature; improve planter access; minimize future brush competition - mix humus with mineral soil, mound, plow - pile and burn, broadcast burn* Species choice: Preferred Acceptable Brush hazard: Reforestation: Concerns: - Sw - moderate (fireweed, Sitka alder, bluejoint) - moderate brush competition will likely occur within 3 years of harvesting; sites should be inspected at 3 years to determine if any further treatment is required - use large planting stock - perched water table - windthrow

26 BWBSwk1/06 SW - CURRANT - HORSETAIL VEGETATION Tree Layer: 45% cover White spruce, (trembling aspen) L. involucrata Shrub Layer: 10% cover Lonicera involucrata Ribes lacustre Rosa acicularis Ribes triste Herb Layer: 75% cover Rubus pubescens Heracleum sphondylium Mertensia paniculata Osmorhiza chilensis Mitella nuda Delphinium glaucum Equisetum pratense Equisetum arvense Cornus canadensis Linnaea borealis Fragaria virginiana Petasites palmatus Actaea rubra Moneses uniflora Moss Layer: 15% cover Hylocomium splendens Mnium spp. (black twinberry) (black gooseberry) (prickly rose) (red swamp currant) (trailing raspberry) (cow-parsnip) (tall bluebells) (sweet cicely) (common mitrewort) (tall larkspur) (meadow horsetail) (common horsetail) (bunchberry) (twinflower) (wild strawberry) (palmate coltsfoot) (baneberry) (single delight) (step moss) (leafy mosses) Ribes lacustre SOIL AND SITE Moisture Regime: subhygric - hygric Nutrient Regime: medium - rich Slope Gradient (%): 5-25 * Slope Position: mid - depression Parent Material: morainal, lacustrine, fluvial * Soil Texture: medium to moderately fine Coarse Fragments (%): 0-18 DISTRIBUTION: uncommon Equisetum pratense

27 SW - CURRANT - HORSETAIL (BWBSwk1/06) INTERPRETATIONS Logging: - clearcut - trafficability will be a problem on these sites when soils are not frozen Site preparation: Objective Mechanical Prescribed fire - reduce organic layers; reduce debris; prepare raised planting spots; increase soil temperature; improve planter access; minimize future brush competition - mound or plow - broadcast burn Species choice: Preferred Acceptable Brush hazard: Reforestation: Concerns: - Sw - very high (black twinberry, fireweed) - brush competition will require post-planting inspections of harvested sites to determine the need for vegetation control - plant as soon as frost is out of the ground - use large planting stock - windthrow - root rot - compaction - perched water table - this association is critical to the control of runoff and stream flow - water table will likely rise above the ground surface in the spring causing seedling mortality - herbicide use to control brush competition may conflict with wildlife needs

28 BWBSwk1/07 ~ Sb - HORSETAIL - SPHAGNUM Tree Layer: 35% cover Black spruce VEGETATION Shrub Layer: 20% cover Ledum groenlandicum Salix spp. (Labrador tea) (willows) black spruce Herb Layer: 40% cover Carex spp. (sedges) Vaccinium vitis-idaea (lingonberry) Vaccinium oxycoccus (bog cranberry) Equisetum spp. (horsetails) Smilacina trifolia (three-leaved false) Solomon's- seal) Petasites palmatus (palmate coltsfoot) Listera cordata (heart-leaved twayblade) Mitella nuda (common mitrewort) Platanthera obtusata (one-leaved rein-orchid) Moss Layer: 85% cover Hylocomium splendens Pleurozium schreberi Aulacomnium palustre Sphagnum spp. Mnium spp. Peltigera spp. (step moss) (red-stemmed feathermoss) (glow moss) (sphagnum mosses) (leafy mosses) SOIL AND SITE Equisetum arvense Moisture Regime: subhydric Nutrient Regime: very poor - poor Slope Gradient (%): 0-2 * Slope Position: toe - depression * Parent Material: organic, lacustrine * Soil Texture: mesic to fibric (organic soils), fine (mineral soils) Coarse Fragments (%): 0 DISTRIBUTION: common Sphagnum spp.

29 SB - HORSETAIL - SPHAGNUM (BWBSwk1/07) INTERPRETATIONS Management objectives: - non-commercial at this time

30 BWBSwk1/08 Sb - WILLOW - GLOW MOSS VEGETATION Tree Layer: 35% cover Black spruce Shrub Layer: 15% cover Salix spp. Ledum groenlandicum Betula glandulosa (willows) (Labrador tea) (scrub birch) black spruce Herb Layer: 50% cover Carex spp. Linnaea borealis Equisetum scirpoides Equisetum pratense Equisetum arvense Mitella nuda Cornus canadensis Vaccinium vitis-idaea Listera cordata Mertensia paniculata Petasites palmatus Achillea millefolium (sedges) (twinflower) (dwarf scouring-rush) (meadow horsetail) (common horsetail) (common mitrewort) (bunchberry) (lingonberry) (heart-leaved twayblade) (tall bluebells) (palmate coltsfoot) (yarrow) Moss Layer: 80% cover Hylocomium splendens Pleurozium schreberi Aulacomnium palustre Sphagnum spp. Mnium spp. Peltigera spp. (step moss) (red-stemmed feathermoss) (glow moss) (sphagnum moss) (leafy mosses) Salix spp. SOIL AND SITE Moisture Regime: (hygric -) subhydric Nutrient Regime: (poor) - rich Slope Gradient (%): 0-14 * Slope Position: toe - depression * Parent Material: organic, occasionally fluvial or morainal * Soil Texture: organic, or moderately fine mineral soil Coarse Fragments (%): 0-8 DISTRIBUTION: ' / ' it;, 1 \ \ \\ Equisetum scirpoides

31 SB - WILLOW - GLOW MOSS (BWBSwk1/08) INTERPRETATIONS Management objectives: - non-commercial at this time