INTERNATIONAL SEED TRADE AND PHYTOSANITARY ISSUES: A SEED INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVE. Tom Moore, HM Clause

Transcription

1 INTERNATIONAL SEED TRADE AND PHYTOSANITARY ISSUES: A SEED INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVE Tom Moore, HM Clause

2 2 Forty Years of Seed Trade

3 A Complicated Trade Model Breeding parental lines: Europe State 1 2.Production of basic seeds: Europe State 2 3. Treatment and manufacture of basic seeds: Europe state 1 4. Production of hybrid seeds: China 5. Treatment and manufacture of commercial seeds: Europe state 1 6. Commercial packaging: USA 7. Final market: Mexico *Adapted from a presentation by Ric Dunkle, PPQ Seed Summit, 2014

4 The Dilemma with Regulating Seed Movements International seed trade is continuing to rise! Research/breeder seed: needed to support development of new varieties that are better adapted More hybrid varieties are being developed: parents are often produced in different countries Stock seed production Counter season production to meet market needs more rapidly Movement of commercial products Movements often based on just in time concept Re-export in the seed industry is a business practice

5 The Dilemma with Regulating Seeds Over 300 different seed species and 65,000 different varieties representing all seed types (vegetable, flower, forage and row crop, grasses) Thousands of pests potentially involved; mainly plant/seed pathogens Hundreds of thousands, if not millions of shipments globally per year! For a given pest, is seed a pathway? If so, what is the appropriate phytosanitary measure?

6 The Seed Regulation Dilemma The current solution for many (most) NPPOs is to add phytosanitary requirements for individual pests or pathogens on individual seed species, often for all origins Focus is on regulation of individual shipments Many countries re-test at the POE These individual actions add up! The impact for seed companies is the need to respond to an increasing patchwork of phytosanitary requirements often for the same seed species Many pests are technically unjustified-seed often not a pathway (example: tomato seed over 200 requirements globally; 75% of them are not justified)

7 The Seed Regulation Dilemma NPPOs are having difficulty keeping up: Too many PRAs to get done severe backlogs Not enough resources for inspections and testing needed for timely export certifications Lab capacities for testing at or beyond capacity Pushing the problem off shore onto the industry High reliance on seed testing but few standardized international methods have been developed Lots of re-testing at POEs; non-harmonized methods often lead to discrepancies in test results Low risk pests are treated the same as high risk pests

8 New Approaches to Regulate Seed Movements Are Needed New guidance from the IPPC seed standard Pathway analysis/pra Re-export certification Seed industry practices that reduce phytosanitary risk

9 New Approaches to Regulate Seed Movements Are Needed Evolution away from regulation of individual consignments toward regulation of seed companies themselves Focus on recognition of practices that reduce overall risk NPPOs would develop non-prescriptive standards for phytosanitary security (zero risk is impossible!) Companies would present proposals based on their specific (often proprietary) practices (promotes innovation) Develop accreditation programs that rely on audit approaches NPPOs and industry would direct specific activities/requirements on any significant remaining risk To remain competitive, companies will develop improved production and post harvest practices

10 New Initiatives in the U.S. (APHIS) NSHAPP ReFreSH

11 NATIONAL SEED HEALTH ACCREDITATION PILOT PROGRAM (NSHAPP) APHIS Pilot for Imported Seed

12 What is NSHAPP? National Seed Health Accreditation Pilot Program (NSHAPP) Testing a new model for mitigating risk of imported seed Coordinated effort between the Iowa State University and APHIS Industry participants voluntarily self-test imported seed and report results to APHIS Initial target CGMMV in cucumbers, melons, watermelon

13 NSHAPP Successes Detected and destroyed positive seed lots Increased collaboration with industry Increased knowledge of seed business models within APHIS Creating ideas for future seed work

14 Regulatory Framework for Seed Health ReFreSH

15 A New APHIS Approach Regulatory Framework for Seed Health (ReFreSH) Risk-, science-based systems approach Work within current seed trade model Leverage industry best practices Promote global adoption of seed trade framework

16 ReFreSH-Clean Seed Passport Participating company will be issued a clean seed document Company will be able to move seed among participating countries without phytosanitary certificates for each consignment Production process will be certified/accredited at each stage; practices will be audited Industry required to report pests Goal: Facilitate safer global movement of clean seed

17 Developing the Framework: ReFreSH Workshop, January 27, 2017 Joint APHIS-seed industry workshop Purpose: understand current industry practices Pest management Post-harvest processing Quality management Evaluate risk Determine available risk mitigation tools Identify gaps Industry collaboration is critical!

18 Information Needs Seed production practices Global production areas and typical movement patterns Pests of high concern Differences between small and large producers 18

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21 Risk Characterization Pathway analysis Pest risk assessment of high profile crops Determine critical quarantine pests that follow the seed pathway

22 EFFECTS OF SEED QUALITY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON PHYTOSANITARY RISK REDUCTION José Laborde (Postdoc - Biostatistics) NCSU-CIPM/USDA- ARS Stephen Ippolito (Postdoc - Mathematics) ASTA/USDA-ARS Gary Munkvold (Professor and Chair, Seed Technology & Business Graduate Program) ISU Alissa Kriss (Math-Stats-Pathology Consultant - Liaison) Syngenta Tim Gottwald (Epidemiologist/Research Leader) USDA-ARS 2017

23 Goal To develop a probabilistic risk-based model to assess the efficacy of seed quality management practices in reducing phytosanitary risks as well as enhancing disease control Initially, the main focus is CMM (Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. Michiganensis) as a model system. Photo:

24 Motivation for our modeling approach Module 1 Module 2-4 Module 5 & 6 Module 7 Module 8 The seed goes through a pathway which has several components. Some components introduce risk and some others are mitigation measures of that risk. Each component may have different outcomes associated with a probability. Not every component can readily generate data to populate a model. Hence, this problem can not be solved by simple data collection and later performing logistic regression since not every covariate is or can be measured.

25 Overall Seed Production Model

26 Technical Needs Develop validated testing methods for pathogens of concern Resolve sampling question What do we do with small lots of seeds? 26

27 Leading a Global Conversation APHIS is working with other NPPOs to establish widely accepted global seed movement system that promotes a managed risk approach APHIS has had initial conversations with QUADs countries (CA, AUS, NZ) and Netherlands Initial discussions for an international NPPO meeting this year on seeds

28 Collaborative Effort to Build Global System APHIS Foreign NPPOs Industry

29 ReFreSH Contacts APHIS: Angela McMellen-Brannigan Phone Industry: Ric Dunkle Phone

30 Regulation of Small Seed Lots Huge problem for the seed industry Problem occurs when a sample needs to be taken for seed testing molecular testing methods often require sample sizes that can deplete the consignment

31 U.S. System and Philosophy Regarding Seed Seed is generally considered low risk (except for certain seed transmitted pests) The market place dictates what seed varieties are marketed No mandatory variety registration in the U.S. Seed performance is regulated according to the label (FSA) Poor performing varieties do not compete well in the market place Intellectual property protected through PVP and patents APHIS makes no distinction based on intended use of seed Seed lots must only meet phytosanitary import requirements, whether the intend use is for breeding, research, seed increase, seed commercialization No distinctions made on size of the seed consignment

32 U.S. Regulatory Structure for Seeds Seed that is prohibited entry can still be imported for research purposes Import permit required; permit conditions customized based on nature of risk High risk seed must enter into Federal quarantine (Beltsville quarantine facility): seed is inspected/tested, grown under quarantine conditions, and progeny seed is released (sometimes into PEQ). APHIS has special requirements for importation of seed packets (e.g. garden seed packets that are for commercial sale)

33 Are There other Options for Phytosanitary Certification of Small Seed Lots? Inspection/testing of mother plants rather than the seeds prior to shipment(?) Produce a generation of seeds in quarantine (at origin or in Brazil), inspect and release progeny seed(?) Adjust measures to the risk of the seed species(?) In general, find ways to reduce reliance on seed testing for small seed lots

34 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS