Fluxes of Carbon, Water and Energy of European Forests

Transcription

1 Ecological Studies 163 Fluxes of Carbon, Water and Energy of European Forests Bearbeitet von Riccardo Valentini 1. Auflage Buch. xx, 273 S. Hardcover ISBN Format (B x L): 15,5 x 23,5 cm Gewicht: 662 g Weitere Fachgebiete > Geologie, Geographie, Klima, Umwelt > Geologie und Nachbarwissenschaften > Umweltgeologie, Geoökologie Zu Leseprobe schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, ebooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte.

2 Contents 1 EUROFLUX: An Integrated Network for Studying the Long-Term Responses of Biospheric Exchanges of Carbon, Water and Energy of European Forests R. Valentini 1.1 The Background The Network of Sites The Methodology EUROFLUX-Specific Objectives Further Reading Methodology for Data Acquisition, Storage, and Treatment 9 M. Aubinet, R. Clement, J.A. Elbers, T. Foken, A. Grelle, A. Ibrom, J. Moncrieff, K. Pilegaard, Ü. Rannik, C. Rebmann 2.1 Introduction Theory Material Data Acquisition, Computation, and Corrections Procedure Outline Computation of the Uncorrected Fluxes Correction for Frequency Response Losses Effect of Low Frequency Cut on Fluxes Effect of High Frequency Cut on Fluxes Quality Control Raw Data Analysis Stationarity Test Integral Turbulence Characteristics Test Energy Balance Closure Spatial Representativeness of the Fluxes Night Flux Corrections F. Kröner, Heidelberg

3 VIII Contents Annex: Technical Details About the Software Validation Set References Soil Respiration Methods Within EUROFLUX H. Lankreijer, I. Janssens, N. Buchmann, B. Longdoz, D. Epron, S. Dore 3.1 Introduction Measuring Soil Respiration Modeling Soil CO 2 Efflux Measurements in the EUROFLUX Project Chamber Systems Meteorological and Profile Gradient Systems Eddy Covariance Below the Canopy (EC) Flux-Profile Measurements (P) CO 2 Profile in the Soil (SP) Additional Soil Measurements Comparison of Systems Discussion Conclusions References Deciduous Forests (Beech): Carbon and Water Fluxes, Balances, Ecological and Ecophysiological Determinants. 55 A. Granier, M. Aubinet, D. Epron, E. Falge, J. Umundsson, N.O. Jensen, B. Köstner, G. Matteucci, K. Pilegaard, M. Schmidt, J. Tenhunen 4.1 Introduction Water Transfer and Water Balance Sap Flow in Beech, Tree Transpiration Sap Flow Profile in Trunks Range of Sap Flow and Among Tree Variation Canopy Conductance for Water Vapor: Effect of Radiation, Vapor Pressure Deficit, Temperature, LAI, and Drought Annual Water Balance Carbon Fluxes and Carbon Balance Net Ecosystem Exchange Ecosystem Respiration Soil Respiration Daily Net Ecosystem Exchange

4 Contents Annual Carbon Balance, Intersite and Interannual Comparison Conclusions References IX 5 Pine Forests (Scots and Maritime Pine): Carbon and Water Fluxes, Balances, Ecological and Ecophysiological Determinants R. Ceulemans, A.S. Kowalski, P. Berbigier, H. Dolman, A. Grelle, A. Lindroth, E. Moors, U. Rannik, T. Vesala 5.1 Introduction Aims and Objectives Scots Pine and Maritime Pine as Representatives of the Genus Pinus in the EUROFLUX Network Description of Experimental Sites and Data Collection Results and Observations Climate Radiation Energy Budget Carbon Dioxide Exchanges Conclusion References Spruce Forests (Norway and Sitka Spruce, Including Douglas Fir): Carbon and Water Fluxes, Balances, Ecological and Ecophysiological Determinants. 99 C. Bernhofer, M. Aubinet, R. Clement, A. Grelle, T. Grünwald, A. Ibrom, P. Jarvis, C. Rebmann, E.-D. Schulze, J.D. Tenhunen 6.1 Introduction Material and Methods Results Radiation Momentum Heat Storage Soil Heat Flux Canopy Heat Flux Energy Fluxes Carbon Fluxes

5 X Contents 6.4 Summary and Conclusion References Evergreen Mediterranean Forests: Carbon and Water Fluxes, Balances, Ecological and Ecophysiological Determinants. 125 G. Tirone, S. Dore, G. Matteucci, S. Greco, R. Valentini 7.1 Introduction Materials and Methods Site Description Dendrometric Survey Eddy Covariance Measurements Meteorological and Micrometeorological Measurements Ancillary Measurements Biomass and Productivity Dynamics of the Qercus ilex Forest Stand Soil and Canopy Carbon Fluxes Daily Carbon Fluxes Seasonal Carbon Fluxes Energy Partition at Canopy Level Canopy Ecophysiology Light Response of Canopy Photosynthesis Temperature and Soil Water Response of Ecosystem Respiration Water Exchanges Conclusions References A Model-Based Study of Carbon Fluxes at Ten European Forest Sites E. Falge, J. Tenhunen, M. Aubinet, C. Bernhofer, R. Clement, A. Granier, A. Kowalski, E. Moors, K. Pilegaard, Ü. Rannik, C. Reb 8.1 Introduction Methods Observations of NEE at the EUROFLUX Sites Flux Model Description and Parameterization Foliage Gas Exchange Ecosystem Respiration Results

6 Contents Model Comparison Performance of Nighttime Flux Extrapolation Method at Monthly and Daily Time Scales Discussion and Future Directions Conclusions References XI 9 A Model-Based Approach for the Estimation of Carbon Sinks in European Forests D. Mollicone, G. Matteucci, R. Koble, A. Masci, M. Chiesi, P.C. Smits 9.1 Introduction Biome-BGC Model Validation of Biome-BGC Data for Model Validation Validation and Calibration Discussion Carbon Budget Information System: Methods and Data Biome-BGC Model and CBIS Input Data Soil Database Meteorological Database Clustered Forest Tree Species Maps Ecophysiological Constants of Forest Clusters Results and Discussion Conclusions References Factors Controlling Forest Atmosphere Exchange of Water, Energy and Carbon A.J. Dolman, E.J. Moors, T. Grunwald, P. Berbigier, C. Bernhofer 10.1 Introduction Radiation Balance Turbulent Exchange Water Use of Forests Wet Canopy Evaporation Dry Canopy Evaporation Surface Conductance Photosynthesis Relations

7 XII Contents 10.6 Conclusions References The Carbon Sink Strength of Forests in Europe: Results of the EUROFLUX Network R.Valentini,G.Matteucci,A.J.Dolman, E.-D. Schulze, P.G. Jarvis 11.1 Introduction Spatial Distribution of Carbon Fluxes Across Europe Interpreting the Spatial Distribution of Carbon Sinks/Sources References Climatic Influences on Seasonal and Spatial Differences in Soil CO 2 Efflux I. Janssens, S. Dore, D. Epron, H. Lankreijer, N. Buchmann, B. Longdoz, J. Brossaud, L. Montagnani 12.1 Modeling the Temporal Variability of soil CO 2 Efflux Temperature Responses Sensitivity of Empirical Models to the Type of Temperature Regression Moisture Responses Sensitivity of Empirical Models to the Type of Moisture Regression Additional Comments on Empirical Models Spatial Variability Among the EUROFLUX Forests Effect of Precipitation Effect of Soil Temperature Effect of Site Productivity Importance of Roots in Soil CO 2 Efflux Conclusions References

8 Contents 13 Conclusions R. Valentini, G. Matteucci, A.J. Dolman, E.-D. Schulze 13.1 Introduction The Role of Canopy Flux Measurements in Global C-Cycle Research References XIII Subject Index