An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Transcription

1 Chapter 52 An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

2 Key concepts 1. Ecology is to study interaction within, between, and across species, as well as the environment. 2. Ecology is an integrated discipline. Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

3 Overview: The Scope of Ecology Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment These interactions determine distribution of organisms and their abundance Ecology reveals the richness of the biosphere Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

4 Fig Why do gray whales migrate?

5 Organismal ecology studies how an organism s structure, physiology, and (for animals) behavior meet environmental challenges Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

6 A population is a group of individuals of the same species living in an area Population ecology focuses on factors affecting how many individuals of a species live in an area Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

7 A community is a group of populations of different species in an area Community ecology deals with the whole array of interacting species in a community Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

8 An ecosystem is the community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which they interact Ecosystem ecology emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling among the various biotic and abiotic components Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

9 A landscape is a mosaic of connected ecosystems Landscape ecology deals with arrays of ecosystems and how they are arranged in a geographic region Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

10 The biosphere is the global ecosystem, the sum of all the planet s ecosystems Global ecology examines the influence of energy and materials on organisms across the biosphere Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

11 Fig Organismal ecology Population ecology Community ecology Ecosystem ecology Landscape ecology Global ecology Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

12 Fig Ecology has a long history as a descriptive science, but it is also a rigorous experimental science Trough Pipe Dry Wet Ambient Studying how a forest responds to altered precipitation

13 Ecology and Environmental Issues Ecology Provides the scientific understanding underlying environmental issues Rachel Carson Silent Spring (1962) The control of nature is a phrase conceived in arrogance, born of the Neanderthal age of biology and philosophy, when it was supposed that nature exists for the convenience of man. Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

14 Concept 52.2: Interactions between organisms and the environment limit the distribution of species Ecologists recognize two kinds of factors that determine distribution: biotic, or living factors, and abiotic, or nonliving factors Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

15 Fig Kangaroos/km > 20 Limits of distribution Distribution and abundance of the red kangaroo in Australia, based on aerial surveys

16 Fig Flowchart of factors limiting geographic distribution Why is species X absent from an area? Does dispersal limit its distribution? Yes No Area inaccessible or insufficient time Does behavior limit its distribution? Yes No Habitat selection Do biotic factors (other species) limit its distribution? Yes No Predation, parasitism, competition, disease Do abiotic factors limit its distribution? Chemical factors Water Oxygen Salinity ph Soil nutrients, etc. Physical factors Temperature Light Soil structure Fire Moisture, etc.

17 Fig Natural range expansions show the influence of dispersal on distribution 1966 Current Dispersal of the cattle egret in the Americas

18 Species Transplants Species transplants include organisms that are intentionally or accidentally relocated from their original distribution Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

19 Behavior and Habitat Selection Some organisms do not occupy all of their potential range Species distribution may be limited by habitat selection behavior Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

20 Fig RESULTS Seaweed cover (%) Does feeding by sea urchins limit seaweed distribution? 100 Both limpets and urchins removed Sea urchin Limpet Only urchins removed 20 0 August 1982 February 1983 Only limpets removed Control (both urchins and limpets present) August 1983 February 1984

21 Biotic Factors Biotic factors that affect the distribution of organisms may include: Interactions with other species Predation Competition Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

22 Abiotic Factors Abiotic factors affecting distribution of organisms include: Temperature Water Sunlight Wind Rocks and soil Most abiotic factors vary in space and time Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

23 Fig. 52-9

24 Fig a Latitudinal Variation in Sunlight Intensity Low angle of incoming sunlight 90ºN (North Pole) 60ºN 30ºN 23.5ºN (Tropic of Cancer) Sun directly overhead at equinoxes 0º (equator) Low angle of incoming sunlight Atmosphere 23.5ºS (Tropic of Capricorn) 30ºS 60ºS 90ºS (South Pole) Seasonal Variation in Sunlight Intensity June solstice 30ºN 0º (equator) 30ºS 60ºN March equinox Constant tilt of 23.5º December solstice September equinox

25 Fig d Global Air Circulation and Precipitation Patterns 60ºN 30ºN 0º (equator) 30ºS Descending dry air absorbs moisture Ascending moist air releases moisture Descending dry air absorbs moisture 60ºS Arid zone 23.5º 0º 30º 23.5º 30º Tropics Arid zone Westerlies Global Wind Patterns 66.5ºN (Arctic Circle) 60ºN Northeast trades Doldrums Southeast trades Westerlies 30ºN 0º (equator) 30ºS 60ºS 66.5ºS (Antarctic Circle)

26 Fig The great ocean conveyor belt Labrador current Gulf stream Equator Cold water

27 Fig Cooler air sinks over water. 2 Air cools at high elevation. 1 Warm air over land rises. 4 Cool air over water moves inland, replacing rising warm air over land. Moderating effects of a large body of water on climate

28 Fig How mountains affect rainfall Wind direction Leeward side of mountain Ocean Mountain range

29 Current range and predicted range for the American beech (Fagus grandifolia) under two scenarios of climate change Current range Predicted range Overlap (a) 4.5ºC warming over next century (b) 6.5ºC warming over next century

30 Concept 52.3: Aquatic biomes are diverse and dynamic systems that cover most of Earth Biomes are the major ecological associations that occupy broad geographic regions of land or water Varying combinations of biotic and abiotic factors determine the nature of biomes Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

31 Fig The distribution of major aquatic biomes 30ºN Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn 30ºS Lakes Coral reefs Rivers Oceanic pelagic and benthic zones Estuaries Intertidal zones

32 Fig Zonation in aquatic environments Intertidal zone Neritic zone Oceanic zone Littoral zone Limnetic zone m Continental shelf Photic zone Pelagic zone Photic zone Benthic zone Aphotic zone Benthic zone Aphotic zone Pelagic zone 2,000 6,000 m Abyssal zone (a) Zonation in a lake (b) Marine zonation

33 Fig Seasonal turnover in lakes with winter ice cover Winter Spring Summer Autumn 4ºC 4º 4º 4º 2º 0º 4º 4º 4º 4º 4ºC 4º Thermocline 20º 22º 8º 18º 6º 5º 4ºC 4º 4º 4º 4º 4ºC 4º

34 Fig a An oligotrophic lake in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming

35 Fig b A eutrophic lake in the Okavango Delta, Botswana

36 Fig c Okefenokee National Wetland Reserve in Georgia

37 Fig d A headwater stream in the Great Smoky Mountains

38 Fig e The Mississippi River far from its headwaters

39 Fig f An estuary in a low coastal plain of Georgia

40 Fig g Rocky intertidal zone on the Oregon coast

41 Fig h Open ocean off the island of Hawaii

42 Fig i A coral reef in the Red Sea

43 Fig j A deep-sea hydrothermal vent community

44 Fig The distribution of major terrestrial biomes Tropical forest Savanna Desert 30ºN Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn 30ºS Chaparral Temperate grassland Temperate broadleaf forest Northern coniferous forest Tundra High mountains Polar ice

45 Annual mean temperature (ºC) Fig Climograph Desert Temperate grassland Tropical forest Temperate broadleaf forest Northern coniferous forest Arctic and alpine tundra Annual mean precipitation (cm)

46 Fig a A tropical rain forest in Borneo

47 Fig b A desert in the southwestern United States

48 Fig c A savanna in Kenya

49 Fig d An area of chaparral in California

50 Fig e Sheyenne National Grassland in North Dakota

51 Fig f Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado northern coniferous forest

52 Fig g Great Smoky Mountains National Park in North Carolina temperate broadleaf forest

53 Fig h Denali National Park, Alaska, in autumn tundra

54 You should now be able to: 1. Distinguish among the following types of ecology: organismal, population, community, ecosystem, and landscape 2. Explain how dispersal may contribute to a species distribution 3. Distinguish between the following pairs of terms: potential and actual range, biotic and abiotic factors, macroclimate and microclimate patterns Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

55 4. Explain how a body of water or mountain range might affect regional climatic conditions 5. Define the following terms: photic zone, aphotic zone, benthic zone, abyssal zone, thermal stratification, thermocline, seasonal turnover, climograph, disturbance 6. List and describe the characteristics of the major aquatic biomes Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

56 7. List and describe the characteristics of the major terrestrial biomes 8. Compare the vertical layering of a forest and grassland Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings