Effects of Iron and Nitrogen Fertilizers on Yield and Yield Components of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in Astaneh Ashrafiyeh, Iran

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1 Amerin-Eursin J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 9 (3): 56-6, 010 ISSN IDOSI Pulitio, 010 Effets of Iron nd Nitrogen Fertilizers on Yield nd Yield Components of Penut (Arhis hypoge L.) in Astneh Ashrfiyeh, Irn 1 Ali Adzd Gohri nd Seyyed Ali Noorhosseini Niyki 1 Deprtment of Agriulture, Islmi Azd University, Shoushtr Brnh, Shoushtr, Irn Deprtment of Agronomy, Islmi Azd University, Lhidjn Brnh, Lhidjn, Irn Astrt: An experiment ws onduted to evlute the effets of iron nd nitrogen fertilizers on yield nd yield omponents of penut (Arhis hypoge L.) in Astneh Ashrfiyeh, North of Irn. A rndomized omplete lok design ws used to inorporte ftoril omintio of four levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 30, 60 nd 90 Kg/h) nd four levels of iron fertilizer (0, 1.5, 3 nd 4.5 g/l per plot) with three replitio in griulturl yer of 010. The results showed tht mximum pod nd seed yield vlues of 916 nd 188kg/h, respetively were reorded for the 4.5g/l iron fertilizer tretment. Furthermore, the use of 60kg/h nitrogen fertilizer resulted in the highest pod nd seed yields mounting to 314 nd 1376kg/h, respetively. Results otined in this study suggested 4.5g/l iron (6m ) nd 60kg/h nitrogen s the most suitle fertilizer mngement for penuts grown under the region s onditio. Key word: Nitrogen Iron Penut Yield Astneh Ashrfiyeh INTRODUCTION Usully, nitrogen shortge is oserved when plnt nutrition is not mnged properly nd this element Penut is one of the most importnt nd eonomil is not provided in dequte mounts, whih ould result oilseeds in tropil nd sutropil regio whih is in the older leves to turn yellow nd eventully, the mostly grown due to its oil, protein nd rohydrtes [1]. plnt s growth stops. In other ses, when too muh It is n nnul shru of Leguminose fmily nd Arhis nitrogen is provided for the plnt, it normlly leds to genus whih hs min stright root []. The penut seed wtering of protoplsm nd rittleness of the plnt itself is rih in edile oil nd onti 43-55% oil nd 5-8% whih would result in eoming vulnerle to diseses protein [3]. Chin, Indi, the United Sttes, Nigeri, nd pests [5]. Indonesi, Burm nd Senegl re the mjor penut Iron is the most frequent element in the erth s rust produing ountries. In Irn, this produt is grown in nd its shortge is one of the ommon prolems in most Golestn, Khouzestn nd Guiln provines. In Guiln, it plnt speies. Iron helte is form of this element whih is mostly plnted in Astneh Ashrfiyeh nd lso long psses through ells. Cheltes re iologilly Sepidroud river mrgin [4]. synthesized in plnts nd re respoile for rrying Nitrogen hs ritil role in produing io []. Iron shortge in lreous soils is one of the griulturl produts nd seleting the mount of gretest hllenges whih frmers enounter while nitrogen-ontining fertilizers is neessry for hving growing plnts. Penut (Arhis hypoge) is usully the highest prodution level. Adsorption of dequte plnted in the soils of Sepidroud river nks nd the mounts of nitrogen y plnt leds to more protein Cspin Se ostl zone. These soils hve lreous ontent nd lrger erel nd legume seeds. Generlly, originl eds nd re quite rih in lium ironte nd the more the onentrtion of nitrogen in leves, solule lium whose ph vlues re normlly higher the more the inteity of ron-mking would e thn 7. Hene, using iron for penut growing is of gret euse side from eing found s protein in plnts, signifine. A prt of nitrogen fixtion protei tht nitrogen is the min element in the hlorophyll synthesis re respoile for trferring eletron hve iron in their nd its fixtion ould led to more growth of eril prts. strutures. Sine this element is present in mny plnt Corresponding Author: Seyyed Ali Noorhosseini Niyki, Deprtment of Agronomy, Islmi Azd University, Lhidjn Brnh, Lhidjn, Irn, Moile: , E-mil: seyyedlinoorhosseini@yhoo.om. 56

2 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 9 (3): 56-6, 010 growth proesses inluding the synthesis of hlorophyll, Climti dt of the studied period were otined from energy trfer, respirtion nd photosynthesis Astneh Ashrfiyeh meteorologil sttion. From the proesses, nitrogen fixtion nd redution nd is lso limtology perspetive, this town is oidered present in mny metolism yles nd thus, in temperte nd humid region nd hs lom soil with 7.4 synthesizing protein, it hs speil ple mong plnts ph vlue. Informtion on soil speifitio nd limti whose shortge would surely result in lower penut yields dt of the studied region re given in Tles 1 nd. In []. Shortge of iron in Leguminose fmily is effetive in this study, the experiment ws done s ftoril in nitrogen fixtion nd uses the numer of pods in the ompletely rndom loks pln with three replitio. shru nd the seed yield to derese [6]. Therefore, due Eh experimentl unit ws 3 m in re nd hd 10 rows to the vitl role of this element in nitrogen fixtion nd of plnttion. The griulturl lnd ws t first plowed on redution, its neessity gets douled. Iron shortge My 5, 010 nd then, eleven dys lter (My 16, 010) symptoms re first seen s the yellowish olor etween penut seeds of the indigenous Guildm ultivr (NC ) lef vei, espeilly in young leves, whih ould result were sown oth mnully nd in rows 3-4 m deep. Before in the nerosis of ll these leves [5]. Penut shrus in sowing, seeds were disinfeted in :1000 Croxin thirm some of their growth stges revel iron shortge s yellow s fungiide [8]. Nitrogen fertilizer (s ure) mounts pex leflets nd shortened shrus euse they re very inluding no fertilizer (N 1), 30 (N ), 60 (N 3) nd 90 (N 4) seitive to the shortge. Studies hve shown tht iron kg/h were used, while iron fertilizer (s Fe helte) shortge in the southern prts of Thilnd resulted in the mounts were 0 (Fe 1), 1.5 (Fe ), 3 (Fe 3) nd 4.5 (Fe 4) g/l per redution of the numer of penut seeds in pod nd lso plot. Hlf of the nitrogen fertilizer ws used s the se the numer of pods themselves whih ws ttriuted to fertilizer nd the remining ws used in three equl deresed nitrogen fixtion [6]. Also, Singh nd Dyl [7] portio 0, 30 nd 40 dys fter plnttion [9]. Hlf of the onluded tht sprying iron would use 38-4% iron fertilizer ws used t the time of rnhing nd the inrese in the penut yield in lkline soils. With the rest ws used during the looming stge. Crop ove-mentioned findings tken into ount, studying mngement mesures in the field inluded three phses the effet of different mounts of iron nd nitrogen of weeding to ontrol the weeds nd lso side dressings fertilizers on penut yield is neessry nd this is why the round the root. The rop ws hrvested on Septemer present reserh ws onduted. 0, 010. In order to estimte seed nd pod yield, fter exluding two rows from oth sides, first, mture pods MATERIALS AND METHODS were hrvested from the shrus in eh plot nd then, they were exposed to open ir for one week so tht their In order to study the effet of iron nd nitrogen moisture ontent would e redued. Next, the pods were fertilizers on penut yield nd it yield omponents, during dried in n oven for 48 hours until they hd otnt dry the 010 rop yer, n experiment ws done in Astneh weight. When the pods were tken out of the oven, their / / Ashrfiyeh loted in ltitude nd longitude dry weights were reorded using digitl sle with 0.01 in the north of Irn t n verge ltitude of 3 meters. preision. Then, the pods yield ws lulted s kg/h. Tle 1: Chrteristis of soil in the study re Prtile size distriution (%) Potssium Phosphorus Eletril Soil depths Totl Orgni Soil Asorent Asorent ondutivity (m) Snd Silt Cly Nitrogen Cron Texture (ppm) (ppm) (ds/m) Lomy Lomy Tle : Informtion on meteorologil dt Mximum Minimum Sun Rin Wind Evportion Mximum Minimum Month Temperture ( C) Temperture ( C) Shine (h) fll (mm) Speed (m/s) of pn (mm) Humidity (%) Humidity (%) My Jun Jul Agu Sep

3 The numer of mture pods in eh shru ws determined y the totl numer of mture pods divided y the numer of plnts in eh plot. After determining the numer of mture pods in eh plot, they were put in n oven t C for 48 hours until they rehed otnt dry weight. Then, the mture pods of eh plot were weighed using sle with 0.01 preision. Therefore, mture pod s weight ws lulted y the proportion of the weight of ll mture pods in the hrvest zone to the numer of mture pods. In order to determine the weight of 100 seeds, first the seeds in 00g of mture pods from eh plot were uhelled. Then, they were dried for 48 hours in n oven t 60 C. Next, the seeds were tken out of the oven mong whih 100 seeds were rndomly seleted nd weighed using digitl sle nd thus, were reported in grms. When mture pods were tken out of the oven, 00g of them were seleted s smple. Then, the shell nd seed weights in this 00g pods were determined. Next, the shelling perentge ws lulted y the proportion of seeds to mture pods [10]. Also, the plnt s height nd seed lengths nd widths were mesured t the end of the rop yer. To nlyze the vrine of dt nd to ompre the men vlues (Dunn test t the proility level of 5%), MSTATC softwre nd in order to drw relevnt digrms, Exel softwre ws used. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 9 (3): 56-6, 010 Pod yield (kg/h) Fe1 Fe Fe3 Fe4 Fig. 1: Pod yield in iron fertilizer mngement Pod yield (kg/h) N1 N N3 N4 Fig. : Pod yield in nitrogen fertilizer mngement Pod Yield: Results from the nlysis of vrine the effet of iron nd nitrogen fertilizers on the penut pod yield 800 showed tht there ws signifint differene etween 500 the studied tretments (with 95% nd 99% onfidene Fe1 Fe Fe3 Fe4 oeffiients, respetively). However, no signifint Fig. 3: Seed yield in iron fertilizer mngement sttistil differene ws oserved in terms of nitrogeniron intertio (Tle 4). The mximum pod yield ( kg/h) ws tht of the 4.5g/l iron tretment per plot 1300 (Figure 1). In other words, s the iron ontent inresed, 1081 pod yield inresed s well. Lhover et l. [11] reported 1100 tht using 10kg/h iron in lom-ly soil with 15% lium ronte ontent, inresed pod yield up to 50%. 900 Also, higher iron ontents inresed fertile flowers whih resulted in more pod yield, inresed numer of mture 700 pods nd thus, improved eh 100-seed weight nd the 500 shelling perentge. Furthermore, the present study N1 N N3 N4 indited tht, the highest pod yield verge (314kg/h) Fig. 4: Seed yield in nitrogen fertilizer mngement ws tht of the N 3 fertilizer tretment (Fig. ). Inresed nitrogen ontent iide the plnt helped the hlorophyll whih re known s photosynthesizing org. Of ourse, in leves to inrese nd thus the penut yield inresed exessive nitrogen ontents lengthened the vegettive s well. On the other hnd, nitrogen shortge elerted period in penuts delyed the mturity of the rop nd the ging proess in vegettive org suh s leves thus, used the yield to derese []. Seed yield (kg/h) Seed yield (kg/h)

4 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 9 (3): 56-6, 010 Seed Yield: Anlysis of vrine results showed tht Plnt Height: Dt in Tle 3 showed tht there ws there ws signifint differene etween different iron signifint differene etween vrious iron nd nitrogen nd nitrogen fertilizer tretments in terms of seed yield fertilizers nd their intertion with plnt height (p<0.05). (with 95% nd 99% onfidene oeffiients, respetively), Among iron fertilizer tretments, the 4.5g/l iron use (per ut no intertion ws seen etween the sid fertilizers plot) used the gretest penut height (M=38.6m). nd seed yield (Tle 4). The highest verge lulted Moreover, mong the nitrogen fertilizer tretments, the for seed yield ws tht of the fertilizer with 4.5kg/l iron gretest height (M=38.m) ws tht of the 60kg/h ontent (per plot) (Fig. 3). Of the nitrogen fertilizer nitrogen tretment (Tle 4). Also, regrding the tretments, oumption rte of 60kg/h nitrogen, intertion etween fertilizers, the gretest height ws resulted in the highest yield (Fig. 4). Pnjtndoust [] found in the 4.5g/l iron (per plot) nd 60kg/h nitrogen studied different mounts of iron fertilizer used in two fertilizer tretment (M=43.1m), while the lowest height sprying nd in-the-soil methods nd oserved tht using ws oserved in the no fertilizer tretment (M=.5m) this fertilizer in oth methods ffeted the penut seed (Figure 5). With oidertion of the ft tht nitrogen yield. Jnik nd Simon [1] suggested tht too muh stimultes the vegettive growth, this height inrese nitrogen used food synthesis in the plnt whih in their ould stimulte uds in the stlk nd inrese their reserh, it led to more vegettive growth nd less seed rnhing [1]. Too muh nitrogen resulted in the yield. inrese of height nd shding on lower leves whih would in turn led to uxin prodution nd eventully, 100-seed Weight: Anlysis of vrine results in Tle 3 stop the plnt s growth [13]. indited tht there ws signifint differene etween iron nd nitrogen fertilizer tretments in terms of their 100- Numer of Mture Pods in Shru: In this study, the seed weights (p<0.01). The effet of iron fertilizer ws so inrese of iron onentrtion hd signifint effet on tht the highest 100-seed weight (M=66.4g) ws otined the numer of mture pods in shru (p<0.01). Also, none for 4.5g/l iron (per plot) tretment (Tle 4). Also, the of the nitrogen fertilizer tretments hd signifint effet fertilizer tretment of 60kg/h nitrogen (M=59.7gr) on the sid numer (Tle 3). The effet of iron fertilizer gve the highest 100-seed weight ompred with showed tht the mximum numer of mtured pods in other tretments (Tle 4). shru (M=39.g) ws tht of the 4.5g/l iron (per plot) Tle 3: Vrine Anlysis for Effets of Iron nd Nitrogen Fertilizers on Yield nd Yield Components of Penut (Arhis hypoge L.) Men squres Soure of 100-seed Plnt Numer pods Pod Seed Seed Shelling vrition df Pod yield Seed yield weight height per shru weight length width perentge Bloks Fe Nitrogen Fe x N Error C.V (%) Non signifint, signifint t P<0.05 nd signifint t P<0.01 Tle 4: Men Anlogy y Dunn Test Tretments 100-seed weight (g) Plnt height (m) Numer of pods per shru Pod weight (g) Seed length (m) Seed width (m) Shelling perentge Fe Fe Fe o.489 Fe N N N N Me for groups in homogeneous susets re displyed 59

5 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 9 (3): 56-6, Fig. 5: Plnt height regrding reiprol effet of iron nd nitrogen fertilizers y = 1.305x R = Fig. 6: Reltiohip etween numer of mture pods in shru nd mount iron fertilizer Fig. 7: Amounts of shelling perentge regrding reiprol effet of iron nd nitrogen fertilizers 60

6 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 9 (3): 56-6, 010 whih ompred with the no fertilizer tretment hd The highest shelling perentge in nitrogen fertilizer 71.5% inrese (Tle 4 nd Fig. 6). It seems tht the tretments ws found in the 60kg/h tretment (M=0.545) inrese of iron ontent hs positive effet on the (Tle 4). The intertion etween iron nd nitrogen numer of fertile flowers nd peg prodution in penut fertilizers suggested the preferene of 4.5g/l iron nd shrus the result of whih would e the inrese of the 60kg/h nitrogen tretments, whih ompred with other numer of mture pods in the ushes euse the numer tretments with n verge vlue of 0.65, were t the of mture pods depends on the numer of pegs whih highest level (Fig.7). Bsed on the otined results in this hve penetrted the soil nd lso on the their growth reserh, higher iron onentrtio used the shelling underground. perentge in penuts to inrese. It seems tht this ws result of providing suitle nutritionl environment for A Mture Pod s Weight: The present dt showed tht the growing penut pods. Also, Singh et l. [14] reported different iron nd nitrogen ontents hd positive effet tht using iron in different methods during penut s on mture pod s weight (p<0.01), ut the intertion of growth period inresed the shelling perentge in the iron nd nitrogen with this vrile ws not signifint plnt. (Tle 3). The mximum weight of mture pod (M=1.1g) ws reorded for the 4.5g/l iron (per plot) tretment whih CONCLUSION ompred with the no fertilizer, 1 nd 3g/l iron tretments resulted in 40.3%, 18.% nd.8% inrese, respetively As whole, results of the present study (Tle 4). Among different levels of nitrogen fertilizer, suggested tht iron nd nitrogen fertilizers ffet ll 60kg/h ontent reorded the highest vlue of this the mesured trits of penut. Among iron fertilizer vrile ompred with other tretments (Tle 4). In tretments, mximum pod nd seed yield vlues of other words, mture pod s weight under iron fertilizer 916 nd 188kg/h, respetively were reorded for onditio hd notiele inrese whih ould e due the 4.5g/l iron fertilizer tretment. Also, oumption to the prodution of lrger nd thus, hevier seeds in iron of this fertilizer inresed the numer of fertile fertilizer tretments. flowers whih oequently, resulted in the inresed numer of mture pods nd thus, improved shelling Seed Length nd Width: In iron fertilizer mngement, perentge, the 100-seed weight nd finlly, pod seed length nd width eme signifint t the nd seed yields. Furthermore, the use of 60kg/h nitrogen proility level of 1%, while in nitrogen mngement, fertilizer resulted in the highest pod nd seed yields this hppened t the proility level of 5%. However, the mounting to 314 nd 1376kg/h, respetively. fertilizers intertion ws not signifint in terms of seed Results otined in this reserh suggested 4.5g/l length nd width (Tle 3). The highest seed length nd iron (6m ) nd 60kg/h nitrogen s the most suitle width vlues were oserved in the iron fertilizer tretment fertilizer mngement for penuts grown under the s m nd 1.0m, respetively (Tle 4). The effet of region s onditio. nitrogen fertilizer ws so tht the mximum vlues of the sid vriles verged s 1.58m nd 0.81m were REFERENCES oserved in the 60kg/h nitrogen fertilizer tretment (Tle 4). Also, Singh et l. [14] showed tht penut 1. Pnhwr, F., 005. Oilseed Crops Future in Sindh shrus, for whih iron fertilizer ws used, hd lrger seeds Pkistn. Digitlvelrg Gmh, Germny, pp: 38. with etter shpes.. Pnjtndoust, M., 008. Effet of Iron on Yield Qulity nd Quntity of Penut Shelling Perentge: In this study, there ws (Arhis hypoge L.) Plnts in Guiln Provine. signifint differene etween tretments in terms of the Sumitted in Prtil Fulfillment of the Requirements effet of different levels of iron (p<0.01) nd nitrogen for the Degree of Mster of Siene in Agronomy, (p<0.01) fertilizers nd their intertion (p<0.05) on the Crop Physiology. Trit Modres University, shelling perentge in penut (Tle 3). Results otined pp: 100 (In Persin). from the omprison of verge vlues of this perentge 3. Miti, R. nd P.W. Eeling, 00. The Penut showed tht the 4.5g/l iron (per plot) ws preferred (Arhis hypoge) Crop. Siene Pulisher, In., ompred with other tretments (M=0.605) (Tle 4). pp:

7 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 9 (3): 56-6, Noorhosseini Niyki, S.A. nd S. Hghdoost 9. Geeth, V. nd K. Vrughese, 001. Respoe of Mnjili, 009. Eonomil Emphsis of Vegetle Cowpe to Nitrogen nd Potssium under Penut (Arhis hypoge) in Irn. Shokoofn Vrying Methods of Irrigtion. J. Trop. Agri., Sientifi J. Agri. Res., 1(): : Dvoodi, M.H., 007. Nutrient Mro 10. Ntre, B.R., Erly Genertion Testing for Yield Elements Defiieny Symptoms in Field Crop. nd Physiologil Components in Groundnut Agriulture Edution pulition, pp: 144 (Arhis hypoge L.). Euphyti, 107: (In Persin). 11. Lhover, D., M. Fihmn nd A. Hrtzook, O'Hr, G.W., M.J. Dilworth, N. Boonkero nd The Use of Iron Chelte to Corret Chlorosis in P. Prkpin, Iron-Defiieny Speilly Limits Penuts under Field Conditio. Olegineux, Nodule Development in Penut Inoultion with 5(): Brdyrhizoium sp. New Phytologist, 108: Jnik, J. nd I.E. Simon, Newrop Wiley, 7. Singh, A.L. nd D. Dyl, 199. Folir Applition of New York, pp: Iron for Reovering Groundnut Plnts from 13. Kooheki, A. nd G. Srmdni, Physiology of Limeindued Iron Defiieny Chlorosis nd Crop Plnts. Pulition of Mshhd ollegite Aompnying Losses in Yields. J. Plnt Nutr., Jehd, pp: 400 (In Persin). 15: Singh, A.L., Y.C. Joshi nd V. Chudhri, Crufurrd, P.Q., P.V. Vr nd R.J. Summerfield, 00. Effet of Different Soures of Iron nd Sulfur on Lef Dry Mtter Prodution nd Rte of Chnge of Chlorosis, Nutrient Uptke nd Yield of Groundnut. Hrvest Index t Height Temperture in Penut. Fertilizer Res., 4(): Crop Si., 4: