Operational Program to Develop Phytophthora lateralis Resistance in Port Orford cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana) Progress through 2011

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1 Operational Program to Develop Phytophthora lateralis Resistance in Port Orford cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana) Progress through 2011 R.A. Sniezko (USFS) E. M. Hansen (OSU) J. Hamlin (USFS)

2 Characteristics Largest member of genus Shade tolerant Extremely decay resistant Wide ecological amplitude Moisture requirements for regeneration Can be planted successfully on sites that don t meet regeneration requirements High economic value Great ecological values Genetics of Host Pathogen Interactions in

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4 Native Range of Port Orford cedar Oregon California

5 Port Orford cedar Root Disease Caused by Phytophthora lateralis 1923 Seattle Nursery Stock 1952 Native Range of Port Orford cedar Now also in several countries in Europe Pathogen origin: Asia?

6 Diagnostic cinnamoncolored cambial stain

7 Phytophthora lateralis Phytophthora means plant destroyer lateralis chlamydospores grow laterally (on sides of) hyphae A water mold

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9 Objectives Maintain POC as an ecologically and economically significant species Federal Lands Other lands

10 Integrated Strategy Maintain POC where risk of infection is low Reduce disease spread & severity in high risk areas Protect uninfested watersheds Re establish the species in affected areas Make resistant seed available

11 Port Orford cedar Program Disease resistance (to Phytophthora lateralis) Breeding zones established (maintain adaptability) Base population selected (maintain genetic diversity) Clone Banks established Gene Conservation Resistance testing (parents and/or progeny) Orchards started/established Breeding underway Resistant Seed Available & being used

12 Additional POC information S.Mori s presentation (Survival analysis) E.Hansen s presentation (Screening methods) Poster presentation (Resistance levels) Fieldtrip operation orchards, clone bank

13 MAINTAINING ADAPTABILITY 13 Breeding Zones 5 Geographic Areas Elevation Bands within areas (2 to 4 bands/area) Seed Orchards available for some BZ s More screening work underway Breeding to increase resistance Include: Genetic Resistance Genetic Diversity Genetic Adaptability Genetics of Host Pathogen Interactions in

14 2005 Breeding Zone # Stem Dip Tested # SDW "in the system"* # SDW at Dorena # SDW's Root Dip Tested by Prop Type Total % of SDW Root Dip Tested or in Testing Genetic Diversity 12,638 SD Tested 1352 to next stage # s vary by Breeding Zone Field Selection Stem Dip Test UNDEF Root Dip Test Orchard

15 RESISTANCE SCREENING AND BREEDING PROGRAM >12,600 trees tested #resistant =? Several types of resistance Traditional breeding techniques to enhance resistance Genetics of Host Pathogen Interactions in

16 Resistance Testing Methods Stem dip Root Dip Rooted Cuttings Seedlings **Self pollinations Raised Bed Field Trials + + See E.Hansen presentation

17 TESTING METHODS: Greenhouse, Raised bed, and field tests for P. lateralis resistance 4th International Workshop on the Genetics of Host Pathogen Interactions in Forestry

18 FIELD TESTING *Provide essential shortterm and long term reality checks on effectiveness and durability of resistance; and GxE *Additional benefit: can serve as well documented monitors of species adaptability to environment over time (e.g. climate change)

19 Resistance (Root Dip Mortality) % mortality susceptible control PO-OSU-CF1 x OP PO x OP days after inoculation

20 FIELD SURVIVAL %: Family Variation 8 years in field trial 16 families FE2002 site

21 Root Dip mortality 1 vs Bill Creek mortality 1 n~11/fam Bill Creek (31 months) 1.0 r = p = < OSU Root Dip (9 months) n~16/fam TOTAL MORTALITY xˆ xˆ Bill Creek = 0.63 Root Dip = 0.51

22 Resistance Mechanisms (E. Oh 2004, Phd) * Fewer zoospores attracted to roots Slower growth of pathogen Physical, biochemical, cytological differences Collapse cells, increase cell wall thickness, encasement of host and hyphal cell walls by electron dense materials Consistent with hypersensitive reaction *NOTE: Mostly dealt with RR, Rr, rr families Genetics of Host Pathogen Interactions in

23 Survival f Orchard Seedlings vs. Woods-run Seedlings In Disease Resistance Test (2004 Greenhouse Root Dip Test) Dorena Orchard Seed* Woods Run Seed** % Survival (after 12 months) 115 orchard 115 woodsrun 130 orchard 130 woodsrun 130s orchard 130s woodsrun 140 orchard 140 woodsrun 215 orchard 215 woodsrun 430 orchard ***GREENHOUSE TESTING 430/440 woodsrun Seedlot (by 2000 breeding zone RESULTS***

24 FIELD TRIALS BENEFITS *Provide essential short term and long term reality checks on effectiveness and durability of resistance; and GxE *Additional benefit: can serve as well documented monitors of species adaptability to environment over time (e.g. climate change)

25 Breeding Cycles Phytophthora lateralis Resistance for PORT ORFORD CEDAR Select Trees in Forest Stem Dip Test Keep top 10% Root branch cuttings or collect Seed Root Dip Testing CYCLE 1 Production Seed Seed Orchard Select Best parents Seed Orchard or Within family Selection * CYCLE 2 Breeding Sow Seed Resistance Testing Production Seed Seed Orchard Family + Within Family Selection CYCLE 3 Repeat as needed to Cycle 3 and beyond *Advance generation selection Genetics of Host Pathogen Interactions in

26 Containerized Seed Orchards (CSO s)

27 BREEDING FOR INCREASED RESISTANCE Containerized Seed Orchards and Breeding Orchards

28 DGRC container seed orchards* Current number of clones POC ORCHARDS BZ BZ BZ BZ BZ BZ BZ BZ NOTES: 1)No CSO s for BZ s 315, 350, 425, 545, 550 2)Screening for 545 & 550 in 2011 (RW trees) *Based on 2005 JR13 revised breeding zones 1)Consider retesting 1996 RW families

29 Summary Most field trials are young Using Self pollinated families for testing And selections Variability in virulence/aggressivenss of P. lateralis from Europe and Asia? Climate Change? Resistant POC are doing well in field compare to high susceptible controls Hazard Rate sites? Will continue to follow to examine Durability of resistance Resistant seed now available for use

30 Restoring riparian ecosystems *The Forest Service and several community groups planting ~900 disease resistant Port Orford Cedar seedlings trees along Grayback Creek near Cave Junction, Oregon to help restore a key component of riparian ecosystems. Chinook and coho salmon, winter steelhead, cutthroat trout, Pacific lamprey, and other native fishes use Grayback Creek. Genetics of Host Pathogen Interactions in

31 To Do Complete Root Dip testing of SDW s Update summaries of field & raised bed trials Visit CV site to examine dying trees Establish new field trials when possible Continue breeding efforts to increase resistance & combine resistances Add trees to Tyrrell clone bank

32 Acknowledgments USDA Forest Service & USDI BLM for funding and personnel Federal, State & private landowners for tree selections and planting sites Wendy Sutton & Paul Reeser (OSU) resistance screening Leslie Elliott, Scott Kolpak & Sunny Lucas for coordinating day to day operations during different time periods Heather May POC database Angelia Kegley for data summaries Don Goheen for some slides Chuck Frank photo

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