environmental services? P. Gundersen B.D. Sigurdsson, J.O. Weslien, L. Finér, M. Sætersdal, A. Laurén, K. Hansen, E. Ring, L. Högbom, H.

Transcription

1 What do we mean by environmental services? P. Gundersen B.D. Sigurdsson, J.O. Weslien, L. Finér, M. Sætersdal, A. Laurén, K. Hansen, E. Ring, L. Högbom, H. Koivusalo

2 CAR-ES Nordic Centre of Advanced Research (CAR) on Environmental Services (ES) Research network connecting the national efforts in Island, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark and the Baltic States ; supported by SNS

3 Overview Environmental science history Why environmental services? Motivation for our work on forest management and ES Examples: all ESs evaluated related a management option Conclusion Environmental services (ES): Water protection Biodiversity C-sequestration

4 We saved the forest Now we will save their functions

5 Agriculture No till Pollution pressure Pasture Grassland Fallow Extent of human interference Heathlands Plantations Managedforests Natural forests cultivation fertilisation pest management Environmental Impacts multifunction manage. restauration protection Environmental Services

6 Ecosystem services Ecosystem services (broad and used in many respects) Pollination Subset is Environmental Services Fodder Food Energy Recreation Clean water Biodiversity Carbon storage

7 Ecosystem Services (terminology) Provisioning services food (including seafood and game), crops, wild foods, and spices water pharmaceuticals, biochemicals, and industrial products energy (hydropower, biomass fuels) Regulating services carbon sequestration and climate regulation waste decomposition and detoxification purification of water and croppollination pest and disease control Supporting services nutrient dispersal and cycling seed dispersal Primary production Cultural services cultural, intellectual and spiritual inspiration recreational experiences (including ecotourism) scientific discovery Groot et al. 2002, WRI, 2003

8 Conventions,, policy UN Rio conf., Bruntland report MCPFE Helsinki process, sustainable forest management Convention on Biological Diversity EU Water Framework Directive Habitat Directive / Natura 2000 Kyoto Protocol; 20, 20 in 2020

9 Management impact on Management impact on water Renafdrifter Lys skærm Mellem skærm Mørk skærm Urørte bevoksninger Nitrat (mg/l) /01/02 06/01/02 04/01/02 02/01/02 12/01/01 10/01/01 08/01/01 06/01/01 04/01/01 02/01/01 12/01/00 10/01/00 08/01/00

10 Impact on water impact on biodiversity Extinct in DK Nitrat (mg/l) Gribskov, DK: Change to conifers reduced water yield bogs dry out conifers invade reduced water yield mar-86 aug-87 dec-88 maj-90 sep-91 jan-93 jun-94

11 Impact of conservation strategies Plantation Close-to-nature Nature reserves on water protection on biodiversity protection on carbon storage and GHG exchange

12 Benefits Production Fiber Non-fiber products Environmental services C-sequestration Water protection Biodiversity Social services Recreation Rural development Pressures Climate change Air pollution (Over)-exploitation Herbivore population Stochastic disturbances Market / Cost Socio-economical dynamics (e.g. CAP policy) Society demands

13 Example: Nitrate response surface No management Management that maximise removal Increasing N status Broadleaf - Conifer Gundersen et al. 2006; 2010

14 Management vs ES The task for CAR-ES: ES = f (management option) * g (external pressures)

15 Environmental Services: Level of knowledge (0, 1, 2) Level of relevance / importance (0, 1, 2) C sequestration Water Biodiversity Above ground / Trees Below ground / Soil Trace gas exchange, N 2 O, CH 4 Quality Quantity Endangered species Richness Management options More specific option Knowl. Relev. Knowl. Relev. Knowl. Relev. Knowl. Relev. Knowl. Relev. Knowl. Relev. Knowl. Relev. Land use change to On cultivated and fertilised forest agricultural land On uncultivated land Species (conifer, broadleaf, mixed) Conifer sp. (and mixtures) differences Broadleaf sp. (and mixtures) differences Silviculture regime (plantation even-aged, unevenaged/close-to-nature, unmanaged reserves) Rotation length (short vs long) Planting vs natural Establishment regeneration Soil preparation Harvest regime Weed control Clear-cut vs continuous cover systems Timber havest vs whole tree Bioenergy havest strategies Windthrow clean up strategies Stump removal Physical manipulations Ditching Riparian managment Road building Chemical manipulations Compaction Fertilisation, commercial Lime, wood ash

16 Management tools to improve / protect ES Silvicultural regime Rotation lengths Regeneration methods Tree species choice Buffer zones Planning, stand to landscape Technical equipment (GIS, broad wheels)

17 Examples, why useful to discuss ES in holistic perspective ES in Forest by the Water Trade offs in buffer zones ES and Tree Species Choice Conifer vs broadleaf and within species types (my poster on larch) ES in Future Forests Presentation by Jan Weslien (before lunch) ES in Afforestation Presentation by Karin Hansen (Wednesday)

18 ES in Forest by Water (FbW( FbW) 2-3% of Nordic forest area Recommended to use it to buffer impacts on water from upland management Forest cover important for aquatic biodiversity Organic matter decomposition But what about FbW C and biodiv. Ground water on land? Nutrient flux Surface runoff Water body

19 FbW conclusions Water: Efficient in retaining nutrients, >10 m wide Biodiv.: Important, but can not substitute set-aside in the upland; >40 m wide; not much data. C seq.: Protect large C-store, CH4 & N2O?, not much data. Lauren et al. 2009; Photo Erkki Oksanen, METLA

20 ES and Tree Species Choice ES and Tree Species Choice 60 - water yield Ash Beech Lime Maple Oak Spruce Relative deviation from site mean in % -80 Christiansen et al. 2009

21 ES and Tree Species Choice 40 N in vs N out A) Mattrup B) Vallø P Ash Beech Lime Maple Oak Spruce P Ash Beech Lime Maple Oak Spruce kg N ha -1 y -1 Christiansen et al. 2009

22 ES and Tree Species Choice - C storage, biodiv. Organic layer Mineral soil Another story, no sign. Differrence Biodiversity: Yes, species matter 6 sites Vesterdal et al. 2008

23 How to compare ES? Trade offs Criteria and indicators Monetary terms Comparisons with the other benefits Multifunctional, how to optimise

24 Summary ES has put environmental science in a more positive light ES interacts synergies in some cases, trade offs in other Thus specialists need to interact Still much knowledge needed thanks everyone for contributing this week CAR-ES meeting in Iceland 2009