Carbon Emission Factors of Differently Managed Natural Rainforests in Fiji INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE INITIATIVE

Transcription

1 INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE INITIATIVE Regional project Climate Protection through Forest Conservation in Pacific Island Countries Carbon Emission Factors of Differently Managed Natural Rainforests in Fiji

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3 Carbon Emission Factors of Differently Managed Natural Rainforests in Fiji June 2014

4 Prepared by: Michael Mussong HNE Eberswalde/Germany On behalf of: SPC/GIZ Regional Project Climate Protection through Forest Conservation in Pacific Island Countries P.O. Box 14041, SUVA, Fiji 2 SPC/GIZ Regional REDD+ Project

5 Executive Summary Zusammenfassung Carbon emission factors of differently managed natural rainforests in Fiji 3

6 4 SPC/GIZ Regional REDD+ Project

7 Contents Carbon emission factors of differently managed natural rainforests in Fiji 5

8 List of Figures List of Tables 6 SPC/GIZ Regional REDD+ Project

9 1 Introduction Carbon emission factors of differently managed natural rainforests in Fiji 7

10 2 Material and Methods 2.1 Nakavu demonstration area NFMPP Nakavu Navua Fiji Viti Levu Figure 1: Location of Fiji, Viti Levu and the demonstration area (Ulbig, 2005) 8 SPC/GIZ Regional REDD+ Project

11 Figure 2: Compartments (#) and treatments in the Nakavu demonstration area Table 1: Characteristics of applied treatments in the Nakavu demonstration area Treatment Management measures Intensity* conventional logging logger decides which trees ( 35 cm dbh) to be % removed heavy logging (SFM) applying species-specific diameter limits and RIL % standards medium logging (SFM) applying species-specific diameter limits and RIL % standards light logging (SFM) applying species-specific diameter limits and RIL % standards unlogged full conservation: no logging is carried out 0 % * Removals of standing volume 35 cm dbh acc. to Mussong, 1992 Carbon emission factors of differently managed natural rainforests in Fiji 9

12 Table 2: Characteristics of compartments 20 years after first logging Compartment [#] Treatment Gross area [ha] Harvested net area [ha] Stand. Volume ( 35 cm dbh) [m³/ha] Recorded tree species [#] 1 unlogged ,2 unlogged unlogged ,2 unlogged unlogged ,2 unlogged light (SFM) light (SFM) medium (SFM) medium (SFM) medium (SFM) heavy (SFM) heavy (SFM) conventional conventional Totals Carbon inventory method SPC/GIZ Regional REDD+ Project

13 Table 3: Defined carbon pools and further subdivision of the carbon inventory Carbon Pool Sub-Pool Sub-Sub-Pool Collected Data dbh 35 cm species, dbh Trees and other woody Above-ground plants (shrubs, dbh cm species, dbh living biomass climbers, bamboo, tree dbh 0-9 cm (rounded) dbh (AGL) ferns) saplings <1.3 m height number, weight Dead wood Non-wood vegetation (grass, ferns, herbs etc.) Standing Lying dbh 35 cm dbh cm dbh 0-9 cm (rounded) saplings <1.3 m height Stumps diameter 35 cm diameter cm diameter 1-9 cm weight dbh dbh dbh weight height, top diameter diameter diameter weight Litter Fine woody debris, dead seedlings, leaves, humus etc. weight Below-ground biomass (BGB) Soil carbon not measured; estimation acc. to: - shoot to root ration: 1 : 0.24 or - BGB = exp( *ln(agl)) not measured Data base Table 4: Defined carbon pools and further subdivision of the carbon inventory Carbon (Sub-)Pool Plots Trees [n] [n] ground biomass plots (litter ferns, grass, humus, seedlings, saplings, fine woody debris) 1,376 (1,214 analysed in lab) lying deadwood 10 cm diam. 31,240 m line length 680 trees 1.3 m height 9 cm dbh incl. standing deadwood 1,588 31,273 trees 10 to 34 cm dbh incl. standing deadwood 1,523 1,678 standing deadwood 35 cm dbh 1, trees 35 cm dbh full enumeration 20,770 Carbon emission factors of differently managed natural rainforests in Fiji 11

14 3 Results 3.1 Carbon in litter, small woody debris and ground vegetation Compartment and treatment related biomass figures Table 5: Treatment-specific descriptiva for ground biomass plots Treatment Plots Fresh Weight Dry Weight Relation D/F [n] avg [g/plot] avg [g/plot] [%] unlogged light (SFM) medium (SFM) * 28.7* heavy (SFM) conventional Totals 1, * 27.9* * averages for medium treatment and totals affected by the re-calculation of 162 not lab analysed plots in Compartment 7 12 SPC/GIZ Regional REDD+ Project

15 Table 6: Shares (%) of Ground Biomass components Treatment Plots[n] Dry Weight Grass/Ferns[ Deadwood[% Litter[%] avg [g/plot] %] ] Trees[%] unlogged light (SFM) medium (SFM) * 58* 6* 31* 5* heavy (SFM) conventional Totals 1, * 63* 4* 26* 6* * averages for medium treatment and totals affected by the re-calculation of 162 not lab analysed plots in Compartment 7 Figure 3: Share (% of dry biomass) of different biomass componentsin the different treatments Carbon emission factors of differently managed natural rainforests in Fiji 13

16 Figure 4: Share (% of dry biomass) of different biomass components in differently elevated compartments of the pilot area Carbon content 14 SPC/GIZ Regional REDD+ Project

17 Figure 5: Carbon content in ground biomass under different treatments and 20 years after logging Prediction model and methodological aspects Figure 6: Relation of fresh weight in the field to dry weight in the lab for ground biomass (N=1214) Carbon emission factors of differently managed natural rainforests in Fiji 15

18 Table 7: Statistics and prediction models for weight of dry biomass Treatment Plots [n] Fresh Weight avg [g/plot] Dry Weight avg [g/plot] Relation D/F [%] Standard Deviation Coeff. of Var. [%] Standard Error Modell R² unlogged D=0.29*F 0.66 light (SFM) D=0.27*F 0.76 medium (SFM) * 35.6* 10.0* 56.3* 10.1* D=0.29*F 0.70* heavy (SFM) D=0.24*F 0.77 conventional D=0.25*F 0.69 Totals 1, * 30.4* 12.8* 42.1* 7.3* D=0.27*F 0.69* * medium treatment and totals affected by the re-calculation of 162 not lab analysed plots in Compatment Carbon in trees and shrubs from 1.3 m height to 9 cm dbh Compartment and treatment related stand characteristics Table 8: Basal area, biomass and carbon for trees and shrubs from 1.3 m height to 9 cm dbh Treatment Plots Trees Total Biomass Standing Deadwood trees basal area AGB carbon trees basal area AGB/carb. [n] [n] [n/ha] [m²/ha] [kg/ha] [t/ha] [%] [%] [%] unlogged ,031 17, , light (SFM) 222 4,923 17, , medium (SFM) 368 7,039 15, , heavy (SFM) 211 3,745 14, , conventional 275 4,535 13, , Totals 1,588 31,273 15, , SPC/GIZ Regional REDD+ Project

19 Figure 7: Diameter distribution for living trees < 10 cm Figure 8: Diameter distribution for standing dead trees < 10 cm dbh Carbon emission factors of differently managed natural rainforests in Fiji 17

20 Figure 9: Distribution of above ground biomass for trees < 10 cm dbh Carbon content Figure 10: Distribution of above ground biomass for trees < 10 cm dbh 18 SPC/GIZ Regional REDD+ Project

21 3.2.3 Methodological aspects Figure 11: Above ground biomass estimation depending on the number of trees (1.3 m height to 9 cm dbh) per plot (N=1,588 plots; 31,273 trees) Carbon emission factors of differently managed natural rainforests in Fiji 19

22 3.3 Carbon in lying deadwood 10 cm diameter Table 9: Inventory parameters volume, biomass and carbon for lying deadwood from 10 cm diameter and above Treatment sum of D² line length Volume Biomass Carbon [cm²] [m] [m³/ha] [t/ha] [t/ha] unlogged 160,809 10, light (SFM) 75,427 4, medium (SFM) 97,529 7, heavy (SFM) 47,614 4, conventional 58,106 5, Totals 439,485 31, Figure 12: Distribution of carbon in lying deadwood > 10 cm diameter SPC/GIZ Regional REDD+ Project

23 Carbon in trees from 10 to 34 cm dbh Table 10: Inventory parameter, basal area, biomass and carbon for trees 10 to 34 cm dbh Treatment Plots [#] Trees [n] basal area [m²] AGB [kg] Trees [n/ha] basal area [m²/ha] AGB [kg/ha] Carbon [t/ha] unlogged , , light (SFM) , , medium (SFM) , , heavy (SFM) , , conventional , , Deadw. [%] Totals 1,523 1, , , Carbon emission factors of differently managed natural rainforests in Fiji 21

24 Figure 13: Distribution of carbon in trees from 10 to 34 cm dbh (incl. standing deadwood) 3.5 Carbon in trees with dbh of 35 cm and above Carbon in standing deadwood 35 cm dbh SPC/GIZ Regional REDD+ Project

25 Table 11: Estimation of standing deadwood in relation to living treesfor trees 35 cm dbh Treatment Standing Dead trees Standing Alive trees Relation (n) avg dbh (cm) C (t) (n) avg dbh (cm) C (t) D/A (%) unlogged light (SFM) medium (SFM) heavy (SFM) conventional Totals , , Figure 14: Distribution of carbon in standing deadwood with dbh 35 cm Carbon emission factors of differently managed natural rainforests in Fiji 23

26 3.5.2 Carbon in living trees 35 cm dbh Table 12: Stocking biomass and carbon in trees 35 cm dbh Treatment Area [ha] AGL [kg/ha] C [t/ha] unlogged , light (SFM) , medium (SFM) , heavy (SFM) , conventional , Totals , Figure 15: Distribution of carbon in trees with dbh 35 cm 3.6 Carbon in below ground biomass 24 SPC/GIZ Regional REDD+ Project

27 Figure 16: Distribution of carbon in below ground biomass 3.7 Total carbon in different treatments Carbon emission factors of differently managed natural rainforests in Fiji 25

28 Figure 17: Distribution of carbon under different treatments 20 years after logging 26 SPC/GIZ Regional REDD+ Project

29 3.8 Standardisation and preliminary simulation results Standardization Carbon emission factors of differently managed natural rainforests in Fiji 27

30 Figure 18: Carbon pools for different treatments after standardisation Simulation Simulation perspectives Input parameters 28 SPC/GIZ Regional REDD+ Project

31 Preliminary results Carbon emission factors of differently managed natural rainforests in Fiji 29

32 REDD+ - SFM simulation model REDD+ payment (net) 5.00 US$/y/t CO2 Exchange rate 1 US$: 1.83 F$ Basic figures REDD+ payment (net) 9.15 F$/y/t CO2 treatment tot. dry biom. Carbon CO2 CO2 Diff to CL REDD paym. Diff to unlogged (kg/ha) (kg/ha) (t/ha) (t/ha) (F$/y/ha) (F$/y/ha) unlogged 268, , ,031 0 SFM (medium) 262, , conventional 207, , ,031 Landowner perspective avg. royalties (F$/m³) 30 treatment increment l a n d o w n e r i n c o m e (F$/y/ha) Diff to unlogged job income (F$/m³) (m³/y/ha] royalties jobs REDD+ inc. tot. income (F$/y/ha) mngmt. logging total unlogged ,031 1,031 0 zero SFM (medium) ML conventional CL Macro-economic perspective avg. log value (F$/m³) 200 treatment increment log value REDD paym. log value + REDD+ Diff to unlogged (m³/y/ha] (F$/y/ha) (F$/y/ha) (F$/y/ha) (F$/y/ha) unlogged 0 0 1,031 1,031 0 SFM (medium) , conventional Climate-related perspective still existing wood from 1994 or used 33 % as fuelwood to replace fossil energy treatment tot. dry biom. Carbon removals existing or fuel tot. balance net emission (kg/ha) (kg/ha) (m³/ha) C (kg/ha) C (kg/ha) C (kg/ha) CO2 (t/ha) unlogged 268, , ,462 0 SFM (medium) 262, , ,398 3, ,559 0 conventional 207, , ,728 9, , Figure 19: Excel sheet with simulation results under different perspectives 30 SPC/GIZ Regional REDD+ Project

33 4 Conclusions Carbon emission factors of differently managed natural rainforests in Fiji 31

34 References 32 SPC/GIZ Regional REDD+ Project

35 Annexes Annex A1.2: Project schedule A C T I V I T Y M O N T H No Site inspection and mapping 2 Socio-economic baseline study 3 Maintenance infrastructure 4 PHI 5 Tree selection 6 Logger identification 7 Tactical planning 8 PSP re-measurement 9 Logging 10 Transport 11 Post harvest assessment 12 NFMPP management plan 13 Model calculations 14 Scientific attendance 15 Monthly reports 16 Final analysis + report writing 17 optional: Carbon financing model Reference Database and Validation Concept for Remote Sensing based Forest Cover Change Products in Fiji 33

36 Annex A3.1.1: Descriptiva for Ground Biomass Plots Compartment/ Plots Fresh Weight Dry Weight Relation D/F Treatment (n) avg (g/plot) avg (g/plot) (%) 1 unlogged unlogged unlogged unlogged unlogged light (SFM) light (SFM) medium (SFM) medium (SFM) * 26.9* 10 medium (SFM) heavy (SFM) heavy (SFM) conventional conventional unlogged light (SFM) medium (SFM) ** 28.7** heavy (SFM) conventional Totals 1, ** 27.9** * dry weights for Comp. 7 re-calculated from the average relation fresh weight to dry weight **averages for medium treatment and totals affected by the re-calculation in Comp. 7 Annex A : Shares (%) of Ground Biomass components Compartment/ Plots Dry Weight Litter Grass/Ferns Deadwood Trees Treatment (n) avg (g/plot) (%) (%) (%) (%) 1 unlogged unlogged unlogged unlogged unlogged light (SFM) light (SFM) medium (SFM) medium (SFM) * 49* 9* 36* 6* 10 medium (SFM) heavy (SFM) heavy (SFM) conventional conventional unlogged light (SFM) medium (SFM) ** 58** 6** 31** 5** heavy (SFM) Conventional Totals 1, ** 63** 4** 26** 6** * dry weights for Comp. 7 re-calculated from the average relation fresh weight to dry weight **averages for medium treatment and totals affected by the re-calculation in Comp SPC/GIZ Regional REDD+ Project

37 Annex A3.1.3: Statistics and prediction models for weight of dry biomass Compartment/ Plots Fresh Weight Dry Weight Relation Standard Coeff. of Standard Modell R² Treatment (n) avg (g/plot) avg (g/plot) D/F (%) Deviation Var. (%) Error 1 unlogged D=0.2684*F unlogged D=0.2719*F unlogged D=0.2779*F unlogged D=0.3283*F unlogged D=0.2839*F light (SFM) D=0.2340*F light (SFM) D=0.2800*F medium D=0.3017*F medium only fresh weight samples available 10 medium D=0.2782*F heavy (SFM) D=0.2337*F heavy (SFM) D=0.2605*F conventional D=0.2464*F conventional D=0.2918*F 0.81 Unlogged D=0.2935*F 0.66 light (SFM) D=0.2707*F 0.76 medium (SFM) D=0.2853*F 0.70 heavy (SFM) D=0.2405*F 0.77 Conventional D=0.2544*F 0.69 Totals 1, D=0.2692*F 0.69 Annex A3.2.1: Basal area, biomass and carbon for trees and shrubs from 1.3 m height to 9 cm dbh Compartment/ Plots Trees Total Biomass Standing Deadwood Treatment trees basal area AGB Carbo trees basal area AGB/Carb. (n) (n) (n/ha) (m²/ha) (kg/ha) (t/ha) n % % % 1 unlogged 93 1,767 15, , unlogged 99 2,644 21, , unlogged , , unlogged 193 4,415 18, , unlogged 110 1,781 12, , light (SFM) 58 1,148 15, , light (SFM) 164 3,775 18, , medium (SFM) 92 1,622 14, , medium (SFM) 186 3,335 14, , medium 90 2,082 18, , (SFM) 4 heavy (SFM) 88 1,614 14, , heavy (SFM) 123 2,131 13, , conventional 228 3,706 12, , conventional , , Unlogged ,03 17, , light (SFM) 222 4, , , medium (SFM) 368 7,039 15, , heavy (SFM) 211 3,745 14, , Conventional 275 4,535 13, , Totals 1, , , , Reference Database and Validation Concept for Remote Sensing based Forest Cover Change Products in Fiji 35

38 Annex A3.3: Inventory parameter, volume, biomass and carbon for lying deadwood from 10 cm diameter and above Compartment/ sum of D² line length volume biomass Carbon Treatment (cm²) (m) (m³/ha) (t/ha) (t/ha) 1 unlogged 22,444 1, unlogged 21,781 1, unlogged 3, unlogged 100,773 3, unlogged 11,815 2, light (SFM) 17,487 1, light (SFM) 57,940 2, medium (SFM) 20,770 1, medium (SFM) 39,594 3, medium (SFM) 37,165 1, heavy (SFM) 22,390 1, heavy (SFM) 25,224 2, conventional 49,492 4, conventional 8, unlogged 160,809 10, light (SFM) 75,427 4, medium (SFM) 97,529 7, heavy (SFM) 47,614 4, conventional 58,106 5, Totals 439,485 31, Annex A3.4: Inventory parameter, basal area, biomass and carbon for trees 10 to 34 cm dbh Compartment/ plots trees basal area AGB trees basal area AGB Carbon Deadw. Treatment (no) (n) (m²) (kg) (n/ha) (m²/ha) (kg/ha) (t/ha) (%) 1 unlogged , , unlogged , , unlogged , , unlogged , , unlogged , , light (SFM) , , light (SFM) , , med. (SFM) , , med. (SFM) , , med. (SFM) , , heavy (SFM) , , heavy (SFM) , , conventional , , convention , , unlogged , , light (SFM) , , medium (SFM) , , heavy (SFM) , , conventional , , Totals 1,523 1, , , SPC/GIZ Regional REDD+ Project

39 Annex A3.5.1: Estimation of standing deadwood in relation to living trees for trees 35 cm dbh Treatment/ Standing Dead trees Standing Alive trees Relation Treatment (n) avg dbh (cm) C (t) (n) avg dbh (cm) C (t) D/A (%) 1 unlogged unlogged unlogged unlogged light (SFM) light (SFM) medium (SFM) medium (SFM) medium (SFM) heavy (SFM) heavy (SFM) conventional unlogged light (SFM) medium (SFM) heavy (SFM) conventional Totals , , Annex A3.5.2: Stocking biomass and carbon in trees 35 cm dbh Compartment/ area AGL C Treatment (ha) (kg/ha) (t/ha) 1 unlogged , unlogged , unlogged , unlogged , unlogged , unlogged , light (SFM) , light (SFM) , medium (SFM) , medium (SFM) , medium (SFM) , heavy (SFM) , heavy (SFM) , conventional , conventional , unlogged , light (SFM) , medium (SFM) , heavy (SFM) , conventional , Totals , Reference Database and Validation Concept for Remote Sensing based Forest Cover Change Products in Fiji 37

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