Redefining a natural resource management approach to address global challenges at the landscape level

Transcription

1 Redefining a natural resource management approach to address global challenges at the landscape level Perspectives on the landscape approach Blair Freeman Southeast Asian Studies Symposium, Oxford, 15 April 2016

2 Policy innovation required in developing countries Deforestation has been continuing at high levels and alarming rates in particular countries Directly related issues include extensive smoke haze, biodiversity loss and CO 2 emissions The complex array of drivers generally constrains effectiveness of sector-specific approaches The complexity of land tenure and land use rights are particularly significant factors Source: USDA Indonesia Peatland fires; Flickr Creative Commons The immediate drivers for short term cash generally overwhelm the drivers for building capital for the longer term The capacity to align market forces with sustainable development has been lacking hence the recent focus on responsible sourcing Source: SNV smallholder palm oil monitoring, Jambi Flickr Creative Commons 2

3 The landscape approach a contemporary paradigm More integrated and holistic approaches are needed. CIFOR,

4 Contemporary models the landscape approach Ten principles to be addressed in landscape management processes: 1. Continual learning and adaptive management 2. Common concern entry point 3. Multiple scales higher and lower level processes 4. Multi-functionality multiple uses and purposes 5. Multiple stakeholders equitable engagement 6. Negotiated and transparent change logic 7. Clarification of rights and responsibilities 8. Participatory and user-friendly monitoring 9. Resilience 10. Strengthened stakeholder capacity Source: Sayer et al., 2012, Ten principles for a landscape approach to reconciling agriculture, conservation, and other competing land uses. 4

5 Contemporary models adaptive management Key principles for active and adaptive management: Essentially a structured, iterative process of decision making Designed to improve management outcomes over the long term Recognition that management needs to be active in the absence of perfect knowledge The adaptive management approach incorporates multiple feedback loops for learning over time Source: Peacock, 2014, Adaptive management of the NSW north coast forests is it time to grasp the opportunity? IFA seminar on resilience landscapes, October

6 Contemporary models TFA 2020 governance The Tropical Forest Alliance (TFA) 2020: A global public-private partnership, embracing landscape principles Focussing on reducing deforestation associated with the production of four key global commodities palm oil, beef, soy, pulp & paper by 2020 Facilitating partnerships between government, the private sector and civil society Establishing country team structures that provide for ongoing engagement between stakeholder groups Source: TFA 2020 Resources online. 6

7 A holistic approach recognises interrelated interests Interrelated challenges at the global and regional level Climate Change Deforestation Biodiversity loss Smoke haze Increasing population pressures Competing land uses Contested land tenure and ownership arrangements Limited knowledge of agricultural best practice Limited access to broader market opportunities The landscapes approach four key themes for consideration Governance processes Natural capital Sustainable production Human well-being Policy goals and planning processes Effective multistakeholder engagement Capacity to support enforcement and implementation Natural capital encompasses broad range of ecosystem services Maintaining natural capital incorporates biodiversity conservation and enabling sustainable production Sustainable production is required to support livelihoods and other requirements from society and communities Dependent on existing natural capital Primary focus on creating and supporting livelihoods based on sustainable production systems Also securing long term access to ecosystem services that support healthy societies Presentation to 7

8 SLP examples of policy innovation in forest governance 1. Supporting West Papua to become a Conservation Province: Promoting use of the landscape approach to implement this policy initiative in West Papua 2. Fiscal incentives for forest conservation in Indonesia: Promoting the development and establishment of fiscal incentives for subnational jurisdictions across Indonesia to conserve and manage existing forest resources 3. Development of a landscape accounting framework: Developing a jurisdictional framework for setting agreed goals and performance indicators that relate to: conserving natural capital, including watersheds, forests and arable land; developing sustainable production systems and green supply chains; and improving human well-being for local communities and society more broadly. 8

9 Example 1: West Papua becoming a Conservation Province SLP is working with the West Papua Province to plan the implementation of the Conservation Province policy initiative by promoting the landscapes approach to development The creation of a provincial policy framework links green government planning and budget cycles with clear sustainability goals and targets for agencies and departments Proposed strategies to achieve the vision include: Protection of customary rights over natural resources Development of industries that are compatible with the Provinsi Konservasi vision Establishing a clear threshold for the proportion of lands to be managed as protected forests and conservation areas A Protected Area network that links land (terrestrial) and marine ecosystems i.e. ridge to reef conservation planning Integrated watershed management to support conservation and sustainable production 60% of plants found nowhere else on earth 35% of primary forest intact Source: Conservation International,

10 Example 2. Fiscal incentives for forest conservation SLP proposing fiscal incentives for forest conservation: Deforestation rates across Indonesia 1. Set clear policy signals at the national level Set up National Government fiscal incentives to incorporate forest cover and/or rate of change in forest cover as key ecological indicators 2. Crystallise the focus at provincial level Align state and local budget allocations, and encourage district governments and village heads to support private investment that will conserve or enhance the remaining forest cover 3. Integrate with other objectives over time Progressively build on this central focus and integrate with other policies such as the development of Forest Management Units, REDD+, and other payment for ecosystem services (PES) initiatives - over time Source: Margono, et al. 2012, Primary forest cover loss in Indonesia over 2000 to Key features of this initiative Observes Indonesia s policy of decentralisation and empowerment of subnational governments Embraces principles of simplicity and transparency, i.e. use of publicly available measures Proposes use of forest cover as a primary metric; based on examples of similar policy initiatives in other countries Recognises the scope to build on this platform with other initiatives 10

11 Example 3. Developing a landscape accounting framework to set agreed goals and measure performance over time Process for setting goals and monitoring indicators over time Key indicators that collectively characterise landscape sustainability Visualisation of data: transparent platform for decision-making 1. Define, at provincial level with national government support through multi-stakeholder engagement goals for landscape sustainability 2. Select landscape accounting indicators using available data sets 3. Produce scorecard and dashboard to show current status and trends 4. Analyse changes and impact of policy interventions 5. Use outputs to inform landscape investments and budget allocations 6. Review periodically Measurable indicators for a holistic view of the landscape, should cover themes of: Natural capital: e.g. proportion of forest cover, planned & unplanned deforestation over time, fires Sustainable production: e.g. Crop yield x crop type - range of agricultural crop types Human well-being: e.g. reference to the Human Development Index Propose use of Government endorsed datasets and other public datasets to reach consensus and reduce costs Visualisation of the data using scorecards and dashboards Multiple thematic layers, with separate components for natural capital, production and human well-being Transparent information available for stakeholders for continuous review Provision of data inputs for policy decisions relating to: Budget allocations Landscape investments Policy impact assessments Source: Conservation International,

12 Exhibit: Developing a landscape accounting dashboard for ready access and monitoring by stakeholders Source: Conservation International,

13 Key messages 1. The landscape approach calls for a more holistic and integrated approach to managing natural resources, across tenures and sectors 2. It is essentially an ongoing process of broad stakeholder engagement to set goals and monitor performance indicators for desirable futures 3. Working models exist in Indonesia and elsewhere, forming the basis for policy innovation 4. Further developmental work includes the following: i. Implementation of the development of the new Conservation Province model ii. Further testing and piloting of new sustainable financing models iii. Amplification and replication of natural capital accounting at the sub-national level iv. Establishing feedback loops between landscape reporting and policy formulation v. Establishing clear, direct linkages to the UN Sustainable Development Goals 13

14 References CIFOR, 2016, CIFOR Strategy : Stepping up to the new climate and development agenda. Bogor, Indonesia, CIFOR, 2016, The landscape approach and the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Further information available online: Conservation International, The Sustainable Landscapes Partnership. Further information available online: Global Landscapes Forum, Further information available online: Margono, et al. 2014, Primary forest cover loss in Indonesia, Nature, 29 June 2014 NCLIMATE2277. NSW Natural Resources Commission, Active and adaptive management of cypress forests in the Brigalow and Nandewar State Conservation Areas. Sydney, NSW. Peacock, R. 2014, Adaptive management of the NSW north coast forests is it time to grasp the opportunity? Presentation to Institute of Foresters of Australia seminar series on resilience landscapes, October 2014, Sydney. Sayer, J., Sunderland, T., Ghazoul, J., Pfund, J., Sheil, D., Meijaard, E., Venter, M., Boedhihartono, A.K., Day, M., Garcia, C., van Oosten, C. and Buck, L. 2012, Ten principles for a landscape approach to reconciling agriculture, conservation, and other competing land uses. PNAS May 21,