April 1, Discuss PVA paper and Reviews. Management Adaptive Management

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1 April 1, 2009 Discuss PVA paper and Reviews Management Adaptive Management

2 Ecosystem management Ecosystem management is management of whole ecosystems rather than individual species

3 Ecosystem management Manage for ecosystem health: allows for production of ecosystem services Include human activities Focus on large spatial and long time scale Management decisions include multiple stake holders

4 Ecosystem management Manage for ecosystem health: allows for production of ecosystem services commodities clean water / flood control aesthetics...

5 Ecosystem management Manage for ecosystem health: allows for production of ecosystem services Include human activities Focus on large spatial and long time scale Management decisions include multiple stake holders

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7 Ecosystem management Manage for ecosystem health: allows for production of ecosystem services Include human activities Focus on large spatial and long time scale Management decisions include multiple stake holders

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9 Endangered Species Butterflies:! Rodents:! Rat! Schaus Swallowtail! Key Largo Cotton Mouse, Key Largo Wood Mammals:! Florida Panther, West Indian Manatee! Birds:!! Arctic Peregrine Falcon, Cape Sable Sea Side!!!! Sparrow, Snail (Everglade) Kite, Southern Bald!!! Eagle, Wood Stork! Reptiles and Amphibians:! American Crocodile, Atlantic!!!!!! Ridley Turtle, Green!!!!!!!! Turtle, Hawksbill Turtle,!!!!!!! Leatherback Turtle!

10 Ecosystem management Manage for ecosystem health: allows for production of ecosystem services Include human activities Focus on large spatial and long time scale Management decisions include multiple stake holders

11 Stakeholders have a real or perceived interest in the resource, its use, its protection. are dependent on the resource have a believe that management decisions will directly or indirectly affect them are located in or near the area pay for the decision are in a position of authority to review the decisions

12 Ecosystem management Manage for ecosystem health: allows for production of ecosystem services Include human activities Focus on large spatial and long time scale Management decisions include multiple stake holders Use adaptive management

13 Adaptive management Adaptive management treats management decisions as experiments. Change management if data show not getting desired result.

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15 Adaptive management Adaptive management treats management decisions as experiments. Change management if data show not getting desired result. Baseline data Experimental data include comparison or/and control replicate!

16 Adaptive management What is the effect grazing on a plant community in an open field?

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20 We need a control!

21 We need a control!

22 What is the effect of grazing on the plant community in open fields? Diversity ungrazed

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24 What is the effect of grazing on the plant community in open fields? Diversity ungrazed grazed

25 What is the effect of grazing on the plant community in open fields? What is the point of reference/control? Replication?

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27 What is the effect of grazing on the plant community in open fields? What is the point of reference/control? Replication. YES for THIS field, but not for treatment (all fields in general)!"pseudoreplication

28 Field 1 Field 4 Field 2 Field 3

29 What is the effect of grazing on the plant community in open fields? Diversity ungrazed grazed

30 Ecosystem and resilience Resilience is the magnitude of disturbance that can be absorbed or accommodated by an ecosystem before its structure is fundamentally changed to a different state. Example: Shrubland turns into grassland, grassland turns into desert. Holling 1973

31 Adaptive management: Take 2 Adaptive management is a process that combines democratic principles, scientific analysis, education, and institutional learning to manage resources sustainably in an environment of uncertainty. [Lee 1993] Commitment to improve the outcomes of management over biological time scales. Awareness of the experimental nature of management. Willingness to accept the risk of perceived failures. A common understanding, with stakeholders, of the goals, strategies, and uncertainties of management. A mandate for action from the stakeholders or other authorities

32 Use of natural processes to manage ecosystems Preservation of an ecosystem was often synonym with keeping the status quo, this resulted very often in damaging the ecosystem. Fire

33 Fire regime for different ecosystem types

34 Prescribed fires Fire suppressed Hardwood confined to understory Hardwood dominant

35 Adaptive management: Learning from errors. Burning of Long-leaved pine forests during growing (back) and non-growing season (front)

36 Use of natural processes to manage ecosystems Preservation of an ecosystem was often synonym with keeping the status quo, this resulted very often in damaging the ecosystem. Fire Water flow

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39 Use of natural processes to manage ecosystems Preservation of an ecosystem was often synonym with keeping the status quo, this resulted very often in damaging the ecosystem. Fire Water flow Herbivory

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41 Zonation management Exclusion area Managed area Core protection area

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43 Ecosystem modelling Spatially explicit (GIS) Incorporate as many details as possible (Geology, Climate,...) Incorporate human interactions/use/development Incorporate species compositions (diversity: species, genetics) (Complex and often not enough data)

44 Ecosystem management Manage for ecosystem health: allows for production of ecosystem services Include human activities Focus on large spatial and long time scale Management decisions include multiple stake holders Use adaptive management