Road Network Planning, Timber Harvesting and Forest Road Construction in Austria

Transcription

1 Faculty of Forestry March 26 th 2013, Zagreb Road Network Planning, Timber Harvesting and Forest Road Construction in Austria Univ. Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Karl Stampfer Institute of Forest Engineering, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna % >60 < 30 39% slope gradient 39% 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 2 1

2 Forest ownership distribution Private Forests < 200 ha 48.3% Private Forests > 200 ha 22.4% Federal Austrian Forests 15.7% Provincial Forests 1.5% Communal Forests 2.2% Community Forests 9.9% 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 3 Annual cut in Austria 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 4 2

3 What is road network planning? 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 5 Felling and processing methods in Austria (2007) 82,41% 17,59% Source: Holzeinschlagsmeldung, Stampfer Forest Engineering 6 3

4 Harvester operating range 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 7 Timber extraction methods in Austria (2007) Source: Holzeinschlagsmeldung, Stampfer Forest Engineering 8 4

5 Harvesting systems Source: Heinimann 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 9 Harvesting system Harvesting systems can be defined as a combination of people, machines, and materials, which fulfils working assignments. The four harvesting systems used in Austria are: Non-mechanised Partly-mechanised Highly-mechanised Fully-mechanised 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 10 5

6 Cut-to-length method Felling Delimbing, cross-cutting Log turning, delimbing Extracting Storage 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 11 Tree-length method Felling Delimbing Extracting Delimbing, cross-cutting, storage 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 12 6

7 Whole-tree method Felling Extracting Delimbing, cross-cutting, storage 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 13 Chain saw and pickaroon (Cut-to-length) 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 14 7

8 Chain saw and forwarder (Cut-to-length) 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 15 Chain saw and tractor trailer (Cut-to-length) Source: FPP, Stampfer Forest Engineering 16 8

9 Harvester and forwarder (Cut-to-length) 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 17 Chain saw and farm tractor (Tree-length) 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 18 9

10 Chain saw and skidder (Tree-length) 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 19 Chain saw and processor with clam bank (Whole tree) 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 20 10

11 Harvester and cable-forwarder (Cut-to-length) 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 21 Chain saw and tower yarder (Cut-to-length) 15 m 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 22 11

12 Harvester and tower yarder (Cut-to-length) 14 m 28 m 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 23 Chain saw, tower yarder and processor (Whole-tree 1) 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 24 12

13 Chain saw, tower yarder and processor (Whole tree 2) 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 25 Chain saw, tower yarder and processor (Whole-tree 3) Photo: Loschek 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 26 13

14 Chain saw and sledge winch (Cut-to-length) 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 27 Chain saw and helicopter (Tree-length) 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 28 14

15 Road network density Forest Road Density [m/ha] ,1 Small-scale Forest Owners 41,8 Private Companies 33,7 Federal Austrian Forests 45,0 Total Source: Austrian Forest Inventory 1992/ Stampfer Forest Engineering 29 Road categories Main road Subsidiary road Skidding road Utilization Truck & Trailer Truck Skidder Forwarder Passability Permanent Seasonal Seasonal Carriageway width [m] Formation width [m] Maximum gradient [%] 10 (12) 12 (15) 20 (25) 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 30 15

16 Condition of carriageway Truck roads Asphalt 17% Earth 4% Gravel 79% Source: Hauk und Winkler, Stampfer Forest Engineering 31 Standard profile embankment carriageway ditch formation 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 32 16

17 Cross-section for earth 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 33 Cross-section for rock 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 34 17

18 Cross sections Inslope section 3 % Crowned section 5 % 5 % Outslope section 3 % Roof section 4-(8) % 4-(8) % 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 35 Surveying methods Zero plane Zero line Fill Cut 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 36 18

19 Zero line survey Map Wyssen compass Meridian clinometer Measuring tape Measuring and aiming lath Altimeter 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 37 Zero line survey Written longitudinal profile 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 38 19

20 Survey equipment Traditional 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 39 Survey equipment Mobile data collection 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 40 20

21 IT-supported planning RoadEng v5 Three modules Survey/Map Terrain Location [ Stampfer Forest Engineering 41 RoadEng v5 Data input [ Stampfer Forest Engineering 42 21

22 RoadEng v5 Survey [ Stampfer Forest Engineering 43 RoadEng v5 Zero line polygon [ Stampfer Forest Engineering 44 22

23 RoadEng v5 Location module 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 45 IT-supported planning ArcGIS 9.2 / RoadEng v Stampfer Forest Engineering 46 23

24 Forest road application Austrian requirements Zero line or plane must be marked in the nature Sketch map including the zero line polygon (scale 1:2000) Application to the local authority Technical report Written longitudinal profile Norm profiles 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 47 Forest road application Technical report Road length Width of carriageway, formation and tree clearance Design of the cross section Maximum road gradient and curve radius Terrain description Water drainage (minimum diameter of culverts; culvert spacing; ditches etc.) Road length, where blasting is necessary 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 48 24

25 Road construction procedure Machine relocation 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 49 Road construction procedure Hydraulic excavator Log removal from construction area Topsoil removal from construction area excavating base for fill foundation Fill slope construction Subgrade and cut shaping 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 50 25

26 Road construction procedure Typical working phases Rough subgrade work Slope revegetation 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 51 Road construction procedure Rock work Preparation of drill hole Inserting of blasting agent 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 52 26

27 Road construction procedure Drainage Culvert installation Running-in/out protection 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 53 Water drainage Culverts 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 54 27

28 Stream crossing Fords Source: KUONEN, Stampfer Forest Engineering 55 Stream crossing Fords with culverts 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 56 28

29 Stream crossing Bridges Source: Unegg 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 57 Road construction procedure Slope protection Dry stone pitching Wooden crib wall ( Krainer wall ) 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 58 29

30 Road construction procedure Gravel preparation Stone crushing Spreading 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 59 Road construction procedure Grading and Rolling 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 60 30

31 Road construction procedure Completion 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 61 Forest road construction Cost estimation Average Construction conditions Costs [ /m] Easy up to moderate slopes (mountainous terrain), rough subgrade work, Approx. 18,- drainage, soil exchange, no rocks in the excavated material, reseeding Moderate slopes, rough subgrade work, drainage, soil exchange, low rate Approx. 28,- of rocks, without purchase of rocks and gravel Moderate up to steep slopes, rough subgrade work, drainage, low rate of Approx. 38,- rocks, surfacing with local material, reseeding Moderate up to steep slopes, rough subgrade work, drainage, considerable rate of rocks, partial end-hauling of excavated material (full bench Approx. 50,- construction), surfacing with local material, reseeding Steep slopes, rough subgrade work, drainage, rockrate of 80%, endhauling of excavated material in large parts (full bench construction), Approx. 110,- surfacing with local material Moderate up to steep slopes, rough subgrade work with considerably cutting and filling operations, costly drainage measurements, base course Approx. 115,- graveling with local material, surface course graveling with purchased gravel, considerable purchase of rocks for rock walls 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 62 31

32 Road construction costs in Austria 2008 Costs [Euro/lfm] 2009 Costs [Euro/lfm] Burgenland 21,36 22,17 Carinthia 21,00 19,00 Lower Austria 28,40 33,87 Upper Austria 30,64 27,81 Salzburg 33,00 36,00 Styria 21,00 17,00 Tyrol 41,90 38,10 Vorarlberg No Data No Data Austria 28,19 27,71 Subsidized forest roads 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 63 New forest roads in Austria 2008 Length [km] 2009 Length [km] Burgenland 19,80 5,40 Carinthia 312,00 227,00 Lower Austria 120,07 106,00 Upper Austria 89,40 88,40 Salzburg 86,00 66,00 Styria 144,22 184,77 Tyrol 125,29 116,02 Voralberg No Data No Data Austria 896,78 793,59 Subsidized forest roads 2013 Stampfer Forest Engineering 64 32