Greenway Cemetery Town of Bath, West Virginia Tree Inventory & Forest Management Recommendations June 2015

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1 Greenway Cemetery Town of Bath, West Virginia Tree Inventory & Forest Management Recommendations June 2015 Cacapon Institute (CI), in partnership with the USDA Forest Service and West Virginia Division of Forestry, is assisting government agencies, neighborhoods, and volunteers to assess and enhance the urban forest in the Potomac Basin of WV. Assistance includes analysis to determine high priority planting sites, setting protection goals, fostering tree planting initiatives, and developing long term management plans. Our goal, broadly, is to increase the benefit of public trees to the citizens of WV. Benefits include clean air, shade, and reduced stormwater runoff pollution. Cacapon Institute commends the Town of Bath Tree Board, the Town of Bath Cemetery Maintenance and Management Corporation (aka Cemetery Committee ), and the Warm Springs Watershed Association (WSWA) for their efforts to conserve, protect, and grow the municipal trees in their community. Introduction Greenway Cemetery is an important environmental asset to the Town of Bath. The volunteer survey and USDA Forest Service itree Street found that the trees in the portions of the cemetery where people are or will be buried provide $21,673 in annual benefits including $8,798 in energy savings, $208 in CO2 sequestration, $1,568 in air pollution reduction, $2,310 in stormwater runoff mitigation, and $8,788 in aesthetic and other value. The forested area south of the maintenance shed/third Addition provides even more benefits and is the largest contiguous forest patch within the Town s boundary. Volunteers were instrumental in helping to inventory Greenway Cemetery. Inventorying municipal trees is an important first step in developing a management and protection plan. Knowing what trees the town owns is a valuable metric when studying the urban forest. The urban forest is the trees we live with, the trees that grace our neighborhoods, towns, parks, schools, roadsides, and places of worship, including cemeteries. This inventory and management recommendations are intended to inform the Tree Board and residents of the Town of Bath of the existing conditions of trees in Greenway Cemetery and to make preliminary, broad, recommendations on potential courses of action to benefit the town s trees. The inventory is a snapshot in time and change has already occurred, including the spring 2015 tree planting after the initial inventory. This inventory report is not intended as a definitive conclusion but is important in the discussion of condition of the trees and informs the management plan. It is recommended the Cemetery Committee develop and adopt a maintenance plan. Summary of Findings The working area of the cemetery, its trees, and the adjacent forest patch are publicly owned and managed. This presents a unique opportunity to employ the forest patch and cemetery to enhance the From the Cacapon to the Potomac to the Chesapeake Bay, we use science and education to protect rivers and watersheds.

2 ecological and environmental benefits coming from the trees and tree canopy of the area. Citizens have embarked on an ambitious green infrastructure plan that includes stormwater mitigation through the installation of various green Best Management Practices. In support of this initiative the following recommendation are made (and discussed more in detail below): Maintenance crews should IMMEDIATELY stop using the forest area as a dump. The maintenance crew and general public should be made aware that the trees and forest batch are important assets for the town. No one should prune, remove, or do any work on the trees without express approval from the Town of Bath Tree Board, which will work in close conjunction with the Cemetery Committee. Trees should be employed in the green infrastructure plan as much as possible. Old growth trees should be preserved wherever possible. New plantings should be a diverse mix of species New plantings must be followed by a 2 year watering plan and a long term annual management plan. The forest patch south of the working cemetery should be preserved and protected. Human tree conflicts, notably headstone tree and utility tree conflicts, should be addressed and wherever possible trees should be preserved or replaced by an appropriate species that negates the conflict. While Ailanthus altissima (Tree of Heaven) is recognized as undesirable, it is important to consider the ecological and wildlife benefit the species currently provides. Care should be taken to cause the least harm to wildlife where the tree is removed. General Care and Planting Forest Patch. The forest patch southeast of the Fourth Addition to the cemetery is not being well managed. To the contrary, it is being utilized as a dump for detritus from the operation of the cemetery. In the upper area of the forest, just off the dirt road behind neighboring houses, there is a large dump of tree debris from pruning and/or tree removal. This woody debris could be an asset to the management of the cemetery if it were chipped and prepared as mulch. At the bottom of the hill, near the facility shed, excess soil is being dumped. This grading and dumping is damaging the roots of trees and will cause their demise. Until a long term plan has been drawn and appropriate paths planned, crews should not do any grading in the forest. Excess soil, fill dirt, and gravel should be stored elsewhere. More recommendations for the forest patch follow in the discussion of the survey findings. Management Recommendations & itree Inventory 2 of 22

3 Removal & Planting. The Town of Bath Tree Board and Cemetery Committee has already begun removing hazardous trees and replanting them with desirable species. This practice should continue, taking care to follow the historic landscape architecture plan and planting practices for the old cemetery. While it is desirable to plant Silver and Sugar Maples in keeping with the historic plan, as broad a species diversity as possible should be incorporated. The broader the species range the less likely the cemetery is to suffer calamitous loss due to a single species being overwhelmed by pests, parasites, or disease. Morgan County is currently suffering a complete loss of Ash trees due to the Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis). Many communities are witnessing the plight of structural failure of Bradford pear trees (Pyrus calleryana). Bradford pear trees were a favorite replacement for the American Elm, also a victim of a species specific disease Dutch Elm Disease. We now know that Bradford pear trees are prone to structural failure and that older, mature, specimens are generally considered hazardous and are being removed. Maintaining a broad base of species will minimize the likelihood of a species specific problem overwhelming a large percentage of the tree population. Planting. The tree plantings should be accompanied by a 2 year watering plan providing gallons of water weekly during dry periods, including fall and spring (not just the height of summer). A long term management plan should include annual or twice annual mulching of the trees, annual pruning for the first five years, then pruning on a five year cycle. Tree Conflicts Utilities. The trees just outside the boundary along Route 522 are in conflict with overhead wires and DOH right of way. Many of them are Ailanthus altissima and are discussed below. Headstones. While roadway and utility conflict problems are common in all developed landscapes the cemetery has a unique tree human conflict headstones and markers that are being upset by tree roots. This unique problem, unlike power or utility conflict, does not require immediate attention. There is no hazard since no human health or vital utility are at stake. Time and care may provide insight into solutions that allow for preservation of the tree. In the case of headstones and markers, depending on the sensibility of the family represented by the headstone, perhaps the marker could be shifted in its location instead of removing the tree, which might otherwise be damaged. The economic cost of righting and repairing a disturbed headstone cannot be avoided. However, if the Cemetery Committee Management Recommendations & itree Inventory 3 of 22

4 and family agree, the headstone could be moved slightly so it no longer conflicts with the tree. This would forego the loss of the tree and dispense with the cost of tree removal. Going forward, as part of routine maintenance headstones should be monitored for volunteer trees (i.e., trees taking root from natural propagation). Weed whacking around the headstones may not eradicate all the growth; in fact, this practice is how the present tree conflicts came about. Because of the difficulty of mowing tightly around headstones, woody plants take root where the mowers do not reach. Periodic, semi annual, inspection specifically looking for newly rooted trees will prevent future conflicts. Desirable species that are taking root could be transplanted. Undesirable species could be eliminated. Tree of Heaven Findings. Ailanthus was found 19 times by volunteers (from 225 trees inventoried). Nine of the findings were recorded as Honey suckle and ailanthus. Another tree was recorded as group of tree heaven. In most cases, since the surveyors determined that the trees should be removed, no size or condition information was recorded. While size information would have helped determine the tools and equipment needed to remove the trees, the missing information, overall, is unimportant. The Cemetery Committee, Town of Bath Tree Board, and WSWA leadership are united in the feeling that Tree of Heaven is undesirable and should be removed. Therefore condition and size are irrelevant to the ultimate outcome for the trees. Value. Because of the high number overall (19 of 225 trees surveyed) the trees offer significant stormwater and pollution mitigation. According to itree. Ailanthus altissima provides 7% of the total annual energy saving, CO2 sequestration, air quality improvement, stormwater mitigation, and other benefits. These trees are equally important for wildlife habitat. Removal. The general consensus is that the trees are undesirable and should be removed. However, they should NOT be suddenly and should not be completely eradicated in the near future. A timely removal over several years will allow wildlife to compensate for the loss of canopy these trees provide. A more gradual removal of these trees will also give time for newly planted desirable species to grow canopy and offset the loss of Ailanthus altissima canopy. Ailanthus altissima could be evaluated by size to determine a long term removal plan. Smaller trees that are most easily removed and that present the lease environmental benefit as wildlife habitat could be removed with the least negative impact on the environment and ecological balance in the cemetery. The largest trees that produce the most seeds should also be removed to reduce propagation. (It must be noted that due to the ubiquitous presence of Ailanthus altissima in disturbed landscapes and specifically in developed areas of Morgan County, the reduction of seeds present by removing this species in Greenway Cemetery will have little affect overall on new, invasive, propagation.) Large trees should be removed over a 3 5 year timespan with 20 30% removed each year. Removal of large trees should be done when the likelihood of disrupting bird nesting or feeding is minimal. Removing the large trees in a five year plan will also spread out the economic cost. Removing trees in the winter, when they offer the least food for birds, will also reduce removal cost because the trees will be bare. Removing trees when the branches are bare greatly reduces the volume of detritus, both by weight and gross debris, so the cost of hauling during removal is less. Removal of large specimens could be incorporated into annual tree removal of hazardous and storm damaged trees. Ailanthus altissima Management Recommendations & itree Inventory 4 of 22

5 are notoriously difficult to eradicate and it will take a concerted, multi year effort to remove them. WV DOF, or licensed herbicide handlers, should be consulted if chemical treatments are considered. Physical removal of the entire plant is also possible. Whatever technique is used, the area should be replanted immediately with hardy stock. Open and disturbed areas of land should be monitored for Ailanthus and they should be physically removed regularly when the trees are small. Bare and open land should be planted with natives as soon as possible to reduce the area of open, unplanted, land where Ailanthus are prone to come in. Division of Highways and utility companies will be allies in the removal of trees in their right of way and should be consulted for assistance. Right tree, right place rules should be consulted to ensure that the proper species are planted in the appropriate place; i.e., small growing trees under power lines and no trees in the area of the highway right of way. Survey Results Greenway Cemetery was surveyed with the objective to identify noteworthy trees, hazardous trees, tree utility conflicts, presence of undesirable trees (specifically Tree of Heaven), and to identify Management Recommendations & itree Inventory 5 of 22

6 boundary trees (i.e., old growth historic trees that have survived because of their legal value as boundary markers). The cemetery was divided into five areas for volunteers to survey: 1. Fourth Addition 2. Facilities Shed and Lowland 3. First and Second Additions 4. Old Cemetery 5. Forest & Boundary The above image is an approximation and not intended to display legal ownership or actual property lines. It does not represent the actual boundary of the cemetery. The shaded area outside the green boundary line to the southeast is an approximation of the land that is, judging from property plats, public right of way. The area behind the private properties is not owned by the cemetery but is public land. Due to the proximate nature of the land it should be considered in the Cemetery Committee s planning. It appears to be public land but is not being managed or maintained. The stars along the southern boundary are GPS fixed locations where survey markers (inset) or fence remnants were found. 1. Fourth Addition. The Town of Bath, Cemetery Committee and WSWA have contracted with Gordon Engineering for a stormwater management plan for this area. Tree plantings are recommended as part of the plan. There are no large noteworthy trees in this area although historically, small ornamental evergreens have been planted by families. In recent years citizens have begun planting large growing shade trees. This activity should be encouraged. The stormwater management plan recommends extensive tree planting. The tree plantings should be accompanied by a 2 year watering plan providing gallons of water weekly during dry periods, including fall and spring (not just the height of summer). A long term management plan should include annual or twice annual mulching of the trees, annual pruning for the first five years, then pruning on a five year cycle. 2. Facilities Shed and Lowland. Gordon also included plans for the lowland area north of the maintenance shed. Volunteers found an abundance of Ailanthus in the area along the roadside. They also found many planting opportunities in addition to what Gordon had recommended. Citizens have already begun pursuing these planting opportunities. If no burials are planned in this area there is an abundance of planting opportunities just as the volunteers recommended. Trees can be employed as visual barriers to block unsightly views of the facilities shed and work areas. Bare soil is evident in the area and care should be taken to ensure undesirable invasive plants do not establish. Maintenance practices should be adjusted to reduce the amount of open soil exposed. Where soil must remain is should be covered with a tarp or turned periodically to prevent plants from establishing. Care should be taken to reduce stormwater runoff pollution. If soil must be exposed, a silt fence should enclose the downward slope to prevent sediment runoff pollution. 3. Second and Third Additions. Not unlike the Fourth Addition, this historic area has no noteworthy large tree specimens. This area is not included in the Gordon Plan. Families and faith based organizations with ties to this area should be encouraged to plant Management Recommendations & itree Inventory 6 of 22

7 trees with input from the Town of Bath Tree Board in terms of species and placement. Trees will provide shade for visitors and seasonal beauty during spring and fall. Large shade trees should be encouraged. If large trees are not appropriate or desired, then a small flowering tree may be a better choice. Even smaller evergreens such as Yew or Boxwood can provide stormwater runoff mitigation. 4. Old Cemetery. This portion of the cemetery has the greatest number of large, old, growing trees, more than all the other sections combined. It also has the majority of trees surveyed overall by far; 119 of the 230. Of the 119 trees surveyed the majority are maples (52 Sugar, 13 Silver). More significant than the number of maples is their size; 39 of the 64 maples have a diameter of 24 or more. They were found by the volunteers to be in good health overall as a group with the large trees (>= 24 diameter trunks) having 82% healthy wood and leaf. All the trees, large and small, were found to be healthy with 83% having healthy wood and leaf. itree found the Sugar and Silver Maples together offer 58% of the environmental and aesthetic benefit of all the trees in the entire cemetery. One Ailanthus altissima was found with a 10 DSH within area of the historic cemetery but many grow along the property line along Rt. 522 just outside the survey area. The large tree in the cemetery should Management Recommendations & itree Inventory 7 of 22

8 be removed. None of the Ailanthus altissima outside the cemetery have any significant height due to routine cutting by utility companies. 5. Boundary and Forest Patch. As noted above, the exact location of the cemetery boundary has not been determined. Additionally, while it is clear there is additional public right of way between the cemetery and private properties to the east southeast of the forest patch and Fourth Addition (shaded area of image on page 5), it is not clear exactly where the public property ends. Dramatic and noteworthy trees were found all along the boundary. In many cases it is unclear if the trees are in the cemetery, in the adjacent property, or are the boundary itself. The Town and Cemetery Committee should pursue clear and full ownership to these trees and mark them as public property. Every effort should be made to identify them as important public property and to protect them. The property line and public right of way should be surveyed and clearly marked to ensure adjacent, private, property owners do not impede on the public lands to manage, or miss manage, the trees without the express permission of the Cemetery Committee. If it is found the trees are in fact in the county right of way, the town should pursue an arrangement to deed the public right of way and trees over to the cemetery so they can be properly cared for. Examples of noteworthy boundary trees include a large Eastern Red Cedar (18 DSH, 20 spread, 50 height) at the southwest corning of the Old Cemetery; three large maples (12 18 DSH each) and a major White Oak (>48 DSH, 70 spread, >50 tall photo on right) on the western boundary of the Second Addition. Along the northeast side of the forest patch, behind the neighboring houses, are several more large Red Oaks (photo on left). If the trees are in the cemetery, clear ownership should be posted and the trees marked as publicly owned. If they are on the boundary, or in the adjacent property, the adjacent property owner should be contacted and made aware of the public interest in the trees. Coowner should be made aware it is unlawful to remove a tree that is ON the property line. Management Recommendations & itree Inventory 8 of 22

9 Forest Patch. The forest patch can be preserved and serve as part of the cemetery. A walking path inside the forest is recommended and can be used by cemetery visitors and the general public. Care should be taken if a path is constructed so as to ensure that tree roots are not damaged. Ideally the walking path would be natural and no construction would be required. Minimum use of heavy equipment in the forest is paramount since tree roots are quickly crushed, damaged, and destroyed by pressure. The Town and Cemetery Committee should make long term plans for the forest patch as soon as possible. Knowing future plans for paths, the construction of a columbarium or other structures will allow for low cost, low impact management now in order to prevent the need for heavy equipment later. If, for example, an area is desired for a columbarium the area could be determined now based on a naturally occurring open spaces already existing in the forest. Currently existing, natural, open breaks (example pictured) could be decided upon and set aside for future use as needed open space and maintained as open space. Over time the adjacent trees will close the canopy over the area but the ground will remain open. Eventually, when the structure and path are constructed, fewer trees will be impacted and, since the area has been kept clear of large trees, there will be no need for heavy equipment to remove them. Management Recommendations & itree Inventory 9 of 22

10 i Tree Street Background i Tree Street was used to determine the environmental and economic values for the trees. Street is part of itree Tools, developed by the USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station to assist municipalities with evaluating tree canopy and condition of trees in their communities. The dollar value of trees is a useful point of discussion and offers an opportunity to evaluate trees in terms of economic value. However, CI recognizes the inherent limitations of this valuation because trees are living organisms and their true value is beyond quantification. NOTE: Since itree Street was intended specifically for street trees (i.e., individual trees along roadsides in urbanized, highly impervious areas) the reported stormwater mitigation benefits from trees in the cemetery (with a more pervious landscape) may be over exaggerated. However, since the trees are managed much like street trees and many are alongside the asphalt roads of the cemetery, itree Street is a reasonable tool and, given the funds available, the best tool for estimating the benefits and value the trees provide. i Tree Tools are intended to provide overarching values. The dollar and ecological values assigned are, in large part, based on generalities. The value of CO2 sequestration, for example, is based on U.S. EPA and USDA Forest Service estimates for the Northeastern U.S. i Tree is not intended to reflect health of specific trees or to be used as a management tool to direct the care of individual trees. i Tree Street assigns a dollar value for the ecological and economic benefits of trees. This report is based on information collected by Bath Tree Board volunteers who collected information on individual trees in the Cemetery on February 6, Information collected included species, health, size, and treeinfrastructure conflicts. The itree summary of benefits and values is based on the individual data collected by volunteers. The following reports, provided by itree Streets, follow: Species Count & Distribution Tree Condition Overall & Major Species Age Distribution Replacement Value Average Annual Benefits Energy Stormwater Mitigation Carbon Storage Carbon Sequestration Air Quality Property Value Management Recommendations & itree Inventory 10 of 22

11 Greenway Cemetery, Bath (Berkeley Springs) Spring 2015 Species Count % of Species Number of Trees Total Trees Sugar maple Tree of heaven Black cherry Silver maple Leyland cypress Boxwood Spruce Eastern red cedar Rose of sharon Maple Black walnut Eastern hemlock Sassafras Eastern white pine Northern white cedar Pine Eastern service berry Kentucky coffeetree Arborvite Atlantic white cedar Japanese tree lilac Dogwood American sycamore Ash Boxelder Siberian elm White oak White mulberry Chinese elm Broadleaf Evergreen Green ash Loblolly pine Yew Elm Summit green ash American elm Red maple Crabapple harvest gold Honeylocust Japanese red cedar Northern hackberry Birch Total Management Recommendations & itree Inventory 11 of 22

12 Greenway Cemetery, Bath (Berkeley Springs) Condition of All Trees by Species Spring 2015 Species Condition Foliage Scored % Woody Scored % Black cherry Dying or Poor Fair Good Total Boxwood Dying or Poor Fair Good Total Eastern red cedar Dying or Poor Fair Good Total Overall Condition Foliage Scored % Woody Scored % Dead or Dying Poor Fair Good Total Leyland cypress Dying or Poor Fair Good Total Maple Dying or Poor Fair Good Total Rose of sharon Dying or Poor Fair Good Total Silver maple Dying or Poor Fair Good Total Spruce Dying or Poor Fair Good Total Sugar maple Dead or Dying Poor Fair Good Total Management Recommendations & itree Inventory 12 of 22

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14 Greenway Cemetery, Bath (Berkeley Springs) Spring 2015 Replacement Value of All Trees by Species DBH Class (in) Species > 42 Total % of Total Sugar maple $ 464 $ 454 $ 2,407 $ 10,518 $ 84,343 $ 140,135 $ 77,580 $ 17,580 $ $ 333, Silver maple , ,565 28,211 17, , Black cherry 628 1,817 7, ,645 9, ,632 44, White oak , , Boxwood 298 1,605 4,184 5,645 21, , Eastern red cedar ,357 16, , Atlantic white cedar ,630 7, , Red maple , , Kentucky coffeetree , , Pine , , Leyland cypress , , Eastern white pine , , Tree of heaven 2, , , Ash , , , American sycamore 0 0 4, , Eastern hemlock , , Siberian elm , , Chinese elm , , Black walnut 381 1, , Eastern service berry 0 1, , Rose of sharon 1, , Broadleaf Evergreen , , Maple , Sassafras 325 1, , Spruce 1, , Honeylocust 0 0 1, , Northern hackberry 0 0 1, , Boxelder Yew Other (Lowest 10 Species Combined) 1,315 2, , Citywide Total $ 12,292 $ 15,247 $ 36,358 $ 55,969 $ 148,611 $ 217,229 $ 105,791 $ 81,721 $ 19,632 $ 692, Management Recommendations & itree Inventory 14 of 22

15 Greenway Cemetery, Bath (Berkeley Springs) Spring 2015 Total Annual Benefits, Net Benefits, and Costs for All Trees Benefits Total ($) $/tree Energy $ 8, $ Aesthetic/Other $ 8, $ Stormwater $ 2, $ Air Quality $ 1, $ 6.78 CO2 $ $ 0.90 Total Benefits $ 21, $ Greenway Cemetery, Bath (Berkeley Springs) Spring 2015 Average Annual Benefits of All Tree by Species ($/tree) TOTAL BY SPECIES Energy CO2 Air Quality Stormwater Aesthetic/Other Total ($) % of Total $ Sugar maple $ 4,236 $ 108 $ 740 $ 1,261 $ 3,631 $ 9, Silver maple 1, , Tree of heaven , Black cherry Ash Leyland cypress Eastern red cedar Black walnut White oak Kentucky coffeetree Siberian elm Boxwood Pine Atlantic white cedar American sycamore Sassafras Spruce Chinese elm Red maple Eastern white pine Northern hackberry Honeylocust White mulberry American elm BEM OTHER Rose of sharon Maple Eastern hemlock Eastern service berry Other (Lowest 10 Species Combined) Citywide Total $ 8,798 $ 208 $ 1,560 $ 2,304 $ 8,638 $ 21, Management Recommendations & itree Inventory 15 of 22

16 Greenway Cemetery, Bath (Berkeley Springs) Spring 2015 Annual Energy Benefits of All Trees by Species* Species Electricity (MWh) Total Natural Gas (Therms) Total ($) % of Total Tree Numbers % of Total $ Avg. $/tree Sugar maple 6.28 $ ,384 $ 3, $ 4, $ Silver maple 2.13 $ $ 1, $ 1, $ Tree of heaven 0.55 $ $ $ $ Black cherry 0.44 $ $ $ $ Ash 0.40 $ $ $ $ Leyland cypress 0.33 $ $ $ $ Eastern red cedar 0.34 $ $ $ $ Boxwood 0.24 $ $ $ $ White oak 0.28 $ $ $ $ Pine 0.26 $ $ $ $ Atlantic white cedar 0.24 $ $ $ $ Black walnut 0.15 $ $ $ $ Kentucky coffeetree 0.18 $ $ $ $ American sycamore 0.16 $ $ $ $ Siberian elm 0.17 $ $ $ $ Red maple 0.16 $ $ $ $ Northern hackberry 0.08 $ $ $ $ Eastern white pine 0.09 $ $ $ $ Honey locust 0.07 $ $ $ $ Chinese elm 0.06 $ $ $ $ Eastern service berry 0.05 $ $ $ $ American elm 0.05 $ $ $ $ Maple 0.03 $ $ $ $ 4.81 Broadleaf Evergreen Other 0.04 $ $ $ $ Eastern hemlock 0.04 $ $ $ $ 5.66 Rose of sharon 0.03 $ $ $ $ 3.46 Sassafras 0.03 $ $ $ $ 6.79 White mulberry 0.03 $ $ $ $ Boxelder 0.03 $ $ $ $ Birch 0.01 $ $ $ $ Other (Lowest 10 Species Combined) 0.09 $ $ $ $ 5.29 Total $ 1, ,953 $ 6, $ 8, $ * Energy benefit. itree presents the contribution of the urban forest toward conserving energy in terms of reduced natural gas use in winter and reduced electricity use for air conditioning in summer. These are general benefits enjoyed by the greater community. The cemetery itself does not have any heating or cooling costs but the surrounding community does benefit, especially from the forest patch and the large, old growth, trees in the Historic SW section. Management Recommendations & itree Inventory 16 of 22

17 Greenway Cemetery, Bath (Berkeley Springs) Spring 2015 Annual Stormwater Benefits of All Trees by Species Total Rainfall Interception % of Total % of Total Avg. Species (Gal / $) Inventory $ $/tree Sugar maple 157,606 $ 1, $ Silver maple 51,105 $ $ Ash 8,594 $ $ Leyland cypress 8,480 $ $ 6.17 White oak 7,243 $ $ Black cherry 6,684 $ $ 3.34 Eastern red cedar 5,335 $ $ 4.74 Pine 5,013 $ $ Tree of heaven 4,681 $ $ 1.97 Boxwood 3,700 $ $ 2.96 Atlantic white cedar 3,561 $ $ 9.49 Red maple 3,472 $ $ Kentucky coffee tree 3,366 $ $ 8.98 Siberian elm 2,690 $ $ American sycamore 2,531 $ $ 6.75 Eastern white pine 1,747 $ $ 3.49 Chinese elm 1,223 $ $ 4.89 Black walnut 1,153 $ $ 1.85 Honey locust 1,021 $ $ 8.17 Northern hackberry 958 $ $ 7.67 American elm 877 $ $ 7.02 Sassafras 822 $ $ 1.64 White mulberry 766 $ $ 3.06 BEM OTHER 753 $ $ 3.01 Eastern service berry 585 $ $ 1.56 Eastern hemlock 582 $ $ 0.93 Maple 533 $ $ 0.71 Boxelder 405 $ $ 1.62 Rose of Sharon 401 $ $ 0.40 Birch 383 $ $ 3.06 Other (Lowest 10 Species Combined) 1,675 $ $ 1.09 Citywide total 287,946 $ 2, $ Management Recommendations & itree Inventory 17 of 22

18 Greenway Cemetery, Bath (Berkeley Springs) Spring 2015 Stored CO2 Benefits of All Trees by Species* % of Total Tree % of Total Avg. Species Total stored CO2 (lbs) Numbers $ $/tree Sugar maple 591,712 $ 1, $ Silver maple 209,298 $ $ White oak 39,133 $ $ Black cherry 36,698 $ $ 7.57 Ash 26,767 $ $ Eastern red cedar 12,738 $ $ 4.67 Boxwood 11,488 $ $ 3.79 Red maple 8,705 $ $ Atlantic white cedar 8,224 $ $ 9.05 Kentucky coffeetree 5,211 $ $ 5.73 Pine 4,227 $ $ 4.65 Leyland cypress 3,598 $ $ 1.08 Siberian elm 3,504 $ $ 5.78 Tree of heaven 1,950 $ $ 0.34 American sycamore 1,490 $ $ 1.64 Eastern white pine 1,416 $ $ 1.17 Chinese elm 914 $ $ 1.51 Honeylocust 908 $ $ 3.00 American elm 774 $ $ 2.55 Eastern hemlock 559 $ $ 0.37 Northern hackberry 550 $ $ 1.81 Eastern service berry 524 $ $ 0.58 Maple 504 $ $ 0.28 Broadleaf Evergreen Other 487 $ $ 0.80 Boxelder 437 $ $ 0.72 Sassafras 373 $ $ 0.31 White mulberry 342 $ $ 0.56 Black walnut 259 $ $ 0.17 Crabapple harvest gold 178 $ $ 0.59 Birch 171 $ $ 0.56 Other (Lowest 10 Species Combined) 405 $ $ 0.15 Citywide total 973,542 $ 3, $ * Carbon stored: Whereas the Annual CO2 Benefit report quantifies annual CO2 reductions, this Carbon Stored report tallies all of the carbon dioxide stored in the urban forest over the life of the trees as a result of sequestration (drawn from the atmosphere and made solid in wood). The two reports should not be added or double counting will occur. Management Recommendations & itree Inventory 18 of 22

19 Greenway Cemetery, Bath (Berkeley Springs) Spring 2015 Annual CO2 Benefits of All Trees by Species Species Sequestered (lb)* Released (lb)* Avoided (lb)*** Net Total (lb / $) % of Total Tree Numbers % of Total $ Avg. $/tree Sugar maple 17,799 3,969 18,906 32,737 $ $ 2.08 Silver maple 4,501 1,356 6,404 9,550 $ $ 2.42 Black cherry 1, ,333 2,149 $ $ 0.44 Tree of heaven ,670 2,070 $ $ 0.36 White oak 1, ,877 $ $ 3.10 Ash 843 1,212 1,212 1,846 $ $ 5.76 Eastern red cedar 1, ,020 1,740 $ $ 0.64 Leyland cypress ,255 $ $ 0.38 Atlantic white cedar ,203 $ $ 1.32 Boxwood ,111 $ $ 0.37 Pine $ $ 0.97 Siberian elm $ $ 1.27 Kentucky coffeetree $ $ 0.79 Red maple $ $ 2.08 American sycamore $ $ 0.66 Black walnut $ $ 0.36 Northern hackberry $ $ 1.08 Chinese elm $ $ 0.53 Eastern white pine $ $ 0.25 Honeylocust $ $ 0.97 American elm $ $ 0.77 Eastern service berry $ $ 0.24 Eastern hemlock $ $ 0.14 Broadleaf Evergreen $ $ 0.30 Maple $ $ 0.10 Sassafras $ $ 0.15 White mulberry $ $ 0.26 Boxelder $ $ 0.24 Rose of sharon $ $ 0.05 Other (Lowest 10 Species Combined) $ 0.12 Citywide Total 31,685 7,857 39,219 63,047 $ $ 0.90 * Sequester: The annual amount of CO2 drawn from the atmosphere by the tree and stored as a solid in the wood of the tree. ** "Release" is CO2 initially sequestered but later lost from the tree due to decomposition of annual leaf litter and branches lost to pruning based on USDA Forest Service studies of street trees in the U.S. *** "Avoided" is the annual reduction in power plant CO2 emissions due to reduced energy use because of the species cooling properties (summer) and wind block (winter). Management Recommendations & itree Inventory 19 of 22

20 Greenway Cemetery, Bath (Berkeley Springs) Spring 2015 Annual Air Quality Benefits of All Trees by Species Species Deposition (lb) Avoided (lb) BVOC* Total % of Avg. Emission Total $/tree O3 NO2 PM10 SO2 NO2 PM10 VOC SO2 (lb) (lb) ($) Tree Sugar maple $ Silver maple $ Black cherry $ Tree of heaven $ Ash $ Eastern red cedar $ Boxwood $ Atlantic white cedar $ White oak $ Leyland cypress $ Kentucky coffeetree $ Pine $ Red maple $ Siberian elm $ American sycamore $ Black walnut $ Northern hackberry $ Honeylocust $ Chinese elm $ Eastern white pine $ Eastern service berry $ Eastern hemlock $ American elm $ Broadleaf Evergreen $ Maple $ Rose of sharon $ Sassafras $ Boxelder $ White mulberry $ Other (Lowest 10 Species Combined) $ Citywide Total $ 1, * BVOC: Biogenic volatile organic compounds are the chemicals (primarily isoprene and monoterpenes) that make up the essential oils, resins, and other organic compounds that plants use to attract pollinators and repel predators. Management Recommendations & itree Inventory 20 of 22

21 Greenway Cemetery, Bath (Berkeley Springs) Spring 2015 Annual Aesthetic/Other Benefit of All Trees by Species % of Total Species Total ($) Tree Numbers % of Total $ Avg. $/tree Sugar maple $ 3, $ Tree of heaven * $ $ Silver maple $ $ Leyland cypress $ $ Black walnut $ $ Ash $ $ Spruce $ $ Kentucky coffeetree $ $ Sassafras $ $ Black cherry $ $ 9.82 Siberian elm $ $ White oak $ $ Eastern red cedar $ $ Chinese elm $ $ American sycamore $ $ White mulberry $ $ Eastern white pine $ $ Atlantic white cedar $ $ Northern hackberry $ $ Pine $ $ American elm $ $ Broadleaf Evergreen $ $ Honeylocust $ $ Rose of sharon $ $ 7.89 Boxwood $ $ 6.25 Elm $ $ Maple $ $ 8.79 Birch $ $ Eastern hemlock $ $ 9.30 Other (Lowest 10 Species Combined) $ $ Citywide Total $ 8, $ * Ailanthus. It is the general consensus of the Cemetery Committee and Tree Board that Tree of Heaven does not have any aesthetic value. This is an example of where itree's benefits do not track with local opinion. Management Recommendations & itree Inventory 21 of 22

22 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Author: Frank F. Rodgers ISA Certified Arborist #MA 4468A Executive Director Cacapon Institute 10 Rock Ford Road, Great Cacapon, WV / FRodgers@CacaponInstitute.Org This report was made possible by a WV DOF Demonstration City Grant to the Town of Bath Tree Board: Andrew Swaim, President Kerry Jackson Kate Lehman Larry Lower Lance Strait Special thanks to Warm Springs Watershed Association: Kate Lehman, President, provided editorial assistance and commentary on the narrative. Thanks to the volunteers who conducted the February 7, 2015 survey. This report would not have been possible without their assistance. Michael Brooks Norman Dean Keith Jones Susan Jones Kate Lehman Larry Lower Ellen Lachewitz Kris O'Brien Cathi Rupard Beth Skinner Mary Valentine Shawn Walker Management Recommendations & itree Inventory 22 of 22