Plant Ecology, Herbivory, and Human Impact in Nordic Mountain Birch Forests

Transcription

1 Ecological Studies 180 Plant Ecology, Herbivory, and Human Impact in Nordic Mountain Birch Forests Bearbeitet von Frans E. Wielgolaski, Staffan Karlsson, Seppo Neuvonen, Dietbert Thannheiser 1. Auflage Buch. xxiv, 370 S. ISBN Format (B x L): 15,5 x 23,5 cm Gewicht: 754 g Weitere Fachgebiete > Chemie, Biowissenschaften, Agrarwissenschaften > Biowissenschaften allgemein > Terrestrische Ökologie Zu Leseprobe schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, ebooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte.

2 Contents Section 1 History, Environment and Plant Science 1 History and Environment of the Nordic Mountain Birch.. 3 F.E. Wielgolaski 1.1 History Zonation Taxonomy Distribution Present Tree Line Climate Nutrient Conditions Browsing References Soils and Nutrients in Northern Birch Forests: A Case Study from Finnmarksvidda, Northern Norway K.-D. Meier, D. Thannheiser, J. Wehberg and V. Eisenmann 2.1 Introduction Study Area Soil Classification Soil Distribution Soil Properties Conclusions References Vegetation of the Mountain Birch Forest in Northern Fennoscandia J. Wehherg, D. Thannheiser and K.-D. Meier 3.1 Introduction Study Site

3 X Contents 3.3 Dendrochronological Characteristics of the Northern Mountain Birch Forests in the Máze-Kautokeino Area Plant Sociological Studies The Communities of the Mountain Birch Forest on the Finnmarksvidda The Crowberry Birch Forest: Empetro-Betuletum pubescentis (Nordhagen 1943) The Lingonberry Birch Forest: Vaccinio vitis-idaeae-betuletum (prov.) The Lingonberry Birch Forest: Vaccinio vitis-idaeae-betuletum (prov.) The Dwarf Cornel Birch Forest: Corno-Betuletum (Aune 1973) The Meadow Birch Forest: Geranio-Betuletum (Nordhagen 1928, 1943 emend. Dierßen and Dierßen 1982) The Cloudberry Birch Forest: Rubo chamaemorei-betuletum (prov.) Mountain Birch Forests in Northern Fennoscandia Conclusions References Biomass and Production on a Landscape Level in the Northern Mountain Birch Forests H. Tømmervik, F.E. Wielgolaski, S. Neuvonen, B. Solberg and K.A. Høgda 4.1 Introduction Live Aboveground Biomass Estimations Biomass and Leaf Area Index at Individual Tree or Stand Levels Biomass on Landscape and Regional Level Using Remote Sensing Methods Results Change in the Biomass Production on a Regional Level Biomass Estimations on a Landscape Level Discussion Biomass Changes Remote Sensing Data Are They Robust? References

4 Contents 5 Mountain Birch Growth in Relation to Climate and Herbivores P.S. Karlsson, M. Weih and C. Borg 5.1 Introduction Seedling Establishment and Growth Abiotic and Biotic Environment During the Growing Season Winter Conditions Genetic Aspects Sapling Growth Mature Trees Tree Growth and Climate Effects of Epirrita Defoliation on Tree Growth Forest Structure, Stand Biomass and Productivity Effects of Changing Climate on Mountain Birch Growth Empirical Evidence Model Predictions Conclusions References XI 6 Responses of Temperature Changes on Survival and Growth in Mountain Birch Populations O. Skre, J. Nilsen, M. Naess, B. Igeland, K. Taulavuori, E. Taulavuori and K. Laine 6.1 Introduction Results and Discussion Field and Greenhouse Experiments at Different Temperatures Winter Temperature and CO 2 Experiments Dormancy and Frost Hardiness in Mountain Birch Provenances as Influenced by Winter Temperatures Conclusions References

5 XII Contents 7 Phenology and Performance of Mountain Birch Provenances in Transplant Gardens: Latitudinal, Attitudinal and Oceanity Continentaiity Gradients J. Ovaska, J. Nilsen, F.E. Wielgolaski, H. Kauhanen, R. Partanen, S. Neuvonen, L. Kapari, O. Skre and K. Laine 7.1 Introduction Material and Methods Results and Discussion Transplantation Stress and Seedling Survival Spring Phenology (Bud Burst) Autumn Phenology Growth Forms and Growth Rates Conclusions and Future Prospects References A Dynamic Forest in a Changing Environment P.S. Karlsson and F.E. Wielgolaski References Section 2 Herbivory 9 Forest Defoliation Risks in Birch Forests by Insects Under Different Climate and Land Use Scenarios in Northern Europe S.Neuvonen,H.Bylund and H. Tømmervik 9.1 Introduction Geometrid Outbreaks on Birch in Fennoscandia Monitoring (Detecting/Quantifying) Insect Outbreaks in Mountain Birch Woodlands Modelling the Outbreak/Defoliation Risks Population Dynamics of Geometrid Moths Modelling the Regional and Topographic Patterns in Outbreaks Risks Forest Defoliation Risks Under Different Climatic Scenarios and Their Relationships to Land Use References

6 Contents XIII 10 Birch Sapling Responses to Severity and Timing of Domestic Herbivore Browsing Implications for Management A.J. Hester, K. Lempa, S. Neuvonen, K. Høgh, J. Feilberg, S. Arnthórsdóttir and G. Iason 10.1 Introduction Case Studies and Experimental Designs Birch Responses to Timing and Severity of Browsing Damage Severity of Browsing Timing of Browsing Locational Effects Implications for the Management of Herbivore Grazing Within Birch Areas of Northern Europe Theory Versus Reality: Case-Study Example of Sheep Impacts in Greenland Economics Current Activities to Improve Grazing Management in Birch Forest Areas Conclusions References Effects of Reindeer Grazing on Pastures in a Mountain Birch Ecosystem K. Lempa, S. Neuvonen and H. Tømmervik 11.1 Introduction Climatic Variability Trends and Patterns in Reindeer Population Densities in Northern Fennoscandia Protection of Pastures in the Mountain Birch Zone Analysis and Synthesis of the Effects of Reindeer Grazing on Different Vegetation Components Northernmost Norway as a Case Study of the Overall Effects of Reindeer Grazing on Vegetation References

7 XIV Contents 12 Long-Term Influence of Herbivores on Northern Birch Forests O. Tenow, H. Bylund, A.C. Nilsen and P.S. Karlsson 12.1 Introduction Lake Torneträsk Abisko Valley Area: A Case Study Outbreak in a Heath Birch Forest Outbreak in a Meadow Birch Forest Northern Fennoscandia Forest Age and Outbreaks Forest Damage and Recovery Interaction with Reindeer and Sheep Generalization A Conceptual Model Forests Without Outbreaks Mountain Birch Forest Regeneration Cycles in a Warmer Future References Herbivory in Northern Birch Forests S. Neuvonen and F.E. Wielgolaski 13.1 Introduction Insect Outbreaks Mammalian Herbivores Implications for Sustainable Management References Section 3 Human Impact 14 Rates and Processes of Natural Regeneration in Disturbed Habitats B. Forbes, A. Tolvanen, F.E. Wielgolaski and K. Laine 14.1 Introduction Processes of Regeneration Rates of Regeneration Conclusion References

8 Contents 15 Recreation at the Tree Line and Interactions with Other Land Use Activities A. Tolvanen, B. Forbes, S. Wall and Y. Norokorpi 15.1 Introduction Case Study Areas Monitoring Studies on the Impact of Recreation on the Environment in Lapland Interaction of Recreation with Other Land-Use Activities Recreation vs. Nature Conservation Recreation vs. Forestry Recreation vs. Traditional Livelihoods Recreation vs. Recreation Sustainable Tourism References XV 16 Economic Limits and Possibilities for Sustainable Utilization of Northern Birch Forests B. Solberg, H. Tømmervik, D. Thannheiser and S. Neuvonen 16.1 Introduction Some Theoretical Aspects Goals Sustainable Utilization Identify Utilization Alternatives Select the Best Utilization (Management) Alternative Implementation of the Best Alternatives Empirical Results Birch Area and Productivity Máze Målselv Other Areas Reindeer Husbandry Other Limiting Factors Profitability,Value Added and Markets Conclusions References

9 XVI Contents 17 The Vegetation Changes and Recent Impact on the Mountain Birch Forest During the Last 40 Years D. Thannheiser, H. Tømmervik and J. Wehberg 17.1 Introduction Research Areas Methodological Considerations Vegetation Changes in the Máze Region The Lichen-Rich Empetrum (Crowberry) Birch Forest (Empetro-Betuletum pubescentis; see Chap. 3) The Moss-Rich Empetrum (Crowberry) Birch Forest (Empetro-Betuletum pubescentis, see Chap. 3) The Lichen-Rich Myrtillus (Bilberry) Birch Forest (Vaccinio myrtilli-betuletum; see Chap. 3) The Moss-Rich Myrtillus (Bilberry) Birch Forest (Vaccinio myrtilli Betuletum; see Chap. 3) The Cornus Myrtillus (Dwarf Cornel Bilberry) Birch Forest (Corno-Betuletum; see Chap. 3) Monitoring Vegetation Change in the Máze Region Monitoring Vegetation Change in Målselv Discussion Linear and Localized Development on the Finnmarksvidda 250 References Sámi Approaches to Mountain Birch Utilization in Northern Sápmi (Finland and Norway) M.S. Aikio and L. Müller-Wille 18.1 Introduction: Control, Access and Sustainability of Mountain Birch Forests Human Birch Relations: Holistic Approach to the Environment Knowledge and Values: The Meaning and Use of Mountain Birch Birch Firewood: Securing Heat and Warmth The Proper Mountain Birch Wood for Art and Handicraft The Human Factor: Future Management of Mountain Birch Resources Outlook: Prospects and Policy Recommendations References

10 Contents XVII 19 Sustainable Reindeer Herding in the Mountain Birch Ecosystem K. Lempa, S. Neuvonen and H. Tømmervik 19.1 Introduction History Cultural Background Social and Economical Factors Suggestions References Competition over Nature, Space, Resources, and Management in the Northern Mountain Birch Forest Ecosystem: A Synthesis D. Thannheiser, L. Müller-Wille, F.E. Wielgolaski and K.-D. Meier Section 4 Modelling Dynamics of Mountain Birch Forests, Management and Future 21 Landscape-Scale Model Relating the Nordic Mountain Birch Forest Spatio-temporal Dynamics to Various Anthropogenic Influences, Herbivory and Climate Change A.O. Gautestad, F.E. Wielgolaski and I. Mysterud 21.1 Introduction Complexity Aspects in the Northern Birch Forest Ecosystem Aspect 1: Challenges from Quantity of Interactions System Complexity Aspect 2: Processes in Linear Superposition Scale-Specific Spatio-Temporal Interactions Aspect 3: Beyond Superposition Spatio-Temporal Effects from Non-Linear Responses The HIBECO Model The Model Arena Implementation of Landscape Heterogeneity Management Regimes and Perturbations Climate Change Scenarios Simulation Examples Discussion and Conclusions References

11 XVIII Contents 22 Scenarios for Future Development of the Mountain Birch Ecosystem A.O. Gautestad, F.E. Wielgolaski, B. Solberg and I. Mysterud 22.1 Introduction Logging Practices and the Shifting Forest Mosaic Scenarios for Various Long-Term Management Practices Discussion and Conclusion References Managing the Mountain Birch Ecosystem: Local Communities and the State in Finland s Forestry L. Müller-Wille, M.S. Aikio and V. Luhta 23.1 Introduction: Resource for Wood and Energy Forests and Wood: Issues of Power and Control Current Practices and Perceptions of Mountain Birch Utilization Management and Production of Private Birch Woodlots Management and Production of Public Birch Forests Perception and Assessment of Mountain Birch Forest Management The Mountain Birch A Resource in the Future? References Policies and Developing Plans Towards Sustainability #of Mountain Birch Ecosystems in Scandinavia L. Bäck, B. Solberg, H. Tømmervik and F.E. Wielgolaski 24.1 Introduction Suggestions for Sustainable Reindeer Management The Mountain Birch Forest from a Multi-User Perspective The Human View on Mountain Nature Visitor Frequency in Nature Different Planning Strategies for Sustainable Development in the Mountains The Need for Scientific Pluralism Suggestions for Sustainable Forest Management References

12 Contents Section 5 Integration and Conclusion XIX 25 The Nordic Mountain Birch Ecosystem-Challenges to Sustainable Management F.E. Wielgolaski, P.S. Karlsson, S. Neuvonen, D. Thannheiser, H. Tømmervik and A.O. Gautestad 25.1 Introduction Man and Mountain Birch Forest Interactions in the Perspective of a Changing Climate Considerations for Sustainable Mountain Birch Forest Management Considerations for a Sustainable Reindeer Management Final Remarks References Subject Index CD-ROM containing additional material to Chapters 2, 3, 7, 10, 11, 18, 21, and 22 enclosed at the end of the book