Forest Pest Overview:

Transcription

1 Forest Pest Identification for Winter Outdoor Enthusiasts Elyse Henshaw: Conservation Technician (Roger Tory Peterson Institute) Betsy Burgeson: MG Program Coordinator (Cornell Cooperative Extension of Chaut. County) Forest Pest Overview: An Introduction to HWA & EAB 1

2 Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (HWA): An Introduction What, Where, When? Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges tsugae) A minute, aphid-like invasive insect that originates from Japan and China. 2

3 What Does HWA Do? Nymphs insert their long sucking mouth parts (stylets) deep within the plant tissues of the tree. Tap into the tree s food storage cells The tree responds by walling off the wound, disrupting nutrient flow to the needles leading to needle death. The needles will dry and lose color, turning from deep green to grey and eventually fall off. Terminal buds dues resulting in little to no shoot growth. Dieback of limbs will begin to occur as the infestation continues to grow Death of the tree can occur in as little as 4 years! What Does HWA Do? 3

4 So What s the Big Deal? 4

5 Hemlocks Are Important Ecological Value Slow growing & shade tolerant Long lived (800+ yrs) Able to live in fairly acidic soils and on steep slopes Typical riparian tree Provides habitat for many birds, mammals and insects Create unique microclimates Influence stream/river temps. and water flow Moderates forest temps as well Hemlocks Are Important Economic Value Not an especially valuable timber tree Used for pulp wood Also has large amounts of tannin in the wood-used for tanning hides 5

6 Hemlocks Are Important Aesthetic Value Hemlocks are pretty! Hemlocks Are Important While Eastern Hemlocks make up only a minor component to the forest resources throughout its range, the highest volume of hemlocks are found throughout New York, Pennsylvania and Maine. Unfortunately, all hemlocks are susceptible to HWA HWA has no natural predators and can easily go undetected until it is too late. 6

7 Where Is HWA? It is believed to have first entered North America in Richmond Virginia in the mid-1950 s and has since spread to 18 states along the east coast and throughout several states in the Pacific Northwest and parts of Canada. HWA was first detected in New York State in the early 1980s and has spread to 25 counties, including Cattaraugus County. David Cappaert, Michigan State University, bugwood.org Emerald Ash Borer: An Introduction 7

8 WHAT is the Emerald Ash Borer? Emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) A small, green, wood-boring beetle native to eastern Asia. WHAT does EAB do? Larva feed on living tissue of ash trees between the bark & the wood. Disrupts tree s ability to transport nutrients. Trees starve and die. Left unabated, trees usually die within 3-5 years of initial EAB infestation. NO ash tree is safe from EAB. UNLESS precautions are taken, ALL ASH TREES WILL BE KILLED BY THE EMERALD ASH BORER. 8

9 WHY CARE ABOUT THIS BUG? WHY care about EAB? 1 in 14 trees in NY is an ash Thousands of ash line our streets, shade our parks and fill our public spaces. Thousands more dot our home landscapes. Millions can be found in our woodlots and along our rivers and streams. EAB puts all of these trees in danger. 9

10 WHY care about EAB? Toledo, Ohio 2006 Toledo, Ohio 2009 Dan Herms, Ohio State University WHY care about EAB? St. Paul, MN (Minn. Public Radio, Nov 2009) 10

11 WHY care about EAB? Rochester, NY(photos by Rob Garden) WHY care about EAB? Photo by: Patrick Hodge (MNR) 11

12 WHY care about EAB? Economic Impacts Excerpt from the study: We found that costs are largely borne by homeowners and municipal governments. WHY care about EAB? Direct Homeowner Costs Cost* of treating ONE Ash Tree = $ every 1-3 years Cost*of removing ONE Ash Tree = $ (*Based on size and health) 12

13 WHY care about EAB? Cost* for 5 Trees over 10 years: Treat: Avg. $1125/treatment = $3,375-$11,250 Remove: Avg. $950 X 5 trees = $4,750 (*Based on size and health) WHY care about EAB? Cost of Doing Nothing = Property Damage, Loss of Lives NOW What is it worth to YOU? Why do YOU care? 13

14 WHY care about EAB? Indirect Costs to Homeowners: Loss of Shade/Wind Protection Increase in Energy Use Decrease in Property Value (healthy mature trees can add 10% or more to a home s value) Decrease in Air Quality Increase in Stormwater Runoff (ie more flooding/erosion etc.) Decrease in Aesthetics Etc., etc., etc. Tree Benefits Calculator: WHERE did EAB come from? EAB Entry into the US Believed EAB entered US in early 1990s In solid-wood packing material from China. Karen Snover-Clift, Cornell University Francis Gwyn Jones, Bugwood.org 14

15 EAB in United States First recognized as a problem near Detroit, MI in Discovered in NY in Randolph! Has spread to 29 states Movement by: Firewood Nursery stock And flight WHERE is EAB Now? Since its introduction in Michigan, EAB has been confirmed in 29 other states as well as the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec. September

16 WHERE is EAB in NY? For most up to date maps of local infestations in NY State visit: Host Tree Identification: Eastern Hemlock & Ash (Fraxinus sp.) 16

17 Hemlock Tree ID How To Identify Eastern Hemlock Trees In Winter Eastern Hemlocks can be identified by: The habitat they are found Flat, evergreen needles Small cones Rough bark 17

18 Hemlock Tree ID Habitat: Almost always grows in moist, well-drained area such as along streams and rivers. Typically grow on north-facing slopes Hemlock Tree ID Needles Flat evergreen needles that are typically ⅓-⅔ inches long and are kept year round Each needle has two white parallel stripes running the length of the bottom side of the needle Dark, rich green Needles attached to twig by slender stalk 18

19 Hemlock Tree ID Cones (fruit) Cones are about ½ inch long Brown, with few scales Pendent shaped Immature cones are typically green Hemlock Tree ID Bark Young hemlock trees have reddishbrown bark As trees mature, the bark darkens to grey-brown Wide ridges and furrows 19

20 Resources For Hemlock Identification Peterson Field Guides Trees and Shrubs USDA Plants Database Know Your Trees: ASH TREE IDENTIFICATION 20

21 HOW to Identify Ash Trees IN WINTER: All three ash in NY, white, green and black, have: Opposite branching Large, stout, branches Noticeable bud scars Diamond pattern in the bark (white and green ash) HOW to Identify Ash Trees: Opposite branching Buds directly across from each other. Paul Wray, Iowa State University, Bugwood.org 21

22 David Cappaert, Michigan State University, Bugwood.org Opposite branching Also, note the stout twigs to hold their large compound leaves HOW to Identify Ash Trees: Large, stout buds. Prominent leaf scars Green Ash Black Ash White Ash Paul Wray, Iowa State University, Bugwood.org Bill Cook, Michigan State University, Bugwood.org Paul Wray, Iowa State University, Bugwood.org 22

23 HOW to Identify Ash Trees IN WINTER: HOW to Identify Ash Trees IN WINTER: Ash Bark Young ash trees have smooth bark As they age their bark develops distinct diamond patterns. Keith Kanoti, Maine Forest Service, Bugwood.org 23

24 HOW to Identify Ash Trees IN WINTER: White Ash Bark Thick bark Medium bark Thin bark Mark Whitmore, Cornell University HOW to Identify Ash Trees: On-line Resources for Ash Identification Know Your Trees: CU Woody Plant Database: Arbor Day - What Tree is That?: 24

25 Identifying Ash ASH? Yes or No Identifying Ash ASH? Yes or No 25

26 Forest Pest Identification: HWA & EAB Hemlock Woolly Adelgid ID 26

27 Hemlock Woolly Adelgid ID Hemlock Woolly Adelgid ID 27

28 SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF HWA Signs & Symptoms Presence of Woolly white sacs (ovisacs) Tree may look stressed Loss of needles Needles turning color Crown dieback Best time to look for HWA is throughout winter months when woolly sacs are present and crawlers are not moving 28

29 HWA Resources: Cornell Cooperative Extension HWA Website: 24 NYS DEC Website: RTPI (General info): HWA Can Be Prevented! While HWA is treatable there are easy ways to prevent it s spread... Here s some simple ways you can help: Take a few minutes to inspect trees nearby your home or elsewhere on your property Move bird feeders from nearby hemlocks Improve tree health Withhold using fertilizers around or on hemlocks, especially if they are already infested with HWA Doing some of these simple measures can prevent the costs and risks of treatment or tree removal 29

30 EMERALD ASH BORER IDENTIFICATION WHAT is the EAB life cycle? Life Cycle June/July Oviposition Summer/Fall Larval growth May/June Adult Emergence Ovary maturation Winter Pre-pupae Early spring Pupation EAB eggs, Debbie Miller, USDA FS, Bugwood.org; larva, prepupa and pupa, David Cappaert, Michigan State University, Bugwood.org; EAB exit holes, Daniel Herms, the Ohio State University, Bugwood.org; EAB adult, David Cappaert, Michigan State University, Bugwood.org 30

31 HOW to Identify EAB: Kent Loeffler, Cornell University 31

32 HOW to Identify EAB: Larval EAB Identification Mark Whitmore, Cornell University SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF EAB 32

33 Signs & Symptoms of EAB WINTER TIME Signs & Symptoms important in detection are: D-shaped Exit Holes S-shaped larval galleries Woodpecker Foraging Vertical Bark Cracks Mark Whitmore, Cornell University Signs & Symptoms of EAB D shaped exit holes: 33

34 Signs & Symptoms of EAB S shaped galleries Signs & Symptoms of EAB Woodpecker foraging: Mark Whitmore, Cornell University 34

35 Signs & Symptoms of EAB Bark Cracking We may not be able to stop it right now, but we can Slow The Spread! 35

36 EAB Resources: Cornell Cooperative Extension EAB website: CCE Chautauqua County Invasive Pest Website: NYSDEC EAB website: MORE EAB INFO: Credits Content Adapted from: EAB: An Introduction: o Rebecca Hargrave, CCE of Chenango County, jrh45@cornell.edu, and o Mark Whitmore, Forest Entomologist with Cornell University Department of Natural Resources mcw42@cornell.edu NPDN EAB modules prepared at Virginia Tech; published June 2010 o Rachel McCarthy, NEPDN Education and Training Coordinator, Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, rachel.mccarthy@cornell.edu o Mark Whitmore, Forest Entomologist with Cornell University Department of Natural Resources, mcw42@cornell.edu Funded in part by USDA/APHIS, NY Ag & Markets and Cornell University 36

37 Forest Pest Monitoring Project A Citizen Science Project to HELP SAVE OUR TREES! What s it all about? 37

38 What s it all about? Reporting: How to report possible sightings: Dial *0 Text in findings Negative Findings are JUST as important! 38

39 Monitoring Site Locations North Harmony State Forest Long Point State Park THANK YOU! 39

40 LOCAL CONTACTS Betsy Burgeson CCE Master Gardener Program Coordinator & Chair of Chaut. Co Forest Pest Task Force: (716) x 204 emh92@cornell.edu Elyse Henshaw - Conservation Technician, Roger Tory Peterson Institute: (716) ext. 231 ehenshaw@rtpi.org Jeff Brockelbank NYS DEC (716) jeffrey.brockelbank@dec.ny.gov Dan Stone City of Jamestown Certified Arborist (716) stone@cityofjamestown.ny.com 40