Fuel data. Fuel data. Split logs, wood chips, pellets. Heat from biomass.

Transcription

1 Fuel data Fuel data Split logs, wood chips, pellets Heat from biomass

2 Enough wood is available Wood in Germany and Austria (reserves in millions of cubic metres) Austria Germany - Forest growth 25 million cm 7 million cm Wood reserves in Europe Germany Annual usage 18 million cm 60 million cm - Unused growth 7 million cm 47 million cm - Woodland 47.2% 31.0% - Area of forest 3.96 million ha 11.1 million ha Source: Bundeswaldinventur (German National Forest Inventory) / German Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection (BMELV) Austrian Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management Sweden France Finland Poland Italy Austria German Pellet Institute (DEPI) Figures in million m³ 1.7 Source: German National Forest Inventory 04 Inventory study 08 Fuel costs Comparison of energy sources average prices 12/13 Total energy prices in cents per kwh (including all taxes and duties) Electricity 18,77 Heating oil, extra light,27 Natural gas 8,61 Firewood, hard 4,30 4,51 12 pellets approx. 56% cheaper than oil 13 pellets approx. 47% cheaper than oil 12 split logs approx. 58% cheaper than oil 13 pellets approx. 50% cheaper than oil Forest wood chips 3,18 12 wood chips approx. 69% cheaper than oil 13 pellets approx. 60% cheaper than oil cents per kwh 2

3 , the alternative to gas and oil Development of energy prices in Germany and Austria, Detached house with 0 m² of living space Built in 1985 Pellet consumption t Oil consumption 3,000 l Gas consumption 3,152 m³ Average prices were used to create this example calculation Heating oil Natural gas 13 Heating oil 2, Gas 2, Natural gas 1,5.00 Heating oil 1, Austria 1.556,00* Average saving on pellets over oil: 11: up to 52% 12: up to 56% 13: up to 47% 1, Source: Pellet prices = Deutscher Energie-Pellet-Verband e.v. (German energy pellet association)/solar Promotion GmbH Heating oil and natural gas prices = Brennstoffspiegel magazine, Upper Austria Chamber of Labour (AK OÖ) *Average pellet prices in Germany/Austria Based on: Consumer prices for extraction of 3,000 l of heating oil (including VAT and other costs) Facts and figures for wood pellets acc. to EN class A1 Made from logs without bark (forest wood), wood shavings or sawdust (not chemically treated) Made from softwood: 4.9 kwh/kg Heating value (Q) Made from hardwood: 4.6 kwh/kg Bulk density (BD) 600 kg/m³ (spruce) Diameter (D) 6.0 mm ± 1.0 mm Length (L) 3,15 L 40 mm Water content (M) max. % Mechanical durability (DU) 97,5 % Fine content ex works (F) max. 1,0% below 3,15 mm Ash content (A) 0,7% Natural pressing aid (e.g. maize starch), max. 2% of the mass Energy expenditure in production approx % of energy content Development of energy prices When purchasing pellets, please note the following: the decisive factor is quality, not price. Give priority to pellets acc. to EN class A1, EN plus A1, DIN plus or ÖNORM (Austrian Standard) M Heating oil Natural Gas Split logs Wood chips 14 3

4 Heating value of wood compared with other fuels Heating value of wood depending on water content kwh/kg 6,0 Heating value 5,0 4,0 3,0 4,7 5,0 3,9 4,3 Spruce Beech 2,0 1,9 1,6 1, Split logs Stored for 1-2 years Forest fresh Water content in % Heating values of various fuels 12 9,52 Fuel Energy content per unit Heating oil, extra light,0 lt Natural gas 9,52 m Heating oil, extra light (kwh/l) Natural gas (kwh/ m 3 ) 8,06 Coke (kwh/kg) 4,90 (kwh/kg) 4,49 4,04 Log wood, spruce (kwh/kg) 15% w Log wood, beech (kwh/kg) 15% w Coke 8,06 kg 4,90 kg Log wood, spruce RM (w = 15%) Log wood, beech (w = 15%) RM Miscanthus (w = 15%) 4,31 kg - 1 l of oil, approx. 2.5 kg of log wood - 1 l of oil, approx. 2.0 kg of pellets - 1,000 l of oil, approx. 5.5 pm of beech - 1,000 l of oil, approx. 7.5 pm of spruce - 1,000 l of oil, approx. -15 pm of wood chips - 1 l of oil, approx kg of miscanthus 4

5 Drying times One summer is sufficient for drying wood Drying split logs Store split wood on a dry surface that is protected from the rain but exposed to the wind, ideally also exposed to solar radiation % Spruce Beech M = water content (w) Dec Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct Source: Technology and Support Centre (TFZ), Straubing Times for creating wood chips Drying process % Spruce M = water content (w) Willow Beech Material suitable for storage Hazel Material with limited storage suitability Dez Jan Feb März April Mai Jun Jul Aug Sep Okt Nov Dez Chopping and storage 5

6 Cubic metres, piled metres and loose cubic metres / water content Proportional figures for space measurements Cubic metres (cm) 1,0 fm 0,6 fm 0,4 fm 0,6 m 0,4 m Piled metres (pm) or stere Smooth split 1,67 rm 1,0 rm 0,67 rm 1,67 m 0,67 m Loose cubic metres (lcm) Poured wood chips 2,5 1,5 1,0 2,5 m 1,5 m For more precise conversion factors for space measurements of round logs and split logs, see and click Festbrennstoffe (solid fuels) > Publikationen (publications) > Umrechnungsfaktoren verschiedener Raummaße für Scheitholz (conversion factors for split logs with different space measurements) Water content and moisture Water content (M) based on total weight Water content: ( ) x 0 = % M 0 kg 80 kg kg 0 Moisture (u) based on dry weight (pure wood weight without water) Moisture: ( 0 kg 80 kg kg 80 ) x 0 = 25% u Moisture Water content 15 % 13 % 17,6 % 15 % % 16,7 % 25 % % 30 % 23,1 % 33,3 % 25 % 40 % 28,6 % 42,9 % 30 % 50 % 33,3 % 53,8 % 35 % 60 % 37,5 % 66,7 % 40 % 70 % 41,2 % 80 % 44,4 % 81,8 % 45 % 90 % 47,4 % 0 % 50 % 6

7 Standard sizes of wood chips P16/P31.5 wood chips acc. to EN largely corresponding to G30 wood chips acc. to ÖNORM (Austrian Standard) M 7133 Coarse fraction Main content Fine content - Max. 6% of total weight - Max. length 1 mm - Max. cross-section 1-2 cm² - Min. 75% of total weight - Max. length 45 mm - Grain size 8 to 31.5 mm - Max. 25% of total weight - Grain size below 8 mm - Max. 8% of total weight - Grain size below 3.15 mm P45 wood chips acc. to EN largely corresponding to G50 wood chips acc. to ÖNORM (Austrian Standard) M 7133 Coarse fraction Main content Fine content - Max. 6% of total weight - Max. length 1 mm - Max. cross-section 5 cm² - Max. 25% of total weight - Grain size below 8 mm - Max. 8% of total weight - Grain size below 3.15 mm - Min. 75% of total weight - Max. length 63 mm - Grain size 8 to 45 mm Water content classes M acc. to EN The proportion (in %) based on total weight is designated M. A proportion up to M35 (water content below 35%) is acceptable. M25 is preferable for storage and for maximum heating performance. Ash content classes A acc. to EN The proportion (in %) based on dry weight is designated A. A proportion up to A1 (ash content below 1%) is acceptable. Bulk density (BD) Bulk density BD was previously specified in a water-free state (dry weight without water) in ÖNORM (Austrian Standard) M In the new version of EN , the bulk density (BD) is specified in the delivery state (total weight including water). The standardised classes with BD150 and BD0 are too rough and are not of any significance when using wood chips as fuel. Bulk densities for different kinds of wood in the wet states M15 and M30 are specified in the table on the following page. 7

8 Heating value for wood / annual wood chips requirement Water content (M) in relation to total weight Heating value based on weight Cubic metres Half-metre split Loose cubic metres P31.5 wood chips Loose cubic metres P45 wood chips Weight Heating value Weight Heating value Weight Heating value M M = M = M = M = M = M = M = M = M = M = M = M = M = M = 15% 30% 15% 30% 15% 30% 15% 30% 15% 30% 15% 30% 15% 30% Unit kg kg rm rm rm rm kwh / Softwood Fir 4,40 3, Spruce 4,49 3, Douglas 4,43 3, fi r Pine 4,32 3, Lärche 4,27 3, Hardwood Poplar 3,99 3, Willow 3,76 2, Alder 4,06 3, Maple 4,04 3, Birch 4,01 3, Ash 4, 3, Oak 4, 3, Beech 4,13 3, Black locust 4,11 3, ETA fuel data Subject to technical alterations. Yearly wood chip requirement depending on kind of wood - graining - water content Annual need approx. 64,000 kwh (35 kw boiler at 1,650 full-load hours/90% efficiency) Loose cubic metres per year % 30% 40% % 30% 40% % 30% 40% % 30% 40% % 30% 40% % 30% 40% P31.5 poplar P45 poplar P31.5 spruce P45 spruce P31.5 beech P45 beech M = water content % Kind of wood/grain size 8