Wood Utilization Options for Urban Trees Infested by Invasive Species

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1 Wood Utilization Options for Urban Trees Infested by Invasive Species Brian K. Brashaw University of Minnesota Duluth Natural Resources Research Institute SmallWood 2014: June 5, 2014 Invasive Insects and Diseases: Threats to and/or Opportunities for the Forest Industry

2 Acknowledgments Ms. Susan Stamm, for graphic layout and technical editing The work for developing Wood Utilization Options for Urban Trees Infested by Invasive Species was funded in whole or in part through a grant awarded by the Wood Education and Resource Center, Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. The University of Minnesota and USDA are equal opportunity employers.

3 "Wood Utilization Options for Urban Trees Infested by Invasive Species" is a reference for land managers, arborists, utilization specialists, and other natural resources professionals. It provides comprehensive information on wood technology, markets, and technical information for hardwoods affected by invasive species.

4 Table of Contents Part One Overview of Invasive Species and Utilization Options for Hardwoods (B. Brashaw) Part Two - Basic Wood Properties of Hardwood Affected by Invasive Species (R. Ross and M. Weimann) Part Three Market and Utilization Options for Ash Logs, Lumber and Other Products (B. Brashaw and J. Simons) Part Four - Heat Treatment of Wood for Invasive Forest Pests (X. Wang)

5 Part One - Overview Invasive Species are considered non-native to the ecosystem and whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health ~ National Invasive Species Plan 2008 Emerald ash borer (EAB) Asian longhorned beetle (ALB) Gypsy moth Thousand cankers disease

6 Emerald Ash Borer Photo courtesy of Stephan Ausmus, USDA ARS Photo courtesy of David Cappaert,

7 EAB Quarantine Map

8 Federal Initiatives USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Detection, control, eradication and education USDA Forest Service Research into prevention, biology, control, management, utilization and market research and development

9 State Programs Southeast Michigan Resource Conservation and Development District Ash Utilization Options Project Illinois EAB Wood Utilization Team Focused on developing an understanding of infestation and wood utilization for arborists, sawyers, woodworkers, intermediaries and endusers Photos courtesy of

10 Wood Utilization (2/4/13)

11 Gypsy Moth Photo courtesy Daniel Herms,

12 Asian Longhorned Beetle Michael Smith, USDA ARS Affects a range of hardwood species Maple, birch, Ohio buckeye, elm, horse chestnut, others. Areas of infestation New York, Chicago, Massachusetts, New Jersey and Ohio Considered eradicated in Chicago as of 2008

13 Thousand Cankers Disease New threat to eastern black walnut Caused by the walnut twig beetle and a fungus it carries Located in the East (Knoxville, TN) in 2010, and now PA and VA. New quarantines established limiting green walnut Key web portal (Purdue and USFS) Whitney Cranshaw,

14 Part Two Basic Wood Properties of Hardwoods Affected by Invasive Species

15 Objective To assist users by providing a starting point for gathering important technical information for wood from trees infested by invasive species To provide basic information on important characteristics

16 Focus Eastern hardwood species Ash, birch, elm, horse chestnut, maple, oak, willow Characteristics, properties of primary importance for use/products

17 Technical Information 1. Common and scientific names, descriptions of species/groupings, micrographs of cross sections. 2. Characteristics-- grain, texture, decorative features (color, figure)

18 Technical Information (cont.) 3. Moisture content-green wood, heartwood and sapwood 4. Shrinkage characteristicstransverse, volumetric, longitudinal 5. Working qualities -- planing, shaping, turning, boring, mortising, splitting (nail, wood screw)

19 Technical Information (cont.) 6. Density, specific gravity 7. Decay resistance 8. Mechanical properties-modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, side hardness, compression perpendicular to the grain

20 Part Three Market and Utilization Options for Ash Logs, Lumber and Other Products

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22 Trees Traverwood Branch Library Courtesy Ann Arbor District Library

23 Lumber TrueNorth Woods SE Michigan RC&D Council

24 Lumber Details Green or Dry lumber 4/4 8/4 thicknesses 2 10 in. widths Grade: NHLA grades (FAS, No 1, 2A and 3A Common Clear to character American Hardwood Export Association Appalachian Hardwood Association Hardwood Distributers Association Hardwood Manufacturers Association National Hardwood Lumber Association Wood Component Manufacturers Association Wood Products Manufacturers Association

25 Veneer Quality requirements high Round, straight, sound Free of large knots and bark distortions Centered heart, uniform color Extreme caution for metal contamination Trade Associations Architectural Woodwork Institute Composite Panel Association Hardwood Plywood & Veneer Association

26 Furniture Residential and commercial product lines Most furniture is clear cuttings, solid wood Increasing amounts of veneered surfaces Custom and unique designs American Home Furnishings Alliance American Woodwork Institute Appalachian Hardwood Manufacturers Business and Institutional Furniture Manufacturers Association Hardwood Manufacturers Association Hardwood Plywood and Veneer Association National Home Furnishings Association Wood Component Manufacturers Association Wood Products Manufacturers Association

27 Furniture designed by Charles and Ray Eames, Herman Miller Collection, Room & Board Kurt Vannucci

28 Cabinetry Both solid and veneered products Visual appearance resembles oak Clear and rustic grades often used Large and small manufacturers Cabinets now used throughout home and garage Cabinet Manufacturers Association Kitchen Cabinet Manufacturers Association Douglas Remodeling

29 Millwork Produced mostly from solid lumber, increasing amounts of veneer Moldings, paneling, doors, mantles Architectural Woodwork Institute Association of Millwork Distributors US Green Building Council Weaber, Inc. and the American Hardwood Information Center

30 Thank you!

31 Scott Wothe

32 Flooring Solid strip, plank or engineered 2 ¼ to 8+ inches wide 9/16 to ¾ inch thick Clear and character grades Unfinished and prefinished Hardwood Manufacturers Association National Wood Flooring Association Wood Floor Covering Association Armstrong Hardwood Flooring and the American Hardwood Information Center

33 Biomass Firewood Small and large scale producers Chips, Residues Potential use in composites and paper production Wood pellets or direct burning Mulch Biomass Thermal Energy Council Composite Panel Association Heating the Midwest with Renewable Biomass Mulch and Soil Council National Firewood Association Northeast Biomass Thermal Working Group Pellet Fuel Institute TAPPI

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35 Pallets, Shipping Containers, and Railroad Ties Large volume consumers of hardwood lumber Currently 60% of eastern hardwood market 23+ million ties in 2015 Green, kiln-dried, and heat treated options Ties are preservative treated American Wood Protection Association Canadian Pallet Council National Wooden Pallet and Container Association Railway Tie Association

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37 Sporting Goods Toughness, durability and ability to bend are key White ash still about 50% of the baseball bat market New opportunities like lacrosse, hockey National Sporting Goods Association Sporting Good Manufacturers Association

38 Specialty Products Tool handles, bowls, picture frames, boxes, gunstocks, game boards, and others Some products require defect free, others desire rustic Traditional marketed at shows, now the internet (etsy.com)

39 Calla Wood Creations Jerry s Woodworks Rick Siewert Woodsong Hill Unwanted urban trees become retail gold at Mpls. wood shop, MPR.org story, Jan 28, 2013

40 Engineered Materials and Components Engineered wood components are a rapidly growing sector Significant research has been completed on sugar and red maple in trusses documented in Undervalued Hardwood for Engineered Materials and Trusses 2005

41 Marketing Urban Wood in Michigan Jessica Simons Wood Utilization Options for Urban Trees

42 Part IV Heat Treatment of Wood for Invasive Species Xiping Wang USDA Forest Products Laboratory WERC Webinar: Wood Utilization Options for Urban Trees Infested by Invasive Species January 31, 2013

43 Outline of Part IV Factors affecting heat treatment Heating source Heating medium Air circulation Heat treatment of wood packaging materials Heat treatment of firewood

44 Heat treatment standards ISPM 15 Guidelines for regulating wood packaging materials in international trade Require holding a core temperature of 133 ⁰F for a minimum of 30 min. Heat treatment standard for EAB Current Federal regulation: 140⁰F/60 min. (160 ºF/75 min. prior to Jan 2011)

45 Challenges Higher heating standard (140⁰ F/60 min) Heating schedules developed for WPM are not acceptable for treating firewood Lack or insufficient heating facility (particular for small firewood producers) Lack temperature monitoring and verification capability

46 Recent Research (FS WERC Grant) FPL-GTR-187 FPL-GTR-200

47 Certification Process Request for certification To local PPQ/EAB personnel Submit plan for review On-site certification test Calibrating temp sensors Thermal mapping Conducting test run Issue compliance agreement Recertification annually

48 Heat Treatment Operating Procedures