Plant Pest Diagnosis, Apps and EAB Management Tools. Cliff Sadof Department of Entomology Purdue University Indiana Arborist Meeting January 2013

Transcription

1 Plant Pest Diagnosis, Apps and EAB Management Tools Cliff Sadof Department of Entomology Purdue University Indiana Arborist Meeting January 2013

2 Overview The diagnostic process Purdue Tree Doctor Emerald ash borer toolbox update

3 Theoretical Approach to Diagnosis (What you think about) Normal vs Abnormal Symptoms of Abnormality Pattern of Abnormality Where on plant, Pattern in landscape Sign of Causal Agent Calling card of the problem maker Insect Disease Abiotic

4 Operational Steps to Diagnosing Plant Damage (How you do it) 1 Define the Problem 2 Look for Patterns 3 Look for Continuing Development 4 The Fork in the Road: Biotic or Abiotic? 5 Narrow the Possibilities 6 Check references

5 Overview: Steps to Diagnosing Plant Damage Treat plant problem diagnosis is a process of elimination. Or... Get closer to what the problem IS by figuring out what it s NOT

6 Overview: Steps to Diagnosing Plant Damage 1 Define the Problem 2 Look for Patterns 3 Look for Continuing Development 4 The Fork in the Road: Biotic or Abiotic? 5 Narrow the Possibilities 6 Check references

7 Step One: Define the Problem Identify the plant. May need to know the cultivar! What is wrong with The honey-locust to the left?

8 Step One: Define the Problem Establish what is normal for this species or cultivar at this time of year.

9 Is this Normal? Where is Abnormality?

10 APRIL TO JUNE Pattern of Abnormality NOT Caused by Pest * Browning of needles on the side of trees facing the road. These needles generally drop and new buds usually develop normally. * Pests that cause similar symptoms: Winter injury on most conifers, Brown spot needle blight on Scotch pine, Dothistroma needlecast on Austrian pine, Lophodermium and Cyclaneusma needlecast on Scotch pine

11 Pattern of Biotic (Pest) Disorder Host= Spruce Location- Leaves Symptom Defoliation Pattern - Clumped

12 Insect Sign

13 Pattern of Disease Disorder Host = Crabapple Signs = Discolored Leaves Pattern = Clumped Symptoms = Rust spores Diagnosis= Cedar Apple Rust

14 Diagnosing Plant Disorders (recap of classic approach) Normal vs. abnormal Symptoms of abnormality Pattern of abnormality Sign of causal agent Recognizing problems by plant part

15 Diagnosing Plant Disorders Purdue Tree Doctor Approach Normal vs. abnormal Part of plant that is abnormal Match photo abnormal part with photo Confirm diagnosis with description and photos of signs and symptoms Review life cycle or biology Get management recommendations

16 $1.99 Purdue Tree Doctor Janna Beckerman, Cliff Sadof David McClure and Eileen Luke Identify tree problems with over 1000 high resolution photos Diagnose and manage over 175 tree problems on over 60 kinds of trees Search information by tree or by pest. Improve communication between professionals and their customers Works on I-Phone, I-Touch, I-Pad

17 Purdue Tree Doctor- Mobile App Database driven diagnostic tool I-Phone, I-Touch, I-Pad for $1.99 Resident on device (250 gigs) Android version to be out in Spring followed by Hi-Def version for tablets Flower Doctor in the works followed by Shrub and Vine Doctor Platform independent database allows flexibility to meet future needs

18 Demo The diagnostic process The Tree Doctor diagnostic process Examples with crabapple Apple scab on crabapple Japanese beetles on crabapples Emerald Ash Borer Resources EAB Updates EAB Cost Calculator 2.0 plus NABB E-Learning tools Online course EAB University

19 Situation and Management for Green Industry Professionals Annemarie M. Nagle & Dr. Cliff Sadof, Purdue Entomology Phil Marshall, Indiana DNR An e-learning course presented by: Latest update: January 2013

20 Timeline of EAB Destruction 1-3 years to kill each ash tree Number of trees dying doubles yearly 4-5 years from first significant injury until all are dead Difficulty of detection shortens your window of opportunity

21 Why you have to take charge Trees are valuable Insecticides can protect trees

22 Aesthetic Benefits 22 DBH Ash DBH= Diameter of Trunk at 4.5 ft above the soil line.

23 $ Value of 22 DBH Ash

24 Insecticides Can Protect Trees Product Time of Year Other Considerations ab Imidacloprid Dinotefuran Spring (early April to mid-may) Fall (October to November) Spring (early May to mid-june) Spring treatments more effective than those in fall (up to 20 ) Soil injection or trunk sprays equally effective up to 16 DBH Emamectin benzoate Bud-break** to mid-june Mid-Summer to Fall color Spring 2012 treatments will kill this year s egg laying beetles Mid-Summer /Fall applications will kill next year s beetles (8 to 25 DBH) a Applications are timed so that enough insecticide is in the leaves to kill EAB adults that feed on leaves before they have laid most of their eggs b Trees must be actively transpiring to take up these products

25 Tactic Update From Dan Herms, the Ohio State University

26 Imidacloprid Soil Drenches (Herms OSU) DBH Trees 1. Merit 2F, 1.4 g ai / inch DBH, spring 2. Merit 2F, 1.4 g ai / inch DBH, fall 3. Xytect 75WP, 1.4 g ai / inch DBH, fall 4. Xytect 75WP, 2.8 g ai / inch DBH, spring 5. Xytect 75WP, 2.8 g ai / inch DBH, fall

27 Annual Imidacloprid Soil Drenches (14-20 inch DBH) (Herms OSU)

28 Emamectin Benzoate: duration of control at different rates (DBH: ) Emamectin benzoate (Tree-äge) 0.1 g ai / inch DBH (2.5 ml / inch - low) 0.2 g ai / inch DBH (5 ml / inch med) 0.4 g ai / inch DBH (10 ml / inch med / high) 0.8 g ai / inch DBH (20 ml / inch -high) Treat in 2006 Evaluate yearly (Dan Herms OSU).

29 Tree-äge rate study (20-25 inch DBH) (OSU)

30 16 trees treated per treatment; 8 w/ mean DBH= 8.5 and 8 w/ mean DBH= 16.5

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32 Product Comparison- How does the Wedgle work relative to others? (avg DBH = 11 in) 1. Untreated control 2. Pointer, 2 ml / 4 inch circum 3. TREE-äge, 0.2 g ai (5 ml) / inch DBH 4. Xytect 75WP, 2.8 g ai / inch DBH

33 Comparison of Systemic Insecticide Products for Control of EAB

34 Which Tree Would You Want??? Pointer TREE-äge

35 EAB Insecticide Summary Product Time of Year Other Considerations ab Imidacloprid Dinotefuran Spring (early April to mid-may) Fall (October to November) Spring (early May to mid-june) Spring treatments more effective than those in fall (up to 20 ) Soil injection or trunk sprays equally effective up to 16 DBH Emamectin benzoate Bud-break** to mid-june Mid-Summer to Fall color Spring 2012 treatments will kill this year s egg laying beetles Mid-Summer /Fall applications will kill next year s beetles (8 to 25 DBH) a Applications are timed so that enough insecticide is in the leaves to kill EAB adults that feed on leaves before they have laid most of their eggs b Trees must be actively transpiring to take up these products

36 Warm spring = Earlier flight Indianapolis, IN Growing Degree Day Accumulations from January 1 1 Year March 31 April 15 May 15 Date of 450DD April May May May 17 1 Growing Degree Days (GDD) are a standard measure of warmth using a base temperature of 50 F Adult EAB begin to emerge between at 450 and 500 GDD using a base of 50 F. Optimal application dates put insecticides in the leaves to kill adults before most eggs are laid.

37 Degree Days are Online Now!!!

38 Impacts hot dry summer Slowed transpiration rate Premature leaf drop Reduced defenses against borers Problem was worse on trees planted too deeply

39 All Systemics Need Water Soil drench Trunk sprays Trunk injection Water carries the pesticide

40 Impacts of Drought on EAB Untreated trees more susceptible to damage Treated trees needed to have adequate moisture through July to kill adults and larvae Treatment failures likely if products applied to dry ground or if ground dried out before mid July

41 EAB Invasion Wave and Protection Needs Percentage of Maximum 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Management Phase Aggressive Maintenance Affected Ash EAB Time (Years) Cusp Crest Post Crest * Assumes doubling of affected ash and EAB yearly during growth

42 Decline Rate Slow and hard to see at cusp Gives fall sense of security Rapid and dramatic at crest

43 (From Chad Tinkel)

44 $1.1 mil to remove 4500 trees

45 A Tale of Two Cities Ash Decline (Hughes, Ginzel, Sadof, Purcell) Indianapolis Isolated detection in miles from study site (Crest stage in 2010) West Lafayette Detected in 2011 at edge of study site (Cusp stage in 2010) 50 Good (rank=4), Fair (rank=3) and Poor (rank=2) trees identified in Trees scored annually and each city started with average tree ranking of 3

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47 EAB Invasion Wave and Protection Needs Percentage of Maximum 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Lafayette Management Phase Aggressive Indianapolis Chicago Time (Years) Maintenance Cusp Crest Post Crest Affected Ash EAB * Assumes doubling of affected ash and EAB yearly during growth

48 Using the Invasion wave EAB Cost Calculator eabindiana.info!!!

49 Representative Forest with 1200 Ash Trees Number of Ash Trees Ash Tree Inventory (15,150 total in. DBH) ` Tree Size Class (DBH midpoint-inches) Cost of removal and Stump grinding Strategies Replace Unsafe Ash Replace ash as they die Replace All Ash Replace over 8 years Save 50% Treat half the ash and replace the rest over 8 years Treatment Assumptions Costs $3/ in DBH per year Frequency Aggressive = yearly Maintenance = every 3 years Treatments save 95% of trees Annual mortality of replaced or saved tree is 2% Replacement Tree Assumptions Tree Size is 1.25 DBH Trees Cost $400 to purchase, plant and stake

50 Costs 347 Highest annual cost K Lowest annual cost 4 yr Election Cycle

51 Relative Benefits in Forest Size -Treated forest is largest 100% 50%

52 Is early better than later?

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54 Early implementation of treatment lowers annual costs during invasion wave K Start at Year 1 (1% damage) 381 K Start at Year 4 (8% damage) but annual costs are much higher 193 K 123 K

55 Take Home Points Insecticides can create a protective bunker for trees during the invasion wave The cost of replacing ash trees as they die is deceptively comforting at first, budget busting during the exponential death phase Protecting half the trees costs the same but provides more benefits in long run Use EAB Cost Calculator predict costs and get buy in from community

56 EAB_PLANS Simulator

57 Compare 4 scenarios with same 1200 tree forest Assumes trees start dying in 7 years. Runs simulation for 20 years (13 with EAB). Control = do nothing Treatment= Treat all trees Removal = Remove and replace as die Preemptive removal = over 8 yrs No EAB= EAB never arrives

58 Treating trees has highest b/c ratio

59 EAB Decision Guide

60 How to Get Things Moving: Bottom-Up Approach Community outreach program that teams Purdue Master Gardeners, Extension Educators, and neighborhood associations to determine best management practices for ash trees.

61 The NABB Program: Empowering the local community to combat emerald ash borer Purdue s EAB outreach and education program provides tools and training How NABB Works: Purdue Master Gardeners and extension educators receive training and bring expertise to their communities Neighborhood associations organize volunteers and tree tagging events 61

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63 The NABB Program: Tree tags contain contact information and web address for more management info Empowering Indiana s public to combat emerald ash borer Trees tagged in right of way Encourages neighbors to band together to make decisions about their ash trees By acting as a group, they can negotiate better prices and stretch management dollars 63

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65 Visit EABINDIANA.INFO

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67 View Archived Webinars at EAB On Demand