BHUTAN BRIEF ON NATIONAL FOREST INVENTORY NFI. Forestry Department. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

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1 s Forestry Department Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations BRIEF ON NATIONAL FOREST INVENTORY NFI BHUTAN Forest Resources Development Division Rome, June 2007 MAR-SFM Working Paper 13/ 2007

2 Strengthening Monitoring, Assessment and Reporting (MAR) on Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) FAO initiated activities to strengthen Monitoring, Assessment and Reporting on Sustainable Forest Management in January 2006 with the objective to facilitate development of harmonized forest related national monitoring, assessment and reporting (MAR) for contributing directly to the improvement of national sustainable forest management (SFM) regimes. It also aims to catalyze national discussions, analyses, policy actions and planning that promote national SFM regimes besides clarifying the contribution of forests to global environment and to human well-being. This initiative shares the ambition of the Collaborative Partnership on Forests (CPF) about simple, harmonised, efficient and action oriented MAR systems both at international and national levels and thus provides a response to some of the key recommendations made by the CPF tack force on streamlining the reporting on forests with particular focus on national capacity building. The MAR recently updated goals include country capacity building for better, consistent and regularly updated information to facilitate implementation of non-legally binding instrument (NLBI) on SFM, adopted at UNFF 6 (2007) that aims to, Strengthen political commitment and action at all levels to implement effectively sustainable management of all types of forests and to achieve the shared four global objectives ((a) reverse the loss of forest cover worldwide, (b) enhance forest-based economic, social and environmental benefits, (c) increase significantly the area of protected forests worldwide, and (d) reverse the decline in official development assistance for SFM; Enhance the contribution of forests to the achievement of the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, in particular with respect to poverty eradication and environmental sustainability; and Provide a framework for national action and international cooperation. All countries can participate in this initiative, although the actual level and intensity of their involvement may vary among them. The initiative is organized under the Forest Resources Development Service (FOMR) of FAO Forestry Department. The contact persons are: Peter Holmgren, Chief FOMR Kailash Govil, Senior Forestry Officer Monitoring Assessment and Reporting Dan Altrell, Forestry Officer Support to National Forest Assessments Peter.Holmgren@fao.org Kailash.Govil@fao.org Dan Altrell@fao.org DISCLAIMER The MAR-SFM Working Paper Series is designed to reflect the activities and progress of the MAR on SFM programme of FAO. Working Papers are not authoritative information sources they do not reflect the official position of FAO and should not be used for official purposes. Please refer to the FAO forestry website ( for access to official information. The MAR-SFM Working Paper Series provides an important forum for the rapid release of preliminary findings needed for validation and to facilitate the final development of official quality-controlled publications. Should users find any errors in the documents or have comments for improving their quality they should contact Kailash.Govil@fao.org or Dan.Altrell@fao.org. MAR-SFM Working Paper 13/ 2007

3 Brief Note on MAR-SFM Working Paper Series (AP) on NFI- Brief The NFI Brief for a country attempts to provide a bird s eye view of the National Forest inventories (NFI). However, some countries conduct forest inventories at sub-national and or field management unit level. Therefore, this brief presents brief information on the forest inventories in a country at national level, sub-national level and or field management level depending on the available information. It is useful to regularly update our understanding of elements and specifications of forest inventories because the information generated by forest inventories is simply manifestation of its span, design and methods to collect and analyse the primary information during its implementation. This is important because the NFI provides information on the state and trends of forest resources, their goods and services, and other related variables that support and many time define the policy and trade decisions, science and field initiatives, national and international reporting, and direct and indirect contribution of forests to society like poverty alleviation. Regular updates are necessary because countries do change the set of elements, their specifications, designs and methods over period of time to address new emerging demands and to take advantage of new technologies. The purpose of developing the NFI-briefs is, therefore, to document (working paper) the current and historical span of elements (variables or fields), their specifications, sampling designs and methods used in NFI. The document may serve as data source as well as reference material. These briefs have been initially developed on the basis of the country submission to FAO. The initial draft of this report was sent to following national focal point for review and country validation before its finalisation. A. National Focal Point Name Dr. Dhan Bahadur Surname Dhital Institute Forest Resources Development Division Position Joint Director Address Thimphu Bhutan Telephone Fax db_dhital@moa.gov.bt 2 dhandhital@yahoo.co.in B. Compilation and Supervision This report has been compiled by Mr. Marco Piazza under supervision of Dr. Kailash Govil, Senior Forestry Officer, MAR. iii

4 Table of Contents GENERAL INFORMATION... 2 LAND AREA AND LAND USES... 2 FORESTS... 3 BRIEF HISTORY OF FOREST INVENTORIES... 4 Sampling Design for Phase I... 5 Sampling Design for Phase II... 5 NATIONAL FOREST INVENTORY DESIGN... 9 Management Forest Inventory... 9 Sampling Design... 9 Plot description...10 Data Recording on Sample Plots...11 Data Processing...13 Operational Level Forest Inventory...13 CONTENT AND METHODOLOGY OF DATA COLLECTION IN NFI...14 Geo-physical...14 Bio-Physical...14 Forest extent...14 Forest characteristics (Naturalness) and forest type...15 Use (designated functions) of forests...15 Social Services...15 Mapping of forest distribution...16 Status of the forest and disturbances affecting forest health and vitality...16 Biodiversity...16 Beneficiaries of forest goods and services...17 Economic value...17 Policy, legal and institutions (PLI) framework...18 BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND REFERENCES FOR FURTHER READING...19 List of Figures Figure 1: Map of Bhutan Figure 2. Country area and delineation of Inventory phases ( ) Figure 3. Sampling used for Phase I inventory Figure 4. Sampling Design used for Phase II III and IV Figure 5. Size and shape of the sample plots List of Tables Table 1. Categorisation and projection of land use in Bhutan for 1990, 2000 and 2005 Table 2. Area of different forest types of Bhutan Table 3. History of Assessments Table 4: Specifications for the constituents concentric sub-plots of the sampling unit Annexes: 1. Forest Management Inventory: Compass Sheet 2. Forest Management Inventory: Tally Sheet (2a and 2b) 3. Form - Stand and Stock Table Number of trees per hectare 4. Form - Stand and Stock Table- Basal area per hectare 5. Form - Stand And Stock Table Volume per hectare 1MAR-SFM Working Paper 13/2007

5 General Information The Kingdom of Bhutan is a landlocked Asian Nation located in the eastern Himalayan zone of Asia between to east longitude and between to north latitude. It measures roughly 300 kilometres (E-W) by 150 kilometres (N-S). Bhutan is bordered to the north by China (Tibet) and to the east, west and south by India. Its capital and largest city is Thimphu. Figure 2: Map of Bhutan (Source: Land Area and Land uses The total geographical area of the country as per FAOSTAT is 47,000 square kilometres. However as per the Land Cover figures of Bhutan, 1995 (National figures, Ministry of Agriculture, Royal Government of Bhutan) the total area of the country is 40,077 square kilometres 1 and the following Table presents the categorisation and projection of land use in Bhutan for 1990, 2000 and 2005 (FRA 2005). Table 3. Categorisation and projection of land use in Bhutan for 1990, 2000 and 2005 Area (1000 hectares) FRA 2005 Categories Forest Other wooded land Other land Inland water bodies TOTAL Note: The total area of the country, as per Land Cover figures of Bhutan (National figures, Ministry of Agriculture, Royal Government of Bhutan) is 4007 (000 ha). The country would like to maintain this for reporting. However to satisfy FRA 2005 guidelines, following calibration has been done only for the purposes of FRA The country would like to maintain this figure for reporting. However based on FRA 2005 guidelines, following calibration has been done only for the purpose of FRA MAR-SFM Working Paper 13/2007

6 Forests The flora of Bhutan is very rich because of the great range of altitudinal variation and zones. The total forest area of the country is estimated at 2.90 million ha (including scrub) and 2.6 million hectares if scrub forest is excluded (Table 2). The forest area figures shown in Table 1 above (FRA 2005) have been derived by proportionately stretching the following areas by a factor of about to match the total area of the country (see note below Table 1) which have been reported to FRA 2005 below and to the FAOSTAT which is the global database for land cover. The major forests types are broadleaved (34.3 percent) while the rest is conifer ( 26.5 percent). The details are given in Table 4. Table 4. Area of different forest types of Bhutan Landuse category 1989(LUSS) (in 1000 ha.) Fir Mixed conifer Blue pine Chir pine Conifer + broadleaf Broadleaf Plantation 6.40 Sub Total Scrub Pasture Horticulture 5.80 Settlement 3.10 Others Agriculture Water spreads Total Source: Land Use Planninng Project (LUPP, 1995). Ministry of Agriculture, Thimpu, Bhutan All the land in Bhutan which is not explicitly registered as private land has been declared to be government reserved forests. The natural, ecological and climatic conditions of Bhutan favour the forests as dominant form of land use. Due to both cultural and physical remoteness, Bhutan has retained much of the natural vegetation, hence has a relatively intact natural forest cover. Also due to a low population base, forest exploitation has been kept to a minimum, a condition greatly in Bhutan s favours for moving towards sustainable use of natural resources. Bhutan ranks in the top ten percent of the world's countries with the greatest species diversity (species richness per unit area). It has the highest percentage of land under Protected Area system and the greatest proportion of forest cover compared to any Asian country. Many ecologists believe that Bhutan represents the last best chance for the conservation of biodiversity in the Eastern Himalayas, a region of critical importance. Bhutan has another distinction among developing countries in that it has allocated 26.3 percent of its geographical area to 4 National Parks, 3 Wildlife Sanctuaries and 1 strict Nature Reserve, even while it is using loans to augment its financial resources for development. 3MAR-SFM Working Paper 13/2007

7 The forests in Bhutan are generally managed under many variations of the following five basic silvicultural systems: (a) selection-cum-improvement system for both broadleaved and conifer forests, (b) seed tree system for chir pine and blue pine, (c) group selection system for mixed conifer and spruce forests, (d) patch felling system and planting and (e) fir management system. The forests vary significantly among Forest Management Units, leading to the variations in the contents and depth of forest management plans. Brief history of Forest Inventories There have been three nation wide (or near-nation wide) landuse studies. The first was conducted about 25 years ago with the support from the Government of India. This exercise was carried between and covered roughly 70 percent of the country. Different landuses including the forest types were identified from the examination of aerial photographs that were taken, for the most part, in This Inventory was carried out in four phases, viz; Phase I, II, III and IV. (see figure 2). In all the phases cluster sampling was used with some modification in the subsequent phases. Figure 2. Country area and delineation of Inventory phases ( ) Source: FRDD, DOF. In 1980 another national forest inventory was conducted with the financial and technical support from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The report titled Report on remote sensing land use and vegetation mapping was published in The inventory was carried out through the analysis of three Landsat Images taken in which covered 97 percent of the country. Landuses and the vegetation type maps were produced at a scale of 1:250,000. Again in 1992 another national level inventory was conducted as part of the preparation of Master Plan for Forestry Development of Bhutan with support from DANIDA. The report was published in This study utilized panchromatic SPOT images for the identification of landuses and vegetation types. The SPOT imageries were taken in 1989 at a scale of 1:50,000. They covered over 90 percent of the country. A brief description of the design of the first national forest inventory is presented below: 4MAR-SFM Working Paper 13/2007

8 Figure 3. Sampling used for Phase I inventory Figure 2 Figure Block center 8 1km Block center 3 6 km 7 1 km 4 Block center 6 km 6 5 Cluster center 100 m 100 m Sample point Cluster center Figure 3 Phase I Source: FRDD Sampling Design for Phase I The phase I of the Inventory was conducted in the north western part of the country. The sample blocks were systematically spaced 6 km x 6 km (grid km). Each sampling block consisted of four sampling clusters with two sampling points at each cluster. The cluster centres were located around the block centre in north, east, south and west direction at a distance of one kilometre from the block centre. Each cluster had two sample points situated at 100 meters from the cluster centre. The sample points were serially numbered from 1 to 8 in a clockwise direction starting from the western sample point of the northern cluster (see figure 3 for details). Sampling Design for Phase II Two point single cluster sampling was adopted for this phase. This inventory was conducted in in the southern, central and eastern part of the country. The design used was slight modification from phase I sampling design. The clusters were spaced at 3 km x 3 km distance. Each cluster had two sample points situated at 100 meters from the cluster centre, in northsouth direction. The cluster centres were marked on 1:50,000 grided map sheets with random start and identified by serial numbers and grid reference of the map sheet. The details of the sampling design is given in figure 4. 5MAR-SFM Working Paper 13/2007

9 Figure 4. Sampling Design used for Phase II III and IV c.c. Cluster centre Sample point 100 m 3 KM c.c 3KM Cluster centre 100 m North Sample point Phase II, III and IV 6MAR-SFM Working Paper 13/2007

10 Table 3. History of Assessments Ground Publication Year 1 Title2 Institution 3 Inv. Year(s) Forest Development in Bhutan RS Land Use and Vegetation Mapping 1991 Plantation Records of Bhutan, 1992 Bhutan Distribution of landuse and Vegetation types Forest Dept. Thimpu, Bhutan and FAO Social Forestry and Afforestation Sect. Dept. For. Thimpu, Bhutan Forest Dept. Thimpu, Bhutan and DANIDA Remote Sensing Country Estimation Data Scale of Level 7 Coverage Year(s) 5 Interpretation 6 (Full/Partial, %) 8 1:250,000 National Full 1977, Landsat Images (1:250,000; 1:500,000; 1:100,000) 1989 SPOT 1 Images (1:50,000) National Partial (93 %) National Partial (Plantation only) Partial (77 out of 81 topo sheets for Bhutan) Thematic cover** NF, PL, OWL, FAC, PA, FO PL (Age, Area, Location, main species) NF, PL, OWL, FAC, FO; forest area classified into 2 crown cover classes: 60%>, <60%) 1996 National Re-afforestation Strategy for Bhutan 1997 Atlas of Bhutan / Land Use Planning Project (LUPP) 1999 GIS data with Forest Dept GIS dataset of WWF GIS cell, Bhutan Forest Services Div., Ministry of Agric. Thimpu, Bhutan Ministry of Agriculture, Thimpu, Bhutan Forest Dept. Thimpu, Bhutan 1999 Partial (Plantation only) WWF, Thimpu, Bhutan 1994 (LUPP) 1:100,000 District Full 1:250,000 National Full 1:100,000 District 1:250,000 National 1:50,000 GIS cell National Full (81 toposheets) Partial: Protected areas, 2 Nat. parks PL (Age, Area,) broad land cover classes; NF, PL, OWL, FO NF, PL, OWL, PA,FO; NF, PL, OWL, PA, BD, FO 1999 Field Inventory of Different FMUs 2000 Development of method to link remote sensing technology and GIS Forest Resources Dev. Section, of Forest Dept. Thimpu, Bhutan Japan Forest Technical Association and Dept. of Forestry Services, Min. of Agriculture, Bhutan FMU NF, PL, OWL, TV, CV, FO, WSP Landuse and forest types **Legend: NF=Natural Forest; PL=Plantations; OWL=Other Wooded land; FAC=Forest Area Change; TV=Total Volume; TB=Total Biomass; CV=Commercial Value; PA=Protected Areas; BD=Biodiversity; FO=Forest Ownership; WSP=Wood Supply Potential; NWGS=Non-wood Goods and services; TOF=Trees outside of forest; FF=Forest Fires 7MAR-SFM Working Paper 13/2007

11 Legend: [1] Publication Year - Year in which the assessment was published [2] Title - Title of the assessment [3] Institution - Institution(s) responsible for the Assessment [4] Ground Inventory Year(s) - Year or Interval of years during which the field inventory has been carried out [5] Remote Sensing Data Year(s) - Year(s) of the Remote Sensing Images [6] Remote Sensing Scale of Interpretation - Scale of Remote Sensing Images (e.g. 1:250,000) [7] Estimation Level - Whether the Assessment was at National, Sub-national, District, Management Unit, etc. level [8] Country Coverage (Full / Partial, %) - Amount of country area covered by the assessment (e.g. full, partial). If partial, indicated by % of total area 8MAR-SFM Working Paper 13/2007

12 National Forest Inventory Design In Bhutan forest inventories are conducted at three different levels, viz; (i) National Forest Inventory (ii) Forest Management Inventory and (iii) Operational Inventory. The designs, methodologies and the type data collected in each of these inventories are described hereunder: Management Forest Inventory The management forest inventory, in Bhutan, is conducted at the Forest management Unit (FMU) level which is basically a sub-national level or small forest area in coverage. The Department of Forest conducts this inventory for preparing forest management plans for Forest Management Units. Systematic sampling with random start is followed. In total there are 18 FMUs covering a forest area of about 170,000 hectares. These FMUs are distributed in 12 out of 20 districts (Dzongkhags). The forest management inventories are repeated at an interval of 10 years covering the entire production area of a Forest Management Unit. Sampling Design While designing the inventory, the following points are considered: (i) the objectives of the inventory; (ii) the accuracy desired; (iii) the extent and nature of the area; (iv) condition of the forests and; (v) costs. Based on the above-mentioned points, the forest management inventories are designed with the following objectives: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) to provide a relatively accurate overview of the growing stock and regeneration potential of the natural forest in the area, according to major forest types; To give an overview of the general site characteristics of the natural forest, in terms of soils, non-tree vegetation and use by local people; to provide an indication of timber quality in the different forest types; to furnish essential data on tree height to enable the construction of local volume tables for the main species; Therefore, in order to capture the above mentioned information, the design and field works are geared accordingly to collect the following information: (i) species found in the area; (ii) stand types; (iii) volume per hectares; (iv) basal area per hectares; (v) periodic annual increment per hectare, (vi) site condition of the area. Because of the difficult terrain, the management inventories are designed aiming at sampling error of ± 10 percent at confidence level of 95 percent. The numbers of sample plots are calculated using the formula given below: 9MAR-SFM Working Paper 13/2007

13 n = ( t 2 * CV 2 )/SE% 2. Where: Plot description n = number of sample plots required, t = t distribution ( at df = a, p= 0.05) CV percent = Coefficient of variation (The average value of coefficient of variation is taken to be 85 percent). SE percent = Sampling error (SE percent was taken to be 10 percent). The sample plot laid out in the field for collecting the data is a combination of 3 overlapping circular sub-plots as shown in figure 5. Figure 5. Size and shape of the sample plots Major plot Minor plot Regeneration plot Source: FRDD The outer circle has a radius of metres, the middle circle has a radius of 5.64 metres and the inner-most circle has a radius of 3.57 metres. The specifications for the constituents concentric sub-plots of the sampling unit are given in Table 4. 10MAR-SFM Working Paper 13/2007

14 Table 4. Specifications for the constituents concentric sub-plots of the sampling unit Sub-plot radius(m) area (m 2 ) area (ha.) dbh of 'in' trees Regeneration , taller than 1.30 m. Minor cm. Major cm. Source: FRDD Data Recording on Sample Plots At each sample plot the following data is recorded. The tally sheets used for recording the data are given in annex 1, 2(a) and 2(b). Plot identification (i) Name of the inventory unit (ii) Plot number (iii) Any special observations (iv) Altimeter reading (v) Land use type (vi) Canopy height (vii) Canopy closure (viii) Accessibility. Site Characteristics (i) Aspect (ii) Stand condition (iii) Non-tree vegetation (iv) Sign of commercial wood extraction (v) Sign of domestic wood extraction (vi) Sign of grazing (vii) Fire (viii) Shifting cultivation etc. etc 11MAR-SFM Working Paper 13/2007

15 Soil (i) Stoniness cover (ii) Depth litter + humus (iii) Top soil colour (iv) Top soil moisture (v) Top soil texture Wildlife Wildlife observation is done only in the major plots for: (i) Identification of the different species of animals; or (ii) Recording the evidence of a particular species based on the signs. Regeneration The regeneration is recorded on the regeneration plots only. Recording is done for 1.30 metres height and up to 9cm. dbh. of the commercially valuable species. Selection of Trees for Measurement After recording general plot information, as described above, and field verification that the plot is accessible and falling in the natural forest, the other data are collected from the measurement of live trees having a dbh of 10 cm. and more. Diameter measurement Diameters at breast height (dbh) of all the sample trees are measured at 1.30 metres height from the ground level using the diameter tapes. Height measurement Total tree height measurement is done only in the special plots. Every 4 th plot is identified as the special plot. The heights of the trees are measured using the clinometers and entered in the tally sheets. Other Forest Characteristics Other forest characteristics collected during inventory include: (i) Forest Zoning based on functions, (ii) main forest function groups like Soil Conservation, Water and Watershed Conservation, Social Functions, Nature Conservation, (iii) Road Buffer and (iv) Socio Economic Data. 12MAR-SFM Working Paper 13/2007

16 Data Processing The data collected in the field are raw data and area processed through a number of steps before they are ready as an inventory report. The compilation and processing are done using the tailor-made <PLOT> data processing software developed especially for Forest Resources Development Division, Department of Forests. The following steps are followed while processing the inventory data. 1. Data entry in the <PLOT> Program 2. Manual data correction in the computer 3. Data validation in the <PLOT> 4. Preliminary stratification 5. Final stratification and calculation of the result 6. Preparation of local volume table 7. Printing of inventory result Operational Level Forest Inventory Besides the two levels of inventories described above, operational inventory is also carried out in the compartment or sub-compartment of the Forest Management Units. Each compartment or sub-compartment is inventoried once during the preparation of the annual operational plan (OP) for the compartment or sub-compartment. The following information are collected: (a) tree height (b) diameter of the tree and other site information like (i) species found in the area; (ii) stand types; (iii) wildlife information etc. Based on the information collected as mentioned above, the following tables are prepared (i) number of trees per hectare (ii) basal area per hectare and (iii) volume per hectare. The inventory results are tabulated as shown in annexure 3, 4 and 5. 13MAR-SFM Working Paper 13/2007

17 Content and Methodology of data collection in NFI Geo-physical N SN MU Methodology Geo-Coordinates X Field Survey/map (single trees are not geo referenced) Altitude X Field Survey / map Topography X Field Survey / map Orientation (or Aspect) X Field Survey / map Slope X Field Survey / map Soil X Field Survey (A pit of about 30 cm is dug near the plot center) Geological structure X Field Survey / map Rainfall X Record Bio-Physical N SN MU Methodology Number of trees X Field Survey Relascope of BAF 2 (Plot radius factor = ) for dbh (ob) 1 cm. Trees that are not inventoried consist of dead trees and trees having less than 5 cm dbh are ignored. Permanent sample plots are not maintained Diameter of trees X Field Survey Height of trees X Field Survey Length of stem X Field Survey Stump height X Field Survey Age class X Field Survey (plantations only) Branches Twigs Bark Leaves Forest extent N SN MU Methodology Forest land area X Map and Survey Area of forest canopy/crown X Survey cover Area under forest management X Survey, Record Area under formal forest X Record management plan Area under sustainable forest X Record management Forest area with certification Certification not done Area under public owned forest Area under private owned forest X Survey, Record, Consultation 14MAR-SFM Working Paper 13/2007

18 Forest characteristics (Naturalness) and forest type N SN MU Methodology Primary forest X Survey and Record Modified natural forest Semi-natural forest Productive plantation X Survey and Record Protective plantation X Survey and Record Coniferous X Survey Broadleaved X Survey Mixed forest X Survey Forest area by dominant X Survey species (bamboo, mangroves, rubber) Forest area by ecological zone (tropical, subtropical, temperate, boreal, polar) X Survey Use (designated functions) of forests N SN MU Methodology Area of forest under production X Survey, Plans Area of forest for protection of X Survey, Plans soil and water Area of forest for conservation X Survey, Records and Plans of biodiversity Area of forest for social services X Survey Area of forest for multiple X Survey, Plans purpose Forest area available for wood X Survey supply Forest area within protected areas X Survey Social Services Area of forest managed for recreation Area of forest managed for tourism Area of forest used for education Area of forest managed for conservation of cultural/spiritual site N SN MU Methodology X Survey, Records, Map X Survey, Records, Map X Survey, Records, Map X Survey, Records, Map 15MAR-SFM Working Paper 13/2007

19 Mapping of forest distribution N SN MU Methodology Distribution of forests X Remote Sensing Survey Forest Characteristics X Survey, Records Land use X Survey and Map Administrative/political/legal X Survey, Records boundaries Designated functions of forests X Survey, Records Other wooded land X Survey, Records, Map Other land with tree cover X Survey, Records, Map Other land X Survey Status of the forest and disturbances affecting forest health and vitality N SN MU Methodology Disturbance by insects X Survey, Estimation, Record Disturbance by diseases X Survey, Estimation, Record Disturbance by other biotic agents X Survey, Estimation, Record Disturbance by fire Disturbance caused by other abiotic factors X Survey Survey, Estimation, Record Biodiversity N SN MU Methodology Tree species X Survey Shrub species X Survey Herbs species X Survey Endangered species X Survey Critically endangered species X Survey, Record Vulnerable species X Survey, Record Native species X Survey Endemic species X Survey, Record Introduced species X Survey, Record 16MAR-SFM Working Paper 13/2007

20 Beneficiaries of forest goods and services By locality of user (e.g. indigenous/local/national)? By good/service (e.g. timber, fuelwood, NWFP, bamboo/rattan, water, etc) used by them By economic class of the beneficiaries (high, medium, low income) By level of dependency on forest (as percentage of total employment) By physical accessibility to the forest (distance from forest) N SN MU Methodology X Record X Record X Record Economic value N SN MU Methodology Removal of timber X Record, Economic Survey Removal of fuelwood X Record, Economic Survey Removal of other wood X Record, Economic Survey (all types of NWFP products Removal of wood products derived from forest under sustainable management X removed are recorded) Record, Economic Survey Removal of wood products X Record, Economic Survey derived from forest plantations Removal of non wood forest X Record, Economic Survey products Annual allowable cuts/yields X Economic Survey, Estimation Social services X Record Environmental services Employment X Economic Survey, Estimation Support to livelihood of communities Market price/cost of wood in forest Market price/cost of non wood forest products Estimate of value of social services Estimate of value of environmental services Estimate of value of employment Estimate of the contribution of forest sector to national economy X X X X X X Economic Survey, Estimation Info not available Info not available Record Record Record 17MAR-SFM Working Paper 13/2007

21 Policy, legal and institutions (PLI) framework N SN MU Methodology Forest policy X Reports, Documents Forest legislation X Reports, Documents Forest administration X Reports, Documents Forest education and research X Reports, Documents Annual outlay, expenditure, investment in forestry sector X Records, Survey 18MAR-SFM Working Paper 13/2007

22 Bibliographies and References for further reading FAO Forest Resources Assessment Country Report Bhutan. FRA WP 14 FAO Forest Resources Assessment Country Report - Bhutan WP145 Dhital, D.B Forest management planning in Bhutan. Presentation at FAO South Asian Regional Workshop on Planning, Database and Networking for Sustainable Forest Management held May in Thimphu Bhutan. FRA working paper Additional Information Sources FAO/UNEP 1981 Tropical Forest Resources Assessment Project (in the framework of the Global Environment Monitoring System - GEMS) Forest Resources of Tropical Asia. UN 32/ Technical Report 3. Report prepared by FAO/UNEP. Rome. FAO/UNDP Forestry Devlopment in Bhutan. Report on Remote Sensing Land Use and Vegetation Mapping by C.S. Negi. BHU/75/007/1983. Rome. FAO Forest Resources Assessment Country briefs. Rome. Land Use Planning Project (LUPP) The Land Use Mapping of Bhutan 1993 to 1994 Methodology Used and Experiences Gained Summary Report. Sustainable Land Use. Guidelines for Bhutan Vol VII.3. Ministry of Agriculture, Thimphu, Bhutan. Land Use Planning Project (LUPP) Atlas of Bhutan. 1:250,000 - Land cover & area statistics of 20 Dzongkhags. RGOB Land Cover Figures of Bhutan (National figures), Ministry of Agriculture, Royal Government of Bhutan. RGOB Japan Forest Technical Association and Department of Forestry Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Royal Government of Bhutan. 19MAR-SFM Working Paper 13/2007

23 Apr '94 FOREST MANAGEMENT INVENTORY: COMPASS SHEET 1/1 Line Identification 1. inventory unit sheet number 2. from plot 5. crew leader to plot 6. date / / 7. azimuth slope correction Line Description dist (m) slope% dist (m) land use type tree canopy remarks horiz up down slope code height (m) closure (%) 1 <5 <10 <20 < <10 < <5 <10 <20 < <10 < <5 <10 <20 < <10 < <5 <10 <20 < <10 < <5 <10 <20 < <10 < <5 <10 <20 < <10 < <5 <10 <20 < <10 < <5 <10 <20 < <10 < <5 <10 <20 < <10 < <5 <10 <20 < <10 < <5 <10 <20 < <10 < <5 <10 <20 < <10 < <5 <10 <20 < <10 < <5 <10 <20 < <10 < <5 <10 <20 < <10 < <5 <10 <20 < <10 < <5 <10 <20 < <10 < <5 <10 <20 < <10 < <5 <10 <20 < <10 < <5 <10 <20 < <10 < <5 <10 <20 < <10 < <5 <10 <20 < <10 < <5 <10 <20 < <10 < <5 <10 <20 < <10 < <5 <10 <20 < <10 < <5 <10 <20 < <10 < <5 <10 <20 < <10 < <5 <10 <20 < <10 < <5 <10 <20 < <10 < <5 <10 <20 < <10 < <5 <10 <20 < <10 < <5 <10 <20 < <10 < <5 <10 <20 < <10 < <5 <10 <20 < <10 < <5 <10 <20 < <10 < <5 <10 <20 < <10 < <5 <10 <20 < <10 < <5 <10 <20 < <10 < <5 <10 <20 < <10 < <5 <10 <20 < <10 < (sum) 8. Remarks:... Annexure 1 20MAR-SFM Working Paper 13/2007

24 Apr '94 FOREST MANAGEMENT INVENTORY: TALLY SHEET 1/2 Plot Identification 1. inventory unit date / / 2. plot number 7. altimeter 8. land use type 3. special? (Y) (N) 9. canopy height <5 <10 <20 < sheet number 10. canopy closure <10 < crew leader accessible? (Y) (N) (if not, remark) If plot not accessible, or LUT no natural forest/tall bamboo: stop recording here Trees 10+ cm dbh (dbh 30+ cm on major plot, r < m; dbh cm on minor plot, r < 5.64 m) Annexure 2(a) conifer spe tot % log grades rad brk species code dbh cial hgt P A B C I X inc thk Regeneration < 10 cm dbh (1.30 m height - 9 cm dbh of commercial species on regeneration plot, r < 3.57 m) species code nr MAR-SFM Working Paper 13/2007

25 FOREST MANAGEMENT INVENTORY: TALLY SHEET 2/2 Site (observations on major plot) spect 2. azimuth, downhill 13. slope % down 14. slope % up Annexure 2(b) and condition 5. common mistletoe (Y) (N) 17. bark beetle (Y) (N) 6. dwarf mistletoe (Y) (N) 18. dieback fir (Y) (N) on-tree vegetation 9. understorey cover % none <2 <10 < if so, main type moss grass herbs bamboo < 5m shrubs < 2m shrubs 2<5 m 0. bamboo cover % none <2 2+ if so, main type spreading clump dbh (cm) <2 2< cane cover % none <2 2+ if so, dbh (cm) < Daphne cover % none <2 2+ gns of 3. commercial wood extraction (Y) (N) 26. fire (Y) (N) 4. domestic wood extraction (Y) (N) 27. abandoned shifting cultivation (Y) (N) 5. grazing (Y) (N) 28. cardamom cultivation (Y) (N) oil 9. stoniness cover <70x70cm <4x4m <9x9m >=9x9m 0. depth litter+humus (cm) none <2 2< topsoil moisture dry moist permanent-wet 2. topsoil colour dark reddish yellowish 3. topsoil texture sand l.sand s.loam loam clay Wildlife (observations on major plot) species code evidence code general remarks 22MAR-SFM Working Paper 13/2007

26 Stand and Stock Table Number of trees per hectare Annexure 3 1. inventory area 2. stratum 3. nr. of sampling units 4. estimated parameter (report all values to 2 decimals) Dbh class (cm) Species group total % Persea Castonopsis Oak Hard wood total conifer total broadleaf total all species % 23MAR-SFM Working Paper 13/2007

27 Stand and Stock Table- Basal area per hectare Annexure 4 1. inventory area 2. stratum 3. nr. of sampling units 4. estimated parameter (report all values to 2 decimals) Dbh class (cm) Species group total % Persea Castonopsis Oak Hard wood total conifer Persea spp. Castanopsis oak Hard wood total broadleaf total all species % 24MAR-SFM Working Paper 13/2007

28 Stand And Stock Table Volume per hectare Annexure 5 1. inventory area 2. stratum 3. nr. of sampling units 4. estimated parameter (report all values to 2 decimals) Dbh class (cm) Species group total % Persea Castonopsis Oak Hard wood total conifer Persea spp. Castanopsis Oak Hard wood total broadleaf total all species % 25MAR-SFM Working Paper 13/2007