Introduction Methods Results

Transcription

1 North Carolina G. Craig Yencho and Mark E. Clough Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Vernon G. James Research and Extension Center, Plymouth NC Introduction Sixteen round white, five red, and eight russet and long white clones were evaluated in three replicated yield trials at the NCSU VGJREC/NC Department of Agriculture and Consumer Sciences, Tidewater Research Station in Plymouth, NC as part of the NE-3 Northeast Regional Potato Variety Trials Project during 04. Methods The trials were planted in a Portsmouth fine sandy loam soil with a ph of ca. 5.6 on March st. A randomized complete block design with 4 replicates was used for each experiment. Plots consisted of row with 8 hills spaced 9 inches apart. Spacing between rows was 38 inches for both trials. Fertilizer was applied in early March pre-plant: 800 lbs./a 5-5-5, and 0 gal/a The herbicides metribuzin (Sencor DF at lb./a) and metalochlor (Dual Magnum at.5 pt/a) were applied pre-emergence. Insecticide, zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang, oz /A), cyfluthrin (Baythroid oz/a), and cyfluthrin/imidacloprid (Leverage.8 oz/a) was applied postemergence. Fungicide carbamate, (Penncozeb lbs/a) was applied post emergence. The trials were harvested without vine killing. The plots were dug using a two-row John Deere potato harvester modified to dig one row. The red trial was harvested on July 0 th ( days after planting (DAP)), the white trial on July st ( DAP) and the russet and long white trial was dug on July 3 th (4 DAP). The harvested potatoes were graded to five classes: s < 7/8 ; s > 7/8 to / ; 3 s > / to 3 /4 ; 4 s > 3 /4 to 4 ; 5 s > 4. Culls were removed and weighed separately in both trials. After grading and weighing, 40 marketable tubers (0 tubers/replication) were sampled randomly from each entry, cut, and scored for the presence or absence of hollow heart, heat necrosis and any other internal defects. Random sub-samples of marketable tubers were then obtained from each replication and bulked by clone to provide samples for specific gravity readings and chipping. Specific gravity was determined using the weight-in-air/weight-in-water method. Chip ratings were done at the TRS/VGJREC with in 48 hrs of harvest. Chips were prepared and rated following the procedures outlined in the Snack Food Association Chipping Potato Handbook (995). Results Planting was within the later part of March that is in the normal timeframe. By this time in March temperatures at planting were cool not cold. Following planting rains were intermittent throughout the season prior to bulking. Largely rainfall was insufficient during the bulking phase and did not increase until late harvest. Harvest was not delayed this year due to and we finished at the TRS on July 3 rd with the Russet/Long White trial being the last harvested. Round White Trial: Ten of the sixteen clones in this trial had greater marketable yield than Atlantic (53 cwt/a), four were significantly higher: Snowden (7 cwt/a), MSQ086-3 (08

2 NE3 Report North Carolina Page cwt/a), NYH5-7 (08 cwt/a) and BNC8-5 (0 cwt/a). Atlantic had a specific gravity of.078 one clone had higher or equal gravity, NY48 (.08). Three clones: AF438-8, Atlantic and Snowden received a chip rating of.5. One clone, BNC8-5, had overall appearance ratings of 7. Three clones expressed internal heat necrosis (IHN) at levels at 0% or greater incidence: MSQ089-3 (35% IHN with a heat necrosis rating (HNR) of 6.), Atlantic (0% with an HNR of 7.) and NY48 (3% IHN with an HNR of 8.0). One clone expressed VR at 0% or greater incidence: Superior (0%). Four clones expressed BC at 0% or greater incidence: BNC8-5 (3%), Snowden (3%), Katahdin (8%) and MSQ086-3 (3%). No other internal defects were expressed at levels of 0% or greater. The most common culls were misshapes, sunscald, soft rot, PVY and common scab. Red Trial: The standard, Chieftain, had a marketable yield of 05 cwt/a and all other clones had lower marketable yields. None clones received an overall appearance score of good (7), CO0980-5R rated better than fair (6). Only Chieftain (50% IHN with an HNR of 6.6) expressed IHN at levels at 0% or greater incidence. No other internal defects were expressed at levels of 0% or greater. Culls were due mostly to soft rot, misshapes, sunscald, growth cracks, silver scurf, secondary growth, common scab and skin blemishes attributed to Rhizoctonia. Russet/Long White Trial: The standard, Russet Norkotah, had a marketable yield of 74 cwt/a. Of the eight clones in the trial six had higher marketable yields and three of those were significantly greater: Dakota Trailblazer (6 cwt/a), AF44-7 (34 cwt/a) and AF430-7 (3 cwt/a). Six clones had an equal or higher specific gravity than Russet Norkotah 37 (.069): AF47- (.08), Dakota Trailblazer (.075), AF430-7 (.07), Shepody (.07), AF47-7 (.070) and Teton Russet (.070). Dakota Trailblazer had the highest overall appearance rating in the trial with a 6 (better than fair). Russet Burbank was the only clone to express internal defects of any kind at levels greater than or equal to 0%, IHN (60% with an HNR of 6.) and BC (33%). No other clones internal defects were expressed at levels of 0% or greater. Culls were mostly soft rot, misshapes, sunscald, growth cracks, secondary growth, common scab, infected lenticels and skin blemishes attributed to Rhizoctonia. Descriptions of Numbered or Recently Released White Clones under NC Conditions AF438-8 has been evaluated for 5 years in 6 trials. Maturity was mid-season and overall appearance was better than fair. Tubers were slightly smaller than medium sized, very round, tan to light brown in color and texture was slightly netted. Marketable yields were % of Atlantic (historically 06%), gravity was.060 (.059 historically), and chip color was excellent (historically excellent). No significant internal defects were recorded. Historically external defects have included growth cracks, heat sprouts, sunscald, soft rot, misshapes and skin blemishes due to Rhizoctonia. AF4640- has been evaluated for 4 years in 4 trials. Maturity was late-season and overall appearance was better than fair. Tubers were medium sized, round to oblong, tan to light brown in color and texture was slightly netted. Marketable yields were 50% of Atlantic (historically 06%), gravity was.067 (.065 historically), and chip color was excellent (historically

3 NE3 Report North Carolina Page 3 excellent). No significant internal defects were recorded. Historically external defects have included, sunscald, soft rot, misshapes common scab and infected lenticels. B833-6 has been evaluated in North Carolina for 5 years in 7 trials. Maturity was medium to late with a better than fair overall appearance. Tubers were medium sized, mostly round, tan to light brown in color and slightly netted. Marketable yields were 68% of Atlantic (93% historically), gravity was.077 (.076 historically), and chip color was excellent (historically excellent). No significant internal defects were recorded. Historically external defects have included common scab, enlarged lenticels, fusarium dry rot, misshapes, secondary growth, sunscald, soft rot and skin blemishes due to Rhizoctonia. BNC8-5 has been evaluated for 7 years in trials and may have potential in North Carolina. It is a late maturing clone with good overall appearance. Tubers have been slightly larger than medium in size, mostly round, tan to light brown in color, and slightly netted. Marketable yields were 9% of Atlantic (% historically), gravity was.07 (.07 historically), and chip color was excellent (historically excellent). No significant internal defects were noted. Historically, external defects have included common scab, fusarium dry rot, misshapes, soft rot, sunscald, tight stolon attachment secondary growth and skin blemishes due to Rhizoctonia. MSQ086-3 has been evaluated in North Carolina for 6 years in 6 trials. Maturity is late and overall appearance is fair. Tubers have been medium size, mostly round, white in color, and moderately smooth. Marketable yields were 03% of Atlantic (86% historically), gravity was.064 (.066 historically), and chip color was good to excellent (historically excellent). Internally both 35% IHN with an HNR of 6. and 3% BC were noted this year. Historically external defects have included soft rot, common scab, growth cracks, misshapes, heat sprouts, secondary growth and skin blemishes due to Rhizoctonia. NY48(NYE06-4) has been evaluated for 4 years in 7 trials. Maturity was mid to late season with fair overall appearance. Tubers were medium sized, mostly round, tan to light brown in color and netted. Marketable yields were 95% of Atlantic (historically 05%), gravity was.08 (.079 historically), and chip scores were exceptional to excellent (historically excellent). Internally, 3% IHN with an HNR of 8.0 was recorded. External defects included soft rot, infected lenticels, misshapes, sunscald and skin blemishes due to Rhizoctonia. NY50(NYF5-) has been evaluated in 4 trials since 00. Maturity is mid-season and overall appearance is less than fair (better than fair historically). Tubers were small, mostly round, white in color, and smooth. Marketable yields were 38% of Atlantic (7% historically), gravity was.075 (.075 historically) and chip scores were good to excellent (historically good). No significant internal defects were recorded. Historically external defects have included soft rot, sunscald, misshapes and skin blemishes due to Rhizoctonia. Rochdale Gold-Doree has been evaluated for 3 years in trials. Maturity is slightly later than mid-season and overall appearance is fair. Tubers were medium sized, round to oblong, buff in color, yellow fleshed (YF), and moderately smooth. Marketable yields were 54% of Atlantic (90% historically), gravity was.07 (.066 historically) and was not chipped. No significant internal defects were recorded. Historically external defects have included growth cracks,

4 NE3 Report North Carolina Page 4 misshapes, secondary growth, soft rot and sunscald. Sebec (AF0338-7) has been evaluated for 9 years in 0 trials and has performed well in North Carolina. Maturity was mid to late and overall appearance was better than fair. Tubers are slightly larger than medium sized, round to oblong, tan to light brown in color, and netted. Marketable yields averaged 54% of Atlantic (94% historically), gravity was.076 (.075 historically), and chip scores were excellent to exceptional (historically excellent). No significant internal defects were recorded. Historically external defects included soft rot, sunscald, secondary growth, star cracking, common scab, black leg, Fusarium dry rot, growth cracks, heat sprouts and skin blemishes due to Rhizoctonia. Descriptions of Numbered or Recently Released Red Clones under NC Conditions B676- has been trialed for 6 years in 6 trials. Maturity was mid season and overall appearance was better than poor (better than fair historically). Tubers were pink, small to medium sized, round to oblong, slightly netted, and flesh color was white. Marketable yields were 5% of Chieftain (65% historically). No internal defects were recorded. Historically external defects included Fusarium dry rot, growth cracks, misshapes, soft rot, sunscald and skin blemishes due to Rhizoctonia. CO0980-5R was evaluated for this first time in NC this year. Maturity was mid to late season and overall appearance was better than fair. Tubers were slightly smaller than medium size, mostly round, moderately smooth, and flesh color was white. Marketable yields were 30% Chieftain. No significant internal defects were recorded. External defects included soft rot and tight stolon attachments. Strawberry Paw(NY36) has been evaluated for 0 years in 3 trials. Maturity was slightly later than mid-season and overall appearance was better than fair. Tubers were round to oblong with shallow eyes, skin color was dark red (almost purple) and white fleshed. Skin set was better than fair, texture was moderately smooth, size is larger than medium. No internal defect were recorded. External defects include soft rot, misshapes, growth cracks, air cracks, sun scald, secondary growth and skin blemishes due to Rhizoctonia. Descriptions of Numbered or Recently Released Russet Clones under NC Conditions AF44-7 has been evaluated for years in trials. Maturity was late and overall appearance was poor. Tubers were medium to large size, mostly long, brown and lightly russeted. Marketable yields were 3% of Russet Norkotah (historically 8%) and gravities were.070 (historically.06). No significant internal defects were noted. External defects include soft rot, misshapes sunscald and secondary growth. AF47- has been evaluated for years in trials. Maturity was slightly later than mid-season and overall appearance was less than fair. Tubers were small to medium size, oblong to long, light brown and partially russeted. Marketable yields were 58% of Russet Norkotah (0%

5 NE3 Report North Carolina Page 5 historically) and gravities were.08 (077 historically). No significant internal defects were noted. External defects include enlarged lenticels and soft rot. AF430-7 has been evaluated for 3 years in 3 trials. Maturity was mid to late and overall appearance was fair. Tubers were brown with light russeting, mostly long shaped and slightly smaller than medium size. Marketable yields were 44% Russet Norkotah (78% historically) and gravity was.07(.069 historically). No significant internal defects were noted. Historically, external defects included enlarged lenticels, heat sprouts, secondary growth, soft rot, sunscald and skin blemishes due to Rhizoctonia. Dakota Trailblazer has been evaluated for 3 years in 3 trials. Maturity was late and overall appearance was fair. Tubers were brown and lightly russeted, shapes were oblong to long and size was slightly larger than medium. Marketable yields were 3% Russet Norkotah (historically 8%) and gravity was.07 (historically.076). No significant internal defects were recorded. External defects included enlarged lenticels, growth cracks, misshapes, soft rot, sunscald and skin blemishes due to Rhizoctonia. Teton Russet was evaluated for this first time in NC this year. Maturity was mid to late season and overall appearance was fair. Tubers were light brown and lightly russeted, shapes were oblong to long and size was medium to large. Marketable yields were 45% of Russet Norkotah and gravity was.070. No significant internal defects were recorded. External defects included soft rot, secondary growth, growth cracks and misshapes.

6 NE3 Report North Carolina Page 6 North Carolina Table. Total and marketable yield, percentage of total yield by size class, specific gravity and chip color of potato clones harvested days after planting at the NCSU VGJREC/NCDA TRS, Plymouth, Washington Co., NC Size Distribution by Class Total Yield Marketable Yield (% of total yield) 7/8 / Specific Chip Clone cwt/a cwt/a % Atl. 's 's 3's 4's 5's Culls to 4" to 4" Gravity 3 Color 4 AF AF Atlantic B BNC Katahdin Kennebec MSQ NY NY NYH Rochdale Gold-Doree Sebec(AF0338-7) Snowden Superior Yukon Gold Grand Mean 05 7 CV(%) 7 36 LSD (k=00) Size classes: s < 7/8 ; s > 7/8 to / ; 3 s > / to 3 /4 ; 4 s > 3 /4 to 4 ; 5 s > 4 Culls = all defective potatoes. Determined by weight in air/water method. 3 Chip Color Ratings conducted by the NCSU Potato Breeding Program at the TRS/VGJREC: = no defects, exceptionally bright; = excellent, bright; 3 = good, light or golden; 4 = dark defects, marginal; 5 = not acceptable.

7 NE3 Report North Carolina Page 7 North Carolina Table. Plant vine type, disease and air pollution scores, maturity at ca. 3 weeks prior to harvest, and external and internal tuber attributes of potato clones harvested days after planting at the NCSU VGJREC/NCDA TRS, Plymouth, Washington Co., NC Plant Data Tuber Data % Internal Defects Clone TYPE DIS POLL MAT CLR TXT TCX TSS SHP EYE SIZE DIS APP HN HNR HH VR BC SR Comments 3 AF SR,PVY AF SR,MS,SS Atlantic SR,SS,8IHN(4-8,-7,-6,-5) B SR,SS BNC SR,SS,SG,MS,IHN(-8) Katahdin SR,MS,IHN(-8) Kennebec SR,CS,MS,IHN(-8) MSQ SR,CS,MS,SG,PVY, 4IHN(-8,4-7,3-6,6-5) NY48 (NYE06-4) SR,IL,5IHN(4-8,-6),CHIP(ID) NY50 (NYF5-) SR,MS NYH SR,IHN(-8) Rochdale Gold-Doree SR,SG,SS,IHN(-8,-7) Sebec(AF0338-7) SR,PVY Snowden SR,MS,DAE,DSE, IHN(-7,-6) Superior SR,PVY Yukon Gold SR,3IHN(-8,-6) NE3 Standard Potato Rating Scores HN=heat necrosis; HNR=average heat necrosis rating (Rating Scale: = very severe to 9 = absent); HH=hollow heart; VR=vascular ring discoloration; BC=brown center 3 Comment codes: AC=air cracks; BR=bruise; BS=black scurf; CPB=colorado potato beetle; CS=common scab; DAE=deep apical eyes; DSE=deep stolen end; EB=early blight; ECB= European corn borer; EL= enlarged lenticels; FS=fusarium wilt; GC=growth cracks; HI= herbicide injury; HS=heat sprouts; IL=infected lenticels; LB=late blight; LHD=leaf hopper damage; MS=mishaped tubers; PE=pink eye; PR=pink rot; PLRV=potato leaf roll virus; PTS=very pointed tubers; PS=powdery scab; PVA, PVX, PVY=potato viruses A, X, Y; RZ=Rhizoctonia; SC=star cracking; SEB=stem end browning; SG=secondary growth; SIS=silver scurf; SKN=skins; SS=sunscald; SR=soft rot; STST=sticky stolens; VW=Verticillium wilt; WSTD=weak stand; WW=wire worm; YF=yellow flesh Note:^ before code indicates high levels

8 NE3 Report North Carolina Page 8 North Carolina Table 3. Total and marketable yield, percentage of total yield by size class, and specific gravity of potato clones harvested days after planting at the NCSU VGJREC/NCDA TRS, Plymouth, Washington Co., NC Size Dist. by Class (%) Total Yield Marketable Yield (% of total yield) 7/8 / Specific Clone cwt/a cwt/a % Chieftain 's 's 3's 4's 5's Cull's to 4" to 4" Gravity B Chieftain CO0980-5R Dark Red Norland Strawberry Paw Grand Mean 38 9 CV(%) 6 LSD (k=00) 39 3 Size classes: 's < 7/8"; 's 7/8 to /"; 3's / to 3 /4" ; 4's 3 /4 to 4"; 5's 4"; Culls = all defective potatoes. Determined by weight in air/water method.

9 NE3 Report North Carolina Page 9 North Carolina Table 4. Plant vine type, disease and air pollution scores, maturity at ca. 3 weeks prior to harvest, and external and internal tuber attributes of potatoes harvested days after planting at the NCSU VGJREC/NCDA TRS, Plymouth, Washington Co., NC Plant Data Tuber Data % Internal Defects 3 Clone TYPE DIS POLL MAT CLR TXT TCX TSSSHP EYE SIZE DIS APP HN HNR HH VR BC SR Comments 4 B SR,MS,SS,GC,NET Chieftain SR,SG,MS,RZ,GC, 0IHN(9-8,3-7,3-6,4-5,-4) CO0980-5R SR,STST,IHN(-8) Dark Red Norland RZ,SISC,SR,SS,IHN(-8) Strawberry Paw ^SR,MS,LUMPY NE3 Standard Potato Rating Scores HN=heat necrosis; HNR=average heat necrosis rating (Rating Scale: = very severe to 9 = absent); HH=hollow heart; VR=vascular ring discoloration; BC=brown center; SR=soft rot 3 Comment codes: AC=air cracks; BR=bruise; CPB=colorado potato beetle; CS=common scab; DAE=deep apical eyes; DSA=deep stolen end; EB=early blight; ECB= European corn borer; EL= enlarged lenticels; FS=fusarium wilt; GC=growth cracks; HI= herbicide injury; HS=heat sprouts; IL=infected lenticels; LB=late blight; LHD=leaf hopper damage; MS=mishaped tubers; PE=pink eye; PR=pink rot; PLRV=potato leaf roll virus; PTS=very pointed tubers; PS=powdery scab; PVA, PVX, PVY=potato viruses A, X, Y; RZ=Rhizoctonia; SEB=stem end browning; SG=secondary growth; SIS=silver scurf; SKN=skins; SS=sunscald; SR=soft rot; STST=sticky stolens; VW=Verticillium wilt; WSTD=weak stand; WW=wire worm; YF=yellow flesh Note:^ before code indicates high levels

10 NE3 Report North Carolina Page 0 North Carolina Table 5. Total and marketable yield, percentage of total yield by size class, specific gravity and chip color of potato clones harvested 4 days after planting at the NCSU VGJREC/NCDA TRS, Plymouth, Washington Co., NC Size Distribution by Class Total Yield Marketable Yield (% of total yield) 7/8 / Specific Clone cwt/a cwt/a % R. Nork. 's 's 3's 4's 5's Culls to 4" to 4" Gravity AF AF AF Dakota Trailblazer Russet Burbank Russet Norkotah Shepody Teton Russet Grand Mean 9 9 CV(%) 5 35 LSD (k=00) Size classes: s < 7/8 ; s > 7/8 to / ; 3 s > / to 3 /4 ; 4 s > 3 /4 to 4 ; 5 s > 4 Culls = all defective potatoes. Determined by weight in air/water method. 3 Chip Color Ratings conducted by the NCSU Potato Breeding Program at the TRS/VGJREC: = no defects, exceptionally bright; = excellent, bright; 3 = good, light or golden; 4 = dark defects, marginal; 5 = not acceptable.

11 NE3 Report North Carolina Page North Carolina Table 6. Plant vine type, disease and air pollution scores, maturity at ca. 3 weeks prior to harvest, and external and internal tuber attributes of potato clones harvested 4 days after planting at the NCSU VGJREC/NCDA TRS, Plymouth, Washington Co., NC Plant Data Tuber Data % Internal Defects Clone TYPE DIS POLL MAT CLR TXT TCX TSS SHP EYE SIZE DIS APP HN HNR HH VR BC SR Comments 3 AF ^SG,MS,SR,SS AF SMALL,MS,SR AF SR,IL,MS,RZ,CS Dakota Trailblazer SR,SS,MS,GC, IHN(-8) Russet Burbank ^SG,SR^,MS,SS, IHN (3-8,4-7,-6,6-5) Russet Norkotah SR,MS,CS Shepody SR,MS,SS,SS Teton Russet SR,SG,GC,MS, IHN(-8) NE3 Standard Potato Rating Scores HN=heat necrosis; HNR=average heat necrosis rating (Rating Scale: = very severe to 9 = absent); HH=hollow heart; VR=vascular ring discoloration; BC=brown center 3 Comment codes: AC=air cracks; BR=bruise; BS=black scurf; CPB=colorado potato beetle; CS=common scab; DAE=deep apical eyes; DSE=deep stolen end; EB=early blight; ECB= European corn borer; EL= enlarged lenticels; FS=fusarium wilt; GC=growth cracks; HI= herbicide injury; HS=heat sprouts; IL=infected lenticels; LB=late blight; LHD=leaf hopper damage; MS=mishaped tubers; PE=pink eye; PR=pink rot; PLRV=potato leaf roll virus; PTS=very pointed tubers; PS=powdery scab; PVA, PVX, PVY=potato viruses A, X, Y; RZ=Rhizoctonia; SC=star cracking; SEB=stem end browning; SG=secondary growth; SIS=silver scurf; SKN=skins; SS=sunscald; SR=soft rot; STST=sticky stolens; VW=Verticillium wilt; WSTD=weak stand; WW=wire worm; YF=yellow flesh Note:^ before code indicates high levels